Rhetorical Style Research Articles

Logos, pathos and ethos in Mahathir Mohamad’s speeches during his come back as prime minister of Malaysia

The study examined rhetorical appeals in Mahathir Mohamad’s speeches delivered during his come back as the seventh prime minister of Malaysia. The specific aspects investigated were: (1) the extent to which the logos, pathos and ethos appeals were used; (2) the use of the active and passive voice in attribution of responsibility; and (3) the use of personal pronouns in the appeals. Six of Mahathir Mohamad’s political speeches in Malay language delivered in 2018-2020 with a word-count of 13,000 words were analysed using Aristotle’s rhetorical proofs. The results show that Mahathir Mohamad relied on logos (56.17%) and pathos (39.63%) but not ethos (4.20%). Mahathir Mohamad came across as a political leader who relied on argumentation and the positioning of himself as a spokesperson for the ruling coalition and the government, reflected in “kita” (we-inclusive) accounting for 50.26% of personal pronouns used. However, in the context of a distressing situation, he resorted to the pathos appeal and the frequent use of “I” to show personal interpretations. The passive voice and circumstantial referents were strategically used in disparaging remarks without identifying the doer. The study indicated that seasoned political leaders have a stable rhetorical style with flexibility to suit situations and audiences.

What Does Ibn Khaldūn Mean by the Term Mādda? On Human Association and Political-Economic Organisation

ABSTRACT Preeminent interpreters of Al-Muqaddima situate Ibn Khaldūn’s thought within ancient philosophy based on philosophical terminology that appears in the text. In this essay, I argue that in the context of ʿilm al-ʿumrān, Ibn Khaldūn does not use the term “matter” in the philosophical-metaphysical sense of natural philosophy, but in an economic sense to mean money. This interpretation is based on Ibn Khaldūn’s philosophy of language, rhetorical style and historical method. Attention to how he uses language to communicate his ideas shows that, throughout Al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldūn presents arguments based on religious law and tradition, theology and philosophy. However, in constructing his new science, he uses an intellectual method that is based on worldly and demonstrative factors, one of which is money. Money is one of the two foundations of the polity. This interpretation severs the connection to natural philosophy and challenges the natural-cyclical view of his historical-political thought.

Teachers' perspectives on writing

This study recruited 29 educators from various states in the United States to investigate the factors that impact instructors' impressions of students' writing. The researchers discovered via interviews that the instruction in writing offered to kids in high-income and low-income schools differed quite from one another. The rhetorical style, developing one's voice, and the links between reading and writing are usually emphasized more by teachers in schools that educate children who come from wealthier backgrounds. Schools that educate kids from homes with lesser incomes typically have teachers who focus more on correct grammar, mechanics, and sentence construction. The district's mandated curriculum must be followed strictly by teachers working in schools serving students from low-income families.
 On the other hand, instructors at high-income schools tend to have greater latitude in selecting course materials, and they place a higher value on their student's ability to write than on the student's ability to write grammatically accurately. In contrast, instructors at low-income schools are forced to conform to a planned curriculum that the district has developed. This contrasts with the situation at middle-income schools. The teachers' orientations were influenced in various ways by various factors, including the curriculum, the assessment procedures, and the general culture of the institution. According to the findings of the study, there are grounds for worry that children who originate from low-income homes and attend schools that emphasize ability-based training are missing out on opportunities to write that are genuine, difficult, and significant. According to the findings of this research, it is essential to allow each student to develop their unique style and voice and establish connections between reading and writing. Teaching syntax, mechanical humour, and the construction of sentences are all important aspects of language education; however, these are not the only aspects that need to be taught.

GAYA RETORIKA BAGIAN METODOLOGI PENELITIAN PADA JURNAL NASIONAL TERAKREDITASI BIDANG SOSIAL DAN HUMANIORA

The research methodology section in a journal article is one of the most important things in determining the accuracy of the results of the research conducted by the author. However, in reality it is different from the scientific study that is written, the stages will be different in the journal article in which the article is published. The purpose of this study is to find the rhetorical style of the research methodology section in accredited social and humanitarian national journals by not discussing the linguistic aspects in it. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data collection techniques are grouping knowledge based on sinta accreditation, analyzing the data, determining proportional journal articles, and determining journal articles. Data analysis techniques, namely journal articles that have been determined to be tabulated in the methodology section, transcribe the contents of the research methodology section, tabulate based on linguistic stages and aspects, interpret, and draw conclusions. Validity is done by checking with a team of three experts. This study describes the rhetorical style of the research methodology section of an accredited national journal in the social and humanitarian field by not discussing the linguistic aspects in it. The results of the study indicate that working in the social and humanities fields accredited journal articles in the research methodology section in the social and humanities field are. move the research method which contains a research component method, the research subject section has a research object section, the research procedure section contains component procedures, and the analysis section contains a data analysis component. The linguistic features contained in the methodology section in this study, namely, are, and, namely, with, in, as well as, for, because, and so. This linguistic feature shows that the methodology section of this study presents explanatory and argumentative sentences using complex sentences, both equivalent compound sentences and mixed compound sentences.

Representing Tibetan Buddhism in Books on Spirituality: A Discourse-Historical Approach

This article looks into how Tibetan Buddhism is framed in terms of East-West dichotomy in six popular books on Buddhism and spirituality. Discourse Historical Approach is employed to uncover the rhetorical representation of Tibetan Buddhism to the readers. A critical post-colonial perspective offers an insight into various power dynamics, arising from these representations, structured according to Yoshikawa's model of intercultural communication between East and West. The various power outcomes of rhetorical styles range from Ethnocentric to Dialogical, with their ethical consequences and problematics discussed.

‘Saying it like it is’: Right-wing populism, international politics, and the performance of authenticity

Populist leaders base their electoral appeal on underlying their agenda with claims to authenticity reflected both in the content and in the style of their political communication. Based on a conceptualisation of authenticity as discursive performance, we conduct a comparative analysis of the authenticity claims of two right-wing populist leaders, Boris Johnson and Donald Trump. We focus on authenticity claims associated with international politics. International issues are central to populist exclusionary narratives, but also difficult for populist incumbents to narrate authentically. We find that despite differences in their public personas, Johnson and Trump show considerable similarities in both content and style of their authenticity performances. In particular, they ‘domesticate’ international politics to reinforce domestic issues assumed closer to ‘ordinary’ voters, all the while employing rhetorical styles suggestive of their authenticity. These findings highlight the centrality of authenticity performances to populist politics and electoral appeal.

Toward the Humilocene: The Embodied Rhetoric of St. Francis of Assisi

In support of abandoning the term Anthropocene in favor of calling our current epoch the Humilocene, this essay addresses Lynn White, Jr.’s critique that a particular understanding of Christian creation theory is the cause of our current ecological crisis, briefly discussing contemporary attempts to read the Old and New Testaments in a manner harmonious with White’s critiques and recommendations, and explores the embodied rhetoric of St. Francis of Assisi. I argue that Francis’s manner of embodying three of Cicero’s canons of rhetoric is relevant to contemporary rhetoricians and to deep ecologists. Francis’s rhetorical style is an embodied rhetoric that assists advocacy by transforming everyday experiences, builds community through an embrace of agapē, and, through Francis’s adoption of the position of “servant,” helps establish a more equal distribution of power. Franciscan rhetoric offers equipment for moving through the humiliation, humility, and redemption of the Humilocene.

Cultural Discourse in Indonesian Humor: A Case Study of Some Short Dialogues

This study aims to describe cultural discourse in Indonesian humor. Cultural discourse is the relationship between the meaning of a dialogue context and the cultural context of the listener or recipient of humor. Indonesia is a nation that has a distinctive humor and rhetorical style. Rhetoric style like this is one type of stylistic aspect in communication. The purpose of this research is formulated to 1) to show cultural discourse of humor in dialogues and it category, and 2) to describe the respondent's perception of humor in dialogue as a means of entertainment. The data of this research are humorous discourses in the form of dialogues which are very often found in social interactions and social media. Data analysis was carried out by using Berger's theory of humor. This theory divides humor into categories based on the dialogues in humor. The results showed that the humor category was divided into language category 14 (56%) following logic category 8 (32%), and identity category 3 (12%). Of respondents' perceptions, very funny was at 55.6%, followed by funny 33.3%, and quite funny only reached 11.1%. This perception is closely related to the respondent's cultural conception. The implication of this research shows that humorous discourse has a rhetorical structure and pattern of expression so as to create a sense of humor that is entertaining for readers and listeners.

Between Cows and Capitalism

This paper proposes a method for estimating the abstractness of Dutch historical parliamentary speeches. The degree to which language is abstract or concrete has gained significant attention in the field of cognitive science and linguistics. The paper uses proposed computational approaches to abstractness in these fields to model and explore variation in historical parliamentary data in the context of a larger project on technocratic rhetoric. By first scoring individual terms based on the vector averaging of an annotated set of abstract and concrete terms the abstractness of speech paragraphs is estimated. The paper shows that this information captures differences in rhetorical style that remain difficult to identify with established text mining methods. Abstractness sheds light not only on what is said in parliament, but how it is said, hereby bridging semantic and stylistic analysis in digital history.

Philip Roth

Philip Roth

ASSIMILATION PHENOMENON IN AL-YAZIDI READING PHONETEIC GRAMMATICAL STUDY

One of the most honorable and distinguished sciences is the Holy Quran science; as it is from God and the correct, frequent, compiled recitation. Who preserved Arabic in its performance, pronunciation, sounds, morphology, and the like. It has always remained the focus of scholars’ attention in reading, memorizing, reciting, drawing, controlling, understanding and deducing legal and linguistic rulings. There is no doubt that Quranic readings are the most important sources of language studies since it is full of multiple rhetoric styles and phonological, morphological and contextual phenomena. The odd Quranic readings are no less important than the rest of the correct Quranic readings, even though they have lost one of the conditions for correct reading. The scholars have paid great attention to them, structuring and directing what they contain of rich material worthy of study and many and varied evidence on linguistic phenomena in their various forms. The purpose of the study is to investigate in important phenomenon in the Arabic language in general which is assimilation phenomenon, and studying it through one of the most important readings, it is Al-yazidi reading one of the four reading exceeding the tenth readings, where his assimilations came as those in the correct seventh readings. The study approach is detecting all the assimilations positions in this reading phonetically and analytically with consentient modern language science in an attempt to explain its precise phonetic laws that govern the interaction of adjacent sounds with each other in order to bring about a kind of symmetry and vocal harmony between them. Then follow the opinions of the grammarians in these diphthongs in an attempt to find out the extent of their agreement or disagreement with the rules and standards of the grammarians. Key words: Quranic Readings, Al-Yazid, Phonetic Phenomena, Snoring, Similar.

The Rhetorical Style of Predatory White Masculinity in Judge Brett Kavanaugh’s 2018 Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Committee

When President Donald Trump nominated Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the U.S. Supreme Court in July 2018, many Democrats initially opposed him. He became a much more controversial nominee when Dr. Christine Blasey Ford brought forward accusations that he sexually assaulted her in 1982. In his testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Kavanaugh’s rhetorical style of predatory white masculinity was supported and encouraged by a chorus of Republican senators. Kavanaugh’s articulation of predatory white masculinity made white men victims, used women as pawns in white men’s innocence narrative, and enacted a partisan agenda to justify rage and nostalgia for a time when white male privilege was less scrutinized. But with the Kavanaugh confirmation, predatory white masculinity shifted norms and conventions about judicial temperament. His rhetorical style produced a shift in temperament, which augmented rage and grievance as the ideal temperament for men in power, especially when echoed by members of the Senate Judiciary Committee and then-President Trump.

Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa dalam Ceramah Ustadz Abdul Somad di Madura

The purpose of this study is to explain the rhetorical style of preaching by Ustadz Abdul Somad and the consequences when delivering his lecture at the Al-Hamidy Islamic Boarding School, Banyuanyar, Pamekasan. This study uses a qualitative method that is descriptive analysis. The data collection technique is Download, view, listen, and record. As for the data analysis technique, using Aristotle's rhetorical theory, namely the five canons of rhetorics combined with Gorys Keraf's concepts, namely diction and language style, characterized by (1) Reading every lecture discourse that has been converted into written language; (2) Marking utterances that contain diction and figurative language; (3) Identifying diction characteristics (intonation, high tone, low tone, connotative, formal, informal, idiom, slang, and jargon), language style characteristics (majas, metaphor, lexicon, etc.), body style characteristics (looking to the left/ right, swinging arms, looking down). The results showed that Ustadz Abdul Somad combined diction and language style including (words and word choice, word meaning, language style based on word choice, tone, sentence structure, meaning, gestures).

Empowering Women in the Lessons of Rabbanit Yemima Mizrahi

Abstract This paper examines the rhetoric used by Rabbanit Yemima Mizrahi in her weekly Torah portion lectures to women, in which she applies a feminine point of view. For eighteen years, Rabbanit Mizrahi has used her unique rhetorical style to attract a faithful, diverse audience of Jewish women in Israel and abroad. This study investigates her rhetoric in fifty videotaped lectures and presents five of her rhetorical tools: metaphor and simile, puns, syntactical-rhetorical repetition, humor, and slang. The study also examines how her rhetoric attracts women from all walks of life, irrespective of their level of religious observance, age, and socio-cultural background, and without proselytizing. Moreover, she uses her rhetoric in a direct way, avoiding any type of authoritative distance, to transmit a message of sisterhood through empowerment of women as she interprets the Torah portion.

Analysis of Language Style in the Novel Cinta di Dalam Gelas by Andrea Hirata

This study aims to explain the function of language style based on the direct and indirect meaning found in the novel entitled Cinta di Dalam Gelas by Andrea Hirata. Analysis of language style is chosen to find out the author's characteristics and understand why the author tends to use certain words or expressions in their literary works. The research method used in the study is a type of descriptive-qualitative with stylistic approach. The data collection used is reading the text of Cinta di Dalam Gelas novel repeatedly, then writing evidence in the novel containing the use of language style on the data source. The technique of analyzing data using by finding the data, reducing data, displaying data, analyzing data according to the types of language style, then describing the result of the finding data providing statements from the theory that used. The research finding of this study shows that language style based on the direct and indirect meaning found consists of two kinds, namely rhetorical language style and figurative language style. Rhetorical languages style is composed of Alliteration, Assonance, Rhetoric, Pleonasm, Paradox, Hyperbole, and Litotes. Meanwhile, the figurative language style is crafted of Association, Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony, and Sarcasm.

Excessively Harsh Critique and Democratic Rhetoric: The Enigma of Bhimrao Ambedkar’s Riddles in Hinduism

Abstract Democracy seems torn between the ideal search for harmony and unity and the reality of polarizing differences and injustices. Harsh criticism both seems a useful response to societal problems and appears to undermine the search for this ideal of unity. This article engages Bhimrao Ambedkar, the Indian statesman and anti-caste philosopher, to explore this tension in democratic rhetoric. By placing his harsh critique of Hinduism in Riddles in Hinduism in conversation with his crafting of fraternity and love as ideals in The Buddha and His Dhamma, we can perceive the tense dialectic between the democratic injunction to seek community with opponents and the very human impulse to harshly criticize those perpetuating injustice. Analyzing archival drafts of his work that capture his processes of revision and invention, I extract a sense of tentative critique as an entailed form of Ambedkar’s reconstructive rhetoric. Such a tentative rhetorical style reduces the tensions between loving one’s enemies and harshly criticizing one’s opponents by introducing ways to lessen the impact of excessive critique, showing Ambedkar’s potential as an innovative thinker in the global history of rhetoric.

Cicero’s rationale for his use of prose rhythm in argumentation

ABSTRACT Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43BCE) is widely regarded, both in theory and practice, as a preeminent figure in the history of rhetoric, especially for his mastery of argumentation. Yet, Cicero was heavily criticized by his contemporaries for his rhetorical style, particularly his use of prose rhythm. In response, Cicero credited (and justified) his use of prose rhythm to Hellenic sources. Cicero’s rationale for his prose rhythm is best understood by examining the full range of his rhetorical treatises (i.e. his Rhetorica) and his practice, taking into account the social exigences and constraints that influenced his choice of style generally, and prose rhythm specifically, in rhetorical situations involving argumentation.

Populism in East Asian Democracies: Report on the International Lecture Series of the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (Oct 2020–Feb 2021)

Abstract Diagnosing a gap in our knowledge on populist phenomena in East Asian democracies, especially the lack of attention paid to the region by comparative studies, the organisers of the online lecture series ‘Populism in East Asian Democracies’ (PinEAD) brought together small but substantial research on East Asia by inviting presentations by nine experts, three each on Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Their findings showed how different phenomena and actors analysed as populists in East Asian democracies are from those in Europe or the Americas. They also highlighted how heterogeneous the group of politicians referred to as ‘East Asian populists’ is. While, on an abstract level, most East Asian populists are similar, in that they appeal to voters discontented with the democratically elected ruling parties and executives and promise to govern in a way more favourable to ‘the people’, they do so in ways that differentiate them from the standard style of political campaigning and rhetoric in their respective country.

The presidential kiss: Duterte’s gendered populism, hypermasculinity, and Filipino migrants

ABSTRACT In this article, I combine literature on gender populism and international migration to critically examine Duterte’s populist style towards migrant Filipinos and propose several possible reasons why they have given him immense support. The article utilizes Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) to examine texts surrounding Duterte’s much-publicized kiss of a migrant Filipino woman illustrating how his brand of populism reconfigures the state’s paternalistic- hypermasculine stance towards Filipino women migrants. He does this by positioning himself as a ‘protective and angry father,’ ‘the Filipino everyman,’ and ‘a ladies’ man,’ thereby normalizing and trivializing the controversial act. I interpret these gendered tropes as characteristic of Duterte’s personalistic rhetoric and practices, adding a layer to the usual techno-bureaucratic state language strategically used to govern migrant Filipinos. In doing so, I aim to expand understandings of Duterte’s leadership and populist politics and to add to research grounding gender populism within the context of a non-European migrant-sending state. In unraveling his rhetorical style, I hope that resistant discourses emerge to challenge similar practices in the future.

Musil-Forum: Studien zur Literatur der klassischen Moderne ed. by Norbert Christian Wolf and Rosemarie Zeller

Reviewed by: Musil-Forum: Studien zur Literatur der klassischen Moderne ed. by Norbert Christian Wolf and Rosemarie Zeller Gilbert Carr Musil-Forum: Studien zur Literatur der klassischen Moderne. Edited by Norbert Christian Wolf and Rosemarie Zeller, vol. 36: 2019/2020. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter, 2021. ix pp. + 412 pp. €99.95. ISBN 978–3-11–072968–9. Despite its delayed publication and the recent change of editorship, the latest Musil-Forum maintains the high quality expected of this series, which presents essays on themes that emanate from Robert Musil's oeuvre — in this case, following on from the 2018 conference at the University of Salzburg on 'Literatur und Polemik in der klassischen Moderne', organized by Norbert Christian Wolf and Harald Gschwandtner. Certainly, polemic might not at first appear as self-evident as other recent themes of Musil-Forum, such as 'Poetik der kleinen Form' (vol. 35), but the focus provides the opportunity for systematic and learned definitions of polemic, if not as a literary genre, then in its performative status between rhetorical aggression and objective critique. This accords with Musil's own pronounced aversion to polemical effect, epitomized by Karl Kraus's rhetorical dominance, in favour of detached irony, about which there is a broad consensus in the volume. While it is accepted that Musil was a polemically abrasive theatre critic, his mastery of polemic in other contexts receives attention. Dirk Rose reads Musil's enigmatic story Die Amsel as an exemplary meta-polemic against the poetics of the novella genre (for example, [End Page 208] Paul Heyse's concept of the 'falcon' as leitmotif) and Georg Lukács's doctrine of realism. In 'Häuserkampf', Hans-Georg von Arburg defines Musil's sustained commentaries on modernist architecture and town planning as polemical not in rhetorical style but as interventions in public debate, relating Ulrich's strictures on lifestyle in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften to Musil's critique of Le Corbusier's modernism. Gunther Martens's '"Was wirst Du machen, wirklich Teneriffa?"' is a tour de force on informed polemic in scientific discourse. The quotation in the title alludes to the animal experiments of Wolfgang Köhler on that island, and thence to Musil's polemics on Darwinism, behaviourism and Gestalt psychology, and their connection with his story Die Affeninsel. This has hitherto been viewed as an allegory of dictatorship, but contains deeper anthropological reflection and critical conclusions about empirical observation, for example, as demonstrated in Martens's semiotic reading of the story Türen und Tore — though perhaps more credit is due to Ernst Mach's empirical scepticism here. In her contribution 'Schwert und Feder', Birgit Nübel singles out Musil's demolition in 'Geist und Erfahrung' of the spurious cultural morphology of Der Untergang des Abendlandes. Barbara Neymeyr more extensively contextualizes this virtuoso 'satire' of Oswald Spengler's imprecision and analogical speculation (p. 174) with a rather long-winded excursus on Nietzsche, albeit with insights into Musil's 'Übergänge' and 'Gestaltlosigkeit' as antidotes to Spengler's binary schematism. 'Von der Polemik zur Meta-Polemik' is a close textual analysis of Musil's aphorisms by Alexander Honold, who situates them — citing Pierre Bourdieu — in a contemporary field of norms, shared by the antagonists in partisan skirmishing and dogmatic assertion. The overarching perspective sought by Musil in his critique of contemporary trends is compared here to the stance embodied in the structurally anomalous figure of Ulrich, who aspires to a sovereign analysis of the era to which he still belongs. Honold qualifies this ambivalence again with regard to Musil's — as it were, Wittgensteinian — critiques of collective value concepts in the polarized anti-intellectualism of the 1930s. Nübel also draws a distinction between polemic and meta-polemic, starting from Friedrich Schlegel's antithesis of rhetorical irony in polemic and a 'transzendentale[] Buffonerie' of meta-irony (p. 19). By analogy, 'polemische[] Rhetorik' (p. 20) — against the false aesthetic of Burgtheater authors or the prestige of Thomas Mann and Hermann Broch in the literary scene — differs from the 'sachlichdiskursive' polemic in Musil's novel against the Nietzsche cult and the Zeitgeist (pp. 21–22). This contribution becomes over-ambitious in eliding the concept of polemic...