Rhizomes Of Cyperus Rotundus Research Articles

Characterization and antioxidant activity of nano-formulated berberine and cyperus rotundus extracts with anti-inflammatory effects in mastitis-induced rats

Bovine mastitis caused by infectious pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), constitutes a major destructive challenge for the dairy industry and public health. Berberine chloride (BER) and Cyperus rotundus possess a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities; however, their bioavailability is low. This research aimed first to prepare an ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes (CRE) followed by screening its phytochemical contents, then synthesis of BER and CRE loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) (BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs), afterward, the analysis of their loading efficiency in addition to the morphological and physicochemical characterization of the formulated NPs employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zeta Potential (ZP), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) assessments compared to their crude forms to evaluate the enhancement of bioavailability and stability. Isolation of bacterial strains from the milk of mastitic cows, used for induction of mammary gland (MG) inflammation in female albino rats, and a preliminary investigation of the prophylactic oral doses of the prepared NPs against S. aureus-induced mastitis in female rats. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs is 1 mg/kg b.w. BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs alone or in combination show significant (P ≤ 0.05) DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.2, 88.5, and 98.2%, respectively) in vitro. Oral administration of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs to mastitis rats significantly (P ≤ 0.05) attenuated TNF-α (22.1, 28.6 pg/ml), IL-6 (33.4, 42.9 pg/ml), IL-18 (21.7, 34.7 pg/ml), IL-4 (432.9, 421.6 pg/ml), and MPO (87.1, 89.3 pg/ml) compared to mastitis group alongside the improvement of MG histopathological findings without any side effect on renal and hepatic functions. Despite promising results with BER and CRE nanoparticles, the study is limited by small-scale trials, a focus on acute administration, and partially explored nanoparticle-biological interactions, with no economic or scalability assessments. Future research should address these limitations by expanding trial scopes, exploring interactions further, extending study durations, and assessing economic and practical scalability. Field trials and regulatory compliance are also necessary to ensure practical application and safety in the dairy industry. In conclusion, the in vitro and in vivo results proved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs in low doses with minimal damage to the liver and kidney functions, supposing their promising uses in mastitis treatment.

Diverse effects of a Cyperus rotundus extract on glucose uptake in myotubes and adipocytes and its suppression on adipocyte maturation

Cyperus rotundus rhizomes have been used in longevity remedies in Thailand for nourishing good health, which led us to investigate the effect on energy homeostasis, especially glucose utilization in myotubes and adipocytes, and on inhibition of lipogenesis in adipocytes. The results showed that an ethyl acetate extract of C. rotundus rhizomes (ECR) containing 1.61%w/w piceatannol, with a half-maximal concentration of 17.76 ± 0.03 μg/mL in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, caused upregulation and cell-membrane translocation of glucose transporters GLUT4 and 1 in L6 myotubes but downregulation and cytoplasmic localization of GLUT4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and was related to the p-Akt/Akt ratio in both cells, especially at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, ECR (25–100 μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid accumulation via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), and Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) pathways. Its immunoblot showed increased expression of p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-ACC/ACC but decreased expression of p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/GSK3β in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the decreased expression of the adipogenic effectors, perilipin1 and lipoprotein lipase, in ECR-incubated adipocytes (50 and 100 μg/mL) indicated reduced de novo lipogenesis. Our study elucidated mechanisms of C. rotundus that help attenuate glucose tolerance in skeletal muscle and inhibit lipid droplet accumulation in adipose tissue.

Antiobesity and antidiabetes effects of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes presenting protein tyrosine phosphatase, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, metabolic enzymes, stress oxidant and inflammation inhibitory potential

Diabetes is a significant global health concern that increases the vulnerability to various chronic illnesses. In view of this issue, the current research aimed to examine the effects of administering an extract derived from the tubers of Cyperus rotundus L (CrE) on obesity, type 1 diabetes, and liver-kidney toxicity. Through the utilization of HPLC-DAD analysis, it was discovered that the extract contained several components, including quercetin (47.8%), luteolin glucoside (17%), luteolin (7.56%), apigenin-7-glucoside (6.29%), naringinin (4.52%), and seven others. In vitro experiments they have demonstrated that CrE effectively inhibited key digestive enzymes associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, such as DPP-4, PTP1B, lipase, and α-amylase, as evidenced by their respective IC50 values are about 23, 51,83, and 67 μg/ml respectively. Furthermore, when diabetic rats were administered CrE, the activity of pancreatic enzymes linked to inflammation, namely 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), hyaluronidase (HAase), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), was significantly suppressed by 48, 41, 75, and 47%, respectively. Moreover, CrE exhibited protective effects on pancreatic β-cells by inhibiting the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 65% and the induction of superoxide Dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities by 62, 108, and 112% respectively as compared to diabetic untreated rat. Additionally, CrE significantly inhibited the activities of intestinal, pancreatic, and serum lipase and α-amylase activities. In diabetic rats, CrE administration suppressed glycogen phosphorylase (GP) stimulated glycogen synthase (GS) activities by 45 and 30%; and this increased liver glycogen content by 45%. Furthermore, CrE modulated key hepatic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP). Notably, the average food and water intake (AFI and AWI) of diabetic rats treated with CrE was reduced by 15 and 16% respectively as compared to those without any treatment. Therefore, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus tubers in preventing and treating obesity and diabetes.

ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF Β-SITOSTEROL FROM THE HERBAL EXTRACTS AND EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITIES

Plants naturally produce phytochemicals, physiologically active chemical compounds that serve as a natural defence mechanism and have considerable potential for treating a wide range of ailments. Cyperus rotundus and Tinospora cordifolia are the potent traditional herbs used in Ayurveda medicine, especially for diabetes. The current study aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive compound β-sitosterol from the combined ethanolic extracts of the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus (C. rotundus) and the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia). Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of isolated compounds are tested by DPPH assay, alpha amylase inhibition assay, alpha glucosidase inhibition assay and glucose uptake activity in 3T3L1 cells. The combined ethanolic extract of both medicinal plants was initially subjected to column and preparative thin layer chromatography for the isolation of bioactive compounds, followed by their characterization by spectral methods like UV, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR. The structure of the isolated compound is identified as β-sitosterol and further confirmed by structural elucidation. Similarly, the isolated compound β-sitosterol exhibited higher antioxidant scavenging activity of 64.54±1.38 µg/ml against DPPH at a concentration 100µg/ml. The study also confirmed that β-sitosterol showed good inhibitory activities towards alpha-amylase (62.21±1.25 µg/ml) and alpha-glucosidase (65.48±1.47 µg/ml). β-sitosterol showed significantly increased glucose uptake (28% at 100μg/ml). Based on the conclusion that the organic compound β-sitosterol exhibited good antioxidant and anti-diabetic efficacy, it could have been used in the treatment of free radical disease and can be utilized in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Cyperus rotundus L. rhizome extract modulates immune system and induces apoptotic in 4T1-tumor bearing mice

Context: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer with the highest aggressiveness and malignancy characteristics. Aims: To evaluate the possible anticancer potential of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE) against 4T1-tumor-bearing mice. Methods: C. rotundus rhizome was extracted using maceration methods with ethanol. C. rotundus extract (CRE) was then determined the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) using colorimetric analysis. The cytotoxic activity of CRE against 4T1 cells was carried out operating WST-1 assay, and the IC50 value was then used for in vivo study. The 4T1-tumor-bearing mice were treated with CRE at 72.5, 145, and 290 mg/kg body weight (BW) for two weeks or treated with cisplatin once a week for two weeks (4 mg/kg BW). The analysis of IL-2 cytokines production and the activation of CD4 and CD8 T cells was assessed using flow cytometry analysis. Histopathological analysis with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was applied to determine the outcome of CRE on breast cancer tissue. Results: CRE indicated a higher TPC (76.97 mg GAE/g) value than TFC (29.37 mg QE/g). This study demonstrated a significant reduction of IL-2 cytokines and CD4 T cell activation in treated groups than in the cancer group (p<0.05) and showed a good prognosis, further confirmed by histopathological data. The breast tissue of 4T1-tumor-bearing mice in treated groups showed apoptotic cells compared to the cancer group, which has more viable cells. Conclusions: The high phenolic content in CRE can modulate mice's immune systems and induce cancer cell apoptosis.

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cirpusins®, Extract of Cyperus rotundus in Presence of Bioavailability Enhancer, BioPerine®

Obesity, a condition accompanying abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat in the body has become a major public health concern globally. Various herbs hailed from traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda have gained importance in recent years to combat obesity. One such herb Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass), is known for its beneficial effects in obesity, in Ayurveda. Cirpusins® a patented extract from the dried rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus (standardized for minimum of 6% total identified stilbenes - Piceatannol, Scirpusin A & Scirpusin B) and BioPerine®, a bioavailability enhancer, obtained from the dried fruits of Piper nigrum (standardized to minimum 95% piperine). In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetic profile and bioavailability of Cirpusins® in Sprague-Dawley rats at two different doses (45 and 90 mg/kg) in the presence and absence of BioPerine® respectively. The results signifies that addition of BioPerine® (0.45 mg/kg) with Cirpusins® (45 mg/kg) enhances the bioavailability by reducing the effective dose of Cirpusins® (90 mg/kg) to half.

Evaluation of in vitro anti-acne activity of methanolic extracts of Cyperus rotundus and Nymphaea nouchali

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro anti-acne activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the agar well diffusion method. Methods: Air-dried and ground, matured rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus (CR), petals and pollen of Nymphaea nouchali (NN) were macerated in methanol. The resultant extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The anti-bacterial activity was performed against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC12228), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) using the agar well diffusion method, and gentamicin was used as a positive control. The whole experiment was done in triplicates. Results: The data obtained from dose-response curves, methanolic extracts of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes against staphylococcus aureus (IC50=819.2 µg/ml), Nymphaea nouchali pollens against Staphylococcus epidermidis (IC50=787.7 µg/ml) and combination against Escherichia coli (IC50=813.6 µg/ml) were exhibited the highest potency. A strong positive statistically significant correlation was exhibited between the zone of inhibition and the concentrations of all plant extracts. The p value was less than 0.05 (p<0.05) and all the R2 values were around 1. Conclusions: The maximum anti-bacterial potency against gentamicin equivalent was observed in S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli at the concentration of 15625 µg/ml in combination. The present study might bring progress in the treatment of acne using herbs and in developing herbal formulations for safe and effective management of the disease.

Characterization of green route synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract: Antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and photocatalytic potential

Cyperus rotundus rhizome has been employed in traditional Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulations. Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has gained significant attention due to its economic, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and eco-friendliness. The current study confirmed the biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) by an ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum of 353 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that bioactive functional groups served as reducing and stabilizing agents for ZnONPs. Further, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns showed crystalline nature with a hexagonal phase and strongly correlated with JCPDS file number 36-1451. The electron microscopic studies revealed irregular spherical particles with a size range of 17–100 nm and EDAX analysis validated the crystalline purity of ZnONPs. The average size of the ZnONPs determined by dynamic light scattering was 95.89 nm and the zeta potential was −12.1 mV, indicating stability of the particles. Moreover, the ZnONPs exhibited noticeable antioxidant potential by scavenging free radicals on DPPH (59.74%), ABTs (66.35%), nitric oxide (65.75%) and reducing power (63.94%) in a dose-dependent manner. The bacterial cell damages were observed through FESEM, confirming the antibacterial efficacy of ZnONPs. Further, the ZnONPs exhibited remarkable cytotoxic effect (62.34 μg/mL) against breast cancer cells and subsequent fluorescence staining demonstrated apoptotic and necrotic features in damaged cells. The photocatalytic effectiveness of ZnONPs demonstrated increased eco-bioremediation capabilities by degrading crystal violet (80.69%) and methylene blue (88.93%) dyes. Thus, this is the first report on ZnONPs synthesized using C. rotundus could be explored as a promising material for biological and photocatalytic applications.

Systematic review of ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Cyperi Rhizoma.

Cyperi Rhizoma (CR) is the dry rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L., a Cyperaceae plant. It has a long history of clinical medication and is known as the “holy medicine” of gynecology. CR smells sweet and bitter. It has the effect of soothing the liver and relieving depression, regulating qi, regulating meridian and relieving pain. It can be used to treat liver qi stagnation, chest pain, spleen and stomach qi stagnation, hernia pain, irregular menstruation and other diseases. At present, the main chemical constituents isolated from CR are volatile oil, flavonoids and terpenes. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that CR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antidepressant, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. In this paper, the botany, traditional application, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, processing and other aspects of CR are reviewed. At the same time, the shortcomings of current research of CR are discussed in depth, and the possible solutions are put forward in order to find a breakthrough point for future research of CR.

Green chemistry approach to the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract for the treatment of lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were green-synthesized using the aqueous extract of the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. The chemical methods EDX, FE-SEM, XRD, UV-Vis., and FT-IR analysis were used to characterize ZnONPs@C. rotundus were characterized by analytical techniques including. The FE-SEM image revealed a spherical shape for the nanoparticles in a size range of 38.05 to 75.41 nm and 33.09 nm was calculated for ZnONPs@ C. rotundus crystal size using the XRD results. MTT assay was used on common lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma cell line i.e. HLC-1 to survey the cytotoxicity and anti-lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma effects of the synthesized nanoparticles. To determine the antioxidant properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, the DPPH test was used in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control. The synthesized nanoparticles had very low cell viability and high anti-lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma activities dose-dependently against the HLC-1 cell line without any cytotoxicity on the normal cell line (HUVEC). The synthesized nanoparticles inhibited half of the DPPH molecules at the concentration of 41 µg/mL. Maybe significant anti-human lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma potentials of the synthesized nanoparticles against common human lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma cell lines are linked to their antioxidant activities.

Medical treatment of various diseases through Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) plant

Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) is found throughout India. Its genus name Cyperus is derived from Cypeiros, an ancient Greek name and rotundus from a Latin word for round and refers to the tuber. It is locally known as “Mutha”. The plant is a widely used traditional medicinal herb in India, China, Japan, Korea, Combodia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh. The plant produces rhizomes, tubers, basal bulbs and fibrous roots below ground and rosettes of leaves, scapes and umbels above ground. The rhizomes of nut grass is widely utilized in ancient medication round the world to treat various diseases like constipation, dysentery, abdominal distention, animal tissue stomach ache, chest pains, irregular catamenia, painful catamenia, skin diseases, staphylococcal infection infections, leprosy, sprains and bruises, and fever, analgesic, sedative, medication, anti malarial drug, abdomen disorders, and diarrhoea . Cyperus rotundus has the properties of antimicrobial activity, anti-lesion activity, analgesic activity, anti inflammatory activity, anti diarrhoeal activity, antipyretic activity, medication activity, anti-emetic activity, tranquilizing activity, anti urolithatic activity, antispatic activity, hypolipidaemic activity, wound healing activity, medication activity, inhibitor activity, metastatic tumor activity, antifungal activity, antidiabetic drug activity, anti-obesity activity, antiallergic activity, anti-blood platelet impact, opposing rheumy activity, anti malarial drug activity, gastroprotective activity, hepatoprotective activity, cytoprotective impact, hypotensive activity, ovicidal and larvicidal activity . The petroleum ether extract and essential oil of Cyperus rotundus possessed analgesic activity. Phenols and alkaloids are the active constituents of C. rotundus. Cyperus rotundus preparations (powder in fine suspension, aqueous and alcoholic extracts) exhibited a lipolytic action and mobilized fat from the adipose tissues and thus helping to reduce the obesity. Methanolic extract of the fresh aerial part of the Cyperus rotundus was fractionated by column chromatography method using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate fraction showed potent antibacterial activity compared to control and standard commercial antibiotic tetracycline. It is a widely used plant in traditional medicine around the world for treatment of various diseases. It is deemed with infinite medicinal properties authenticated by the scientific committee. The rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus are used as traditional folk medicine for the treatment of stomach and bowel disorders and inflammatory diseases in Asian countries. The use of the plant as an analgesic, anti-arthritic, antibacterial, anti-cancer, anticandida, anti-convulsant, anti-diabetic, anti-emetic, anti-histaminic, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-obesity, anti-pyretic, anti-spastic, gastroprotective, hypotensive, sedative, and tranquilizing agent has been documented by various scientists. Ethnobotanical use of Cyperus rotundus showed that the rhizomes were used to treat aging, apoptosis, atherosclerosis, cancer, cystitis, epilepsy, genotoxicity, hirutism, nociception and prostatitis disorders. The tuber part of Cyperus rotundus is also used for the treatment of dysmenorrheal and menstrual irregularities from ancient times. The rhizome of Cyperus rotundus are α-cyperolone, β-cyperone, ρ-cymol, calcium, camphene, copaene, cyperene, cyperenone, cyperol, cyperolone, caryophyllene, cyperotundone, d-copadiene, d-epoxyguaiene, isocyperol, isokobusone, kobusone, limonene, linoleic-acid, linolenic-acid, mustakone, myristic acid, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, β-pinene, patchoulenone, rotundene, rotundenol, rotundone, α-rotunol, β-rotunol, β-selinene, selinatriene, sitosterol, stearic acid, sugeonol, and sugetriol. Phytochemical constituents of Cyperus rotundus revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, steroids, starch and many novel sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as cypera-2,4 (15)-diene, isorotundene, norrotundene and the oxygenated compound cyperadione were isolated and identified.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ANTI-OBESITY POTENTIAL OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Worldwide, obesity and the illnesses it causes have become serious health issues, and obesity is today the fifth most common cause of death. According to research, there were 641 million obese adults worldwide in 2014. This review was based on detailing of obesity, BMI ranges, anti-obesity potential and signalling pathways of Cyperus rotundus. It covered extensive literature survey from the studies published in PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar etc. A member of the Cyperaceae family, Cyperus rotundus grows naturally in tropical and temperate climates and has long been used to heal mental and digestive issues. In order to determine the effectiveness and safety of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE), which is standardised to contain Piceatannol, Scirpusin A, and Scirpusin B (5 percent total Stilbenoids), in overweight people, studies have been conducted. Cyperus rotundus has shown dietary enzyme inhibitory action when observed. It significantly lowered the level of all three enzymes i.e., Lipase, Alphaamylase and Alpha- glucosidase. Changes in cell shape and the concentrations of cytoskeletal and extracellular components signal the beginning of adipogenesis. As a result of this process, CCAAT-enhancerbinding proteins (C/EBP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) that are predicated on adipogenicity begin to express themselves. In overweight people, the extract proved successful in lowering body weight and BMI. CRE might prevent obese mice from gaining weight and demonstrated anti-adipogenic effect in differentiated 3T3 L1 adipocytes in-vitro. In conclusion, many current studies have proved for its anti-obesity and lipid lowering potential in various animal or human models. It would be great change towards human use if it is developed into any suitable dosage form for better bioavailability. Keywords: Cyperus rotundus, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidaemic, rats, human

The Anti-Endometriotic Effect of Cyperi Rhizoma Extract, Inhibiting Cell Adhesion and the Expression of Pain-Related Factors through Akt and NF-kB Pathways.

Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus have been widely used as a traditional medicine in Asia for the treatment of gynecological diseases. However, there is no scientific evidence demonstrating the effect of C. rotundus rhizomes on endometriosis, which is characterized by the adhesion of endometrial tissues outside the uterus, resulting in chronic and severe pelvic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cyperi rhizoma extract (CRE) on cell adhesion and the expression of pain-related factors (neurotrophins) in endometriotic cells, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. CRE inhibited the adhesion of human endometriotic 12Z cells to peritoneal mesothelial Met5A cells using by adhesion assays. The mRNA expression of adhesion molecules [P-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2] was downregulated by CRE treatment. In addition, CRE significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF, NT-3 and NT-4/5) in 12Z cells. Moreover, Akt overexpression markedly neutralized the inhibition of cell adhesion by CRE and expression of neurotrophins in 12Z cells. Furthermore, it was found that CRE suppressed NF-kB activation through the Akt pathway. These data suggest that CRE exerts anti-endometriotic activities by the inhibition of cell adhesion and neurotrophin expression, through the negative regulation of the Akt and NF-kB pathways in endometriotic cells.

The Anti-Obesity Potential of Cyperus rotundus Extract Containing Piceatannol, Scirpusin A and Scirpusin B from Rhizomes: Preclinical and Clinical Evaluations.

PurposeObesity is a complex medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease. The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE), standardized to contain Piceatannol, Scirpusin A, and Scirpusin B (5% total Stilbenoids) in overweight individuals. The mechanism of activity was evaluated in a diet-induced mice model of obesity and adipocytes in vitro.Materials and MethodsThe efficacy, safety, and tolerability of CRE were evaluated in 30 obese individuals with a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/m2 for 90 days in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. In vitro studies were carried out in differentiated 3T3 L1 adipocytes, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.ResultsThe pilot clinical study showed a reduction in body weight with a significant decrease in waist circumference and BMI. The serum lipid profile showed a significant improvement in CRE-treated individuals. The extract was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported at the end of the study. CRE showed a dose-dependent adipogenesis reduction in vitro with an IC50 value of 9.39 μg/mL, while oral administration of CRE reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese mice. The efficacy in mice was associated with reduced levels of leptin, corticosteroids, and serum lipid levels, with no adverse effects.ConclusionCRE has anti-adipogenic properties, is safe for human consumption, and effectively manages weight and hypercholesterolemia in overweight individuals.

Chemical constituents and cockroach repellent activity of Sudanese Cyperus rotundus rhizomes essential oil

Chemical constituents and cockroach repellent activity of Sudanese Cyperus rotundus rhizomes essential oil

Integrated Network Pharmacology and GC-MS-Based Metabolomics to Investigate the Effect of Xiang-Su Volatile Oil Against Menopausal Depression.

Menopausal depression perplexes a great number of women in later life. Xiangfu-Zisu (Xiang-Su), a traditional Chinese herbal pair composed of rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. (Xiangfu) and leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Zisu), is frequently reported with antidepressant-like effects. The volatile oil from Xiangfu and Zisu has shown good antidepressant action, but its mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of Xiang-Su (XS) volatile oil against menopausal depression through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based network pharmacology and metabolomics. First, ADME screening was performed on actual detected components of XS volatile oil to obtain active constituents, and then duplicates of active constituent–related targets and menopausal depression–related targets were collected. These duplicates were considered as targets for XS volatile oil against menopausal depression, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. It showed that a total of 64 compounds were identified in XS volatile oil, and 38 active compounds were screened out. 42 overlapping genes between 144 compound-related genes and 780 menopausal depression–related genes were obtained. Results showed that targets of SLC6A4 and SLC6A3, regulation of serotonergic and dopaminergic synapses, were involved in the antidepressant mechanism of XS volatile oil. Next, antidepressant-like effect of XS volatile oil was validated in menopausal rats by ovariectomy (OVX) combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Behavioral tests, biochemical analysis, and GC-MS–based non-targeted plasma metabolomics were employed to validate the antidepressant effect of XS volatile oil. Experimental evidence demonstrated that XS volatile oil reversed behavioral parameters in the sucrose preference test (SPT), open-field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and serum estradiol levels in OVX rats. Furthermore, results of metabolomics indicated that XS volatile oil mainly acts on regulating metabolic pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism, which were corresponding with the above-predicted results. These data suggest that network pharmacology combined with metabolomics provides deep insight into the antidepressant effect of XS volatile oil, which includes regulating key targets like SLC6A4 and SLC6A3, and pathways of serotonergic and dopaminergic synapses.

Cyperensol A, a novel sesquiterpenoid with a unique 6/6/5 skeleton from Cyperus rotundus L.

A novel sesquiterpenoid, named Cyperensol A (1), was isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. Its structure was elucidated extensively by the spectroscopic analysis. Possible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed. Compound 1 showed inhibitory activity on IL-6 induced activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway with IC50 value of 189.37 ± 7.20 μM.

The antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Cyperus rotundus (Linn.)

In this study, the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L was investigated for its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects using in vitro and in silico experimental models. Its crude extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous) were screened in vitro for their antioxidant activity using ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), as well as their inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase enzyme. Subsequently, the extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to elucidate their possible bioactive compounds. Furthermore, computational molecular docking of selected phenolic compounds was conducted to determine their mode of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The aqueous extract displayed the highest level of total phenolic content and significantly higher scavenging activity in both FRAP and DPPH assays compared to ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. In FRAP and DPPH assays, IC50 values of aqueous extract were 448.626 µg/mL and 418.74 µg/mL, respectively. Aqueous extract further presented higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 383.75 µg/mL. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of the following phenolic compounds: 4-methyl-2-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl) phenol, Phenol,2-methyl-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)- and 1-ethoxy-2-isopropylbenzene. Molecular docking study revealed 1-ethoxy-2-isopropylbenzene formed two hydrogen bonds with the interacting residues in the active site of α-glucosidase enzyme. Furthermore, 4-methyl-2-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl) phenol had the lowest binding energy inferring the best affinity for α-glucosidase active site. These results suggest the possible antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Cyperus rotundus. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

A combinatorial approach to screen structurally diverse acetylcholinesterase inhibitory plant secondary metabolites targeting Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of Dementia known to diminish the brain's function by perturbating its structural and functional components. Though cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used to treat AD, they are limited by numbers and side effects. Hence, present study aims to identify structurally diverse Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory plant secondary metabolites (PSM) by employing high throughput screening and computational studies. AChE inhibitory activity was performed using 390 crude extracts from 63 plant parts belongs to 58 plants. The lowest IC50 value was recorded by acetone extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome at 0.5 mg/ml, followed by methanol extract of Terminalia arjuna bark (0.95 mg/ml) and water extract Acacia catechu stem (0.95 mg/ml). A virtual library containing 487 PSM belongs to 18 plants found positive for AChE inhibition (IC50≤5 mg/ml) was prepared. Through ADMET analysis, 78 PSM fulfilling selected drug-likeness parameters were selected for further analysis. Molecular docking studies of selected PSM against AChE recorded a wide range of binding energy from −3.40 to −10.90 Kcal/mol. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies also recorded stabilized interactions of AChE-ligand complexes in the term of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bond interaction. MMPBSA analysis revealed the binding energy of selected PSM ranging from −123.757 to −261.697 kJ/mol. Our study demonstrated the potential of 12 PSM (Sugiol, Margolone, 7-Hydroxy-3',4’-(Methylenedioxy) flavan, Beta-cyprone, Ethenone, Isomargolonone, Serpentine, Cryptolepine, Rotundone, Strictamin, Rotundenol and Nootkatone) as AChE inhibitors. Further in vitro and in vivo experimental evaluations with pure PSM could be beneficial for therapeutic uses.

Two New Sesquiterpenoids Isolated From Cyperus rotundus L

Two new sesquiterpenoids, isocyperotundone (1) and 1,4-epoxy-4-hydroxy-4,5-seco-guain-11-en-5-one (2), together with 6 known sesquiterpenoids, cyperotundone (3), cyperenoic acid (4), sugetriol triacetate (5), cyperusol A3 (6), cyperusol A2 (7), and cyperusol A1 (8), were isolated from the methanol extract of the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1-dimensional (1D) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to establish the structures of all the compounds. All the compounds were tested for activity on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κB) signaling. Compounds 1-7 exhibited inhibitory activity on tumor necrosis factor- α-induced activation of the NF- κB pathway, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 34.5 to 73.7 μmol/L.