Rice Bean Research Articles

Notes on powdery mildews (Erysiphales) in Thailand V. Golovinomyces

Records of Golovinomyces species new to Thailand are described on the hosts Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Dahlia pinnata, D. × hortensis, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca indica, Laggera crispata, Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae), Lygisma inflexum (Asclepiadaceae), Myosotis scopioides (Boraginaceae), Coccinia indica, Coccinia grandis (Cucurbitaceae), Vigna umbellata (Fabaceae), Torenia fournieri (Linderniaceae), Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) and Verbena × hybrida (Verbenaceae). The identifications of the particular Golovinomyces species have been performed by means of morphological examinations supplemented by molecular sequence analyses. On the basis of molecular analyses, the powdery mildew on Ocimum tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) proved to represent a species of its own, which is referred to as Golovinomyces ocimi comb. nov. The application of Oidium ocimi, the basionym of this combination, is determined by lecto- and epitypification. Lygisma inflexum, Laggera crispata and Vigna umbellata are new host records for Golovinomyces worldwide.

Bruchid pest management in pulses: past practices, present status and use of modern breeding tools for development of resistant varieties

AbstractBruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) are recognised as the most detrimental storage pest of pulses, especially in the tropics and subtropics. They invade matured pods as well as seeds during storage and, to some extent, farming fields, in turn reducing the net yield of the crops. Several approaches including cultural, biological, physical and chemical control measures have been implemented with the aim of managing these pests, but none of these have been successful across time and space. Recently, transgenic‐ and marker‐assisted breeding approaches have appeared as promising tools for the successful management of these pests. Although some efforts have been made on the development of bruchid‐resistant transgenic crops, the cultivars developed are yet to be commercialised worldwide because of various limitations. In contrast, marker‐assisted breeding involving the identification of DNA‐based markers linked to host resistance against bruchids, have shown some success in the quest for the development of bruchid‐resistant cultivar(s). DNA markers linked to bruchid resistance have been identified in various grain legumes, particularly in the genus Vigna, and include mung bean (Vigna radiata), azuki bean (Vigna angularis), rice bean (Vigna umbellata), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and black gram (Vigna mungo). After their validation in different genetic backgrounds, these markers could be utilised for marker‐assisted selection and breeding ventures to protect pulse crops. The present study discusses the pros and cons of different approaches for the successful management of the bruchid pests in pulses. The review also highlights about the integrative approach aided with molecular interventions to improve productivity by avoiding losses incurred due to bruchids, and to attain sustainable yields for major pulse crops.

Trait patterns of mungbean, black gram and rice bean

Food legumes like mungbean (Vigna radiata var. radiata), black gram (Vigna mungo), and rice bean (Vigna umbellata) have potential to diversify diets and agro-ecosystems of the tropics. Access to genetic diversity and phenotypic data are key issues for crop improvement. Large germplasm collections like the one at the World Vegetable Center may be used in detecting trait relationships and to identify accessions of interest for breeding. The current study provides results of more than 30 years of field characterization, including 9 numeric and 15 categorical descriptors and more than 10,000 accessions or sub-accessions. Core collections were established in black gram and rice bean. A positive correlation was detected between yield components such as seed size and pod length, and between these yield components and less desirable traits such as plant height and late maturity. High within-accession diversity was identified in several of the accessions.

Spectroscopic, calorimetric and structural analyses of the effects of hydrothermal treatment of rice beans and the extraction solvent on starch characteristics

The modification of the starches extracted from rice beans both with and without hydrothermal treatment was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. SEM indicated that the starch granules of rice beans exhibit wide variation in granule shape, showing the greatest size and modification of the surface when extracted with ethanol. It was found that the extraction solvent had no significant effect on the onset (To) and peak (Tp) temperatures of the starch, whereas hydrothermal treatment of rice beans decreased the To, Tp and ΔH of the starch. The modification of FT-IR spectra showed that hydrothermal treatment of rice beans and the solvent used in the extraction of starch affected starch crystallinity, mainly when ethanol was used. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the smaller changes in the starch bonds were due to the solvent used for starch extraction but that hydrothermal treatment disturbed all bonds in the starch.

Molecular characterization of novel Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating Eriosema chinense and Flemingia vestita, important unexplored native legumes of the sub-Himalayan region (Meghalaya) of India

Root nodule bacterial strains were isolated from the little-studied legumes Eriosema chinense and Flemingia vestita (both in tribe Phaseoleae, Papilionoideae) growing in acidic soil of the sub-Himalayan region of the Indian state of Meghalaya (ME), and were identified as novel strains of Bradyrhizobium on the basis of their 16S rRNA sequences. Seven isolates selected on the basis of phenotypic characters and assessment of ARDRA and RAPD patterns were subjected to multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using four protein-coding housekeeping genes (glnII, recA, dnaK and gyrB). On the basis of 16S rRNA phylogeny as well as a concatenated MLSA five strains clustered in a single separate clade and two strains formed novel lineages within the genus Bradyrhizobium. The phylogenies of the symbiotic genes (nodA and nifH) were in agreement with the core gene phylogenies. It appears that genetically diverse Bradyrhizobium strains are the principal microsymbionts of these two important native legumes. The novel genotypes of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated in the present study efficiently nodulate the Phaseoloid crop species Glycine max, Vigna radiata and Vigna umbellata. These strains are genetically different from strains of Bradyrhizobium isolated earlier from a different agro-climatic region of India suggesting that the acidic nature of the soil, high precipitation and other local environmental conditions are responsible for the evolution of these newly-described Bradyrhizobium strains. In global terms, the sub-Himalayan region of India is geographically and climatically distinct and the Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating its legumes appear to be novel and potentially unique to the region.

Development and characterization of a new set of genomic microsatellite markers in rice bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi) and their utilization in genetic diversity analysis of collections from North East India.

Rice bean [Vigna umbellate (Thumb.) Ohwi and Ohashi] is an underutilized crop believed to be domesticated in the Myanmar-Thailand region of Asia. In India, rice bean is mainly cultivated in the North-Eastern Hills, which is a hotspot for biological diversity. A 5' anchored PCR was used to develop microsatellite markers in rice bean. Twenty-eight specific primer pairs were designed and employed to characterize sixty five ricebean accessions collected from North East India. A total of 179 alleles were amplified with an average of 6.393 alleles per locus. The gene diversity was high (mean 0.534) in the accessions collected from Darjeeling, Nagaland and Manipur, which are bordering areas with East Nepal and Myanmar, respectively. Exceptionally high outcrossing rate was observed in the entire population. Population structure analysis identified three distinct clusters in which accessions collected from areas bordering Myanmar and East Nepal grouped separately. Using a combination of STRUCTURE and Principal Coordinate Analysis, relative affinity of the intermediate accessions could be established. However, differences in allelic counts among populations were non-significant. The results showed that there is a high level of genetic diversity within the accessions, with high outcrossing rate.

Crop evapotranspiration in the Nile Delta under different irrigation methods

ABSTRACTEddy correlation measurements within the Nile Delta allowed the determination of evapotranspiration (E) for seven crops (rice, maize, cotton, sugar beet, berseem, wheat and fava beans) using basin irrigation (BI), furrow irrigation (FI), BI with increased intervals (BIi), FI with increased intervals (FIi), strip irrigation (SI) and drip irrigation (DI). Total E values over the cropping season for rice (BI, BIi) were the highest (>600 mm), while those for sugar beet (DI), maize (SI and DI) and berseem (BIi) were the lowest (<250 mm). The differences were due to a combination of atmospheric demand, soil moisture, the presence of surface standing water, root depth, and the length and timing of the cropping season. The DI and SI methods had the advantage for water saving, while the FIi and BIi methods were effective for crops with shallow root lengths. Estimated annual E was 566–828 mm/year (water-saving irrigation) and 875–1225 mm/year (conventional irrigation).

Drying kinetics, physico‐chemical properties, antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate

AbstractThis research was aimed to study physico‐chemical properties and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate. Germination led to an increase in released phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP) of rice bean hydrolysate. The hydrolysate obtained from germinated rice bean (GRB) and non‐germinated rice beans (NGRBs) was foam‐mat dried at 60 and 70 °C. Semi‐theoretical and empirical model could suitably describe the drying characteristic of foamed bean hydrolysate. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried samples decreased with increasing air‐drying temperature (P ≤ 0.05). Gallic acid, catechol and epicatechin were major phenolic compounds in foam‐mat dried samples prepared from both GRB and NGRB. The higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities were found in foam‐mat dried hydrolysate of GRB. Electron spin resonance spectrometry revealed that foam‐mat dried rice bean hydrolysate showed a strong ability to scavenge free radicals, especially carbon‐centred radicals.

Dampak Pencemaran Aktivitas Kendaraan Bermotor terhadap Kandungan Timbal (Pb) dalam Tanah dan Tanaman Padi

Increasing in volume and activity of motor vehicles cause to increasing in gasoline consumption and air pollutants such as lead (Pb). The lead in the ambient environment will be deposited to the soil and absorbed by plants. The study was conducted to assess the lead content in soil and rice plant at rice field at Lamongan that caused by motor vehicles activities. The motor vehicles activities along Lamongan boulevard were identified and assess to lead emission. The deposition of lead from ambient were observed to soil, and rice plant at the road side (north and south) for 100, 1000, and 2000 m, and analyzed befor and after rice planting. The Lead content in rice plants highest at north side of 100 m, while the lowest was found in rice plant south side with a distance of 2000 m. Lead content in the highest rice bean found in rice plant north side of 100 m, while the lowest was found in rice paddies south side of the road a distance of 2000 m.

Rice Bean - A Multipurpose, Underutilized, Potential Nutritive Fodder Legume - A Review

Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) is a neglected legume regarded as a minor food and fodder crop in Nepal and northern India, and grown in a range of cropping systems with maize during summer, as a sole crop in the uplands, on rice bunds or in home gardens. It is mainly grown for human consumption, though it is also used for fodder and green manure. There has been very little research or development support for this crop and farmers mainly grow landraces. There is relatively very less published literature on rice bean regarding its area coverage, production, productivity, utilisation and marketing. It is grown by subsistence farmers in a very limited scale and most of the produce is consumed at home although, there is a limited market for a short period each year. The crop contributes to household food security as several food items are prepared from rice bean and also it is culturally important and is thought to have important nutritional values. Rice bean foliage and dry straw are valuable livestock feed and when used as a green manure it improves soil fertility. Thus, rice bean is a vibrant potential fodder legume crop which has capacity to provide balance diet to the livestock and to sustain under wide range of climatic condition. But, there is need to focus on the crop for more popularity as a potential legume crop.

Identification of mungbean lines with tolerance or resistance to yellow mosaic in fields in India where different begomovirus species and different Bemisia tabaci cryptic species predominate

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is an important pulse crop in India. A major constraint for improved productivity is the yield loss caused by mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD). This disease is caused by several begomoviruses which are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The objective of this study was to identify the predominant begomoviruses infecting mungbean and the major cryptic species of B. tabaci associated with this crop in India. The indigenous B. tabaci cryptic species Asia II 1 was found dominant in Northern India, whereas Asia II 8 was found predominant in Southern India. Repeated samplings over consecutive years indicate a stable situation with, Mungbean yellow mosaic virus strains genetically most similar to a strain from urdbean (MYMV-Urdbean) predominant in North India, strains most similar to MYMV-Vigna predominant in South India, and Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) strains predominant in Eastern India. In field studies, mungbean line NM 94 showed a high level of tolerance to the disease in the Eastern state of Odisha where MYMIV was predominant and in the Southern state of Andhra Pradesh where MYMV-Vigna was predominant, but only a moderate level of tolerance in the Southern state of Tamil Nadu. However, in Northern parts of India where there was high inoculum pressure of MYMV-Urdbean during the Kharif season, NM 94 developed severe yellow mosaic symptoms. The identification of high level of tolerance in mungbean lines such as ML 1628 and of resistance in black gram and rice bean provides hope for tackling the disease through resistance breeding.

Effect of acid pretreatment and the germination period on the composition and antioxidant activity of rice bean (Vigna umbellata).

This research evaluated effect of germination period and acid pretreatment on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of rice bean sprouts. Moisture, total phenolics, reducing sugar and B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin) content of steamed sprouts increased with increasing germination time (p⩽0.05). Pretreatment with 1% (w/v) citric acid for 6h significantly increased the total phenolic content. The 18-h-germinated rice beans showed the highest crude protein content, as determined using the Kjeldahl method. During germination, acid pretreatment led to a significant decrease in the intensity of the 76-kDa band. Germination caused a significant increase in radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, especially in sprouts from citric acid-treated seeds. The antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extracts from both pretreated beans and the control were 1.3-1.6 times higher than those obtained from the water extracts. Major phenolics found in both 0-h and 18-h-germinated rice beans were catechin and rutin.

Seed coat sculpture of subgenus Ceratotropis (Piper) verdc., genus Vigna Savi in India and its taxonomic implications

The seed coat morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy in 21 species (of which two are both cultivated and wild) of subgenus Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc. and one species each from subgenus Plectotropis and subgenus Vigna of genus Vigna. The macromorphological and micromorphological seed characters, which include seed shape, testa texture, hilum, aril, testa pattern and ornamentation of periclinal wall, exhibited well-defined variability among the studied taxa. The smallest seeds were recognized in Vigna subramaniana (1.97 × 1.91 mm) and the largest in Vigna unguiculata (7.02 × 4.45 mm). The smallest hilum was observed in Vigna subramaniana (0.50 ± 0.01 mm) and the largest in Vigna umbellata (3.57 ± 0.05 mm). Novel morphological features such as reticulate, reticulate-foveate, alveolate, colliculate-pusticulate, substriate, ruminate-reticulate and ruminate-channelled reticulations of periclinal wall of the testa cell and hilum structure were observed in addition to those reported in earlier studies. In the present investigation, we reported the seed micromorphology of wild endemic Vigna species, namely Vigna sahyadriana, Vigna subramaniana, Vigna hainiana, Vigna indica, Vigna khandalensis and Vigna konkanensis for the first time. Based on seed characters, the taxonomic identity and species complex in the subgenus Ceratotropis has been discussed. A key to the species has been developed based on seed characters.

Biochemical Composition of Some Promising Genotypes of Pseudocereals and Food Legumes of Himachal Pradesh

The dry mature grains of sixteen buckwheat, five amaranth, eight rice bean and seven promising adzuki bean varieties/genotypes procured from Mountain Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Sangla; NBPGR, Regional Station, Phagali, Shimla and Department of Crop Improvement, CSKHPKV, Palampur were analysed for various quality parameters like protein, essential amino acids and anti-nutritional factors. The study indicated that among various genotypes IC-108499 in protein, EC-18282 in methionine, Shimla B-1 in tryptophan, Himpriya in oxalate (exhibiting lowest value) and IC-547385 in total phenols (exhibiting lowest value) content emerged promising buckwheat genotypes, whereas IC-423117 in proteins, IC-422845 in methionine, IC-03812 in tryptophan, IC-423117 in oxalate (exhibiting lowest value) and IC-422652 in total phenols (exhibiting lowest value) content adjudged to be superior amaranth genotypes. However, BRS-1 in proteins, LRB-5 in methionine and tryptophan, LRB-5 in oxalate (exhibiting lowest value) content emerged promising rice bean varieties/genotypes, whereas EC-08707 in protein, EC-340271, EC-08707 in methionine and EC-340271 in tryptophan were adjudged to be superior adzuki bean genotypes for individual quality attribute(s). Moreover, on the basis of cumulative varietal grading in respect of desirable nutritional quality attributes taken altogether Shimla-B-1 genotypes of buckwheat, IC-423117 genotype of amaranth, LRB-5 genotype of rice bean and EC-08707 genotype of adzuki bean were found superior over others. These underutilised grains and legumes – species have higher nutritional compositions than conventional cereals such as wheat, rice, rye, barley, millet, sorghum, oatmeal and maize. These species can provide essential minerals, protein and energy requirements to the daily diet of vulnerable groups in rural communities. Thus, nutrient variation observed will be useful in designing strategies that maximise the utilisation of these underutilised crops.

Comparative assessment of ssr markers derived from different sources in genetic diversity analysis of Vigna genotypes

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), also known as green gram, is an important food legume crop and provides an inexpensive source of dietary protein. Due to lack of sufficient variability and its importance in Asian countries there is need of broadening its genetic base. Genetic diversity among 21 Vigna genotypes of mung bean, rice bean and urd bean was assessed using SSR markers derived from genomic sequences of azuki bean (Ced) and mung bean (VR) and EST sequences of mung bean (MBM). Of the 67 SSR markers selected, 45 were found polymorphic among different genotypes which yielded 138 alleles of which 16 were mung bean specific, 27 urd bean specific and 17 rice bean specific alleles. Azuki bean derived SSRs (Ced) were more polymorphic. PIC value was similar in three sets of SSRs. Number of observed and effective alleles were more in Ced markers along with high value of various other parameters like EMR (3.6), MI (1.26), RP (2.7), H(0.33), H(0.62), and H(0.6), calculated to identify effectiveness of markers. Dissimilarity analysis divided mung bean and rice bean genotypes into two subclusters while 12 genotypes of urd bean formed two clusters.

Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Properties of Vigna species

Legumes are widely grown and consumed in different parts of world not only for their nutritional value, but also their adaptability to marginal soils and climates. They also have immense potential for the improvement of nutritional quality to overcome protein malnutrition. Major Vigna species including Vigna radiata, Vigna angularis, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna umbellata and Vigna mungo are important dietary staple legumes worldwide, containing variable amounts of oligosaccharides, phytic acid, lectins, phenolic compounds and saponins. Earlier these compounds were considered antinutrients as they reduce the protein digestibility and mineral bioavailability, have recently elicited significant health protective effects in the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. Some of these compounds are also important in plant defense mechanisms against predators or adverse environmental conditions. The present study reviews potential benefits of different bioactive components of Vigna species for their nutraceutical and pharmacological significance.

Genetics of yield and its components in rice bean under mid altitude areas of Mon district Nagaland India

Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis for nine quantitative traits in nineteen genotypes of rice bean were studied at the Instructional Farm, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mon (Aboi), Nagaland under rainfed conditions during kharif 2015. Maximum phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variation were observed in case of number of pods per plant (8.62 and 8.41%) and days to 50% flowering (8.08 and 7.88%). Both heritability and genetic advance are high for number of pods per plant (95.33% and 17.12) and days to 50% flowering (95.68% and 15.32). Days to 50% flowering with grain yield per plant (rg= 0.63 and rp= 0.80) and number of pods per plant with grain yield (rg= 0.89 and rp= 0.86) indicates highly significant and positive correlation at genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed that only days to 50% flowering had showed high direct effect and highly significant positive correlation with grain yield per plant (0.848 and rg= 0.781), indicating the importance of selection based on this character to increase grain yield per plant.

Integrated weed management in rice bean

Integrated weed management in rice bean

Genetic analysis of yield attributes in ricebean (Vigna Umbellata Thunb.) under hot and humid climatic conditions

Genetic analysis of yield attributes in ricebean (<i>Vigna Umbellata</i> Thunb.) under hot and humid climatic conditions

Studies on physico-chemical and cooking characteristics of rice bean varieties grown in NE region of India

Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) is grown in South and Southeast Asia, and the bean has gained importance due to its nutritional strength in terms of dietary fiber, quality protein and minerals. In current study, the nutritional and functional components, cooking and thermo-gravimetric properties of eleven rice bean varieties from NE India were investigated. Results revealed that the major nutrients among the varieties ranged as follows: 54.21-60.49% carbohydrates, 15.64-21.60% protein, 1.22-2.3% fat, 5.53-6.56% crude fibre, 3.34-3.8% ash; while the functional, anti-nutritional factors and mineral were present as 1189.32-1645.8mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g polyphenols, 205.38-432.14mg/100g phytic acid, 23.14-34.12mg/100g oxalate, 690.7-1589.5mg/100g saponins, 49.90-158.17μg/100g hydrocyanide, 111.51-168 calcium, 5.50-10.44 zinc, 3.72-8.37 iron. Principal component analysis revealed that varieties with higher calcium, iron and ash content had lower cooking time, swelling ratio, and cooked grain hardness. It is also revealed that varieties with higher weight loss at sixth stage in thermogravimetric graph had lower carbohydrate and higher protein content. Nagadal variety had higher fat, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, copper and chromium content and better cooking quality as compared to the other varieties. The study revealed that Nagadal variety was superior to other varieties with respect to mineral content, cooking and thermal properties and hence have better potential in the development of value added products.