RGB Image Encryption Research Articles

Utilizing the Discrete Heisenberg Group and Laser Systems in RGB Image Encryption

This study signifies the endpoint of thorough cryptographic experimentation, leading to the creation of an innovative color image encryption scheme. It embodies a fusion of mathematical concepts rooted in both group theory and chaos theory.The novel encryption procedure entails the creation of cube faces, to depict the relative positions of pixels within a given stream, thereby generating six distinct channels. Within our algorithm, each monochromatic layer of an image is independently encrypted using digraph encryption. This involves a technique of rotating the four faces, followed by another rotation to encrypt the second digraph.Subsequently, matrices derived from Heisenberg theory are integrated with the monochromatic layer from the preceding step to fine-tune the image's parameters and introduce blur. Impressively, our approach has yielded promising outcomes across various images and evaluation criteria, demonstrating resilience against differential attacks and statistical analyses. Furthermore, comparative evaluations have highlighted the superiority of our method over existing algorithms.

Block Cipher Nonlinear Component Generation via Hybrid Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence for Image Encryption

To analyze the security of encryption, an effectual encryption scheme based on colored images utilizing the hybrid pseudo-random binary sequence (HPRBS) and substitution boxes, known as S-boxes, is proposed. The presented work aims to design S-boxes using pseudo-random binary numbers acquired by Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) in combination with a modified quadratic chaotic map. Firstly, cryptographically robust S-boxes are constructed by using binary pseudo-random number sequences, and then the cryptographic properties of the presented S-boxes are tested. The suggested S-boxes showed good results. Secondly, an RGB image encryption algorithm utilizing sequences generated by modified quadratic chaotic maps and S-boxes is offered. The new color image encryption techniques comprise two steps, including a permutation and a substitution step. The key association with the content of the image is also addressed. This strategy can result in a “one-time pad” effect and make the algorithm resistant to chosen-plaintext attack (CPA). The proposed scheme has been confirmed to be more valuable than most of the existing schemes. S-boxes are analyzed by the nonlinearity test, bit independence criterion (BIC), linear and differential approximation probabilities (LPs; DPs), and Strict-Avalanche Criterion (SAC) tests. A comparison with different S-boxes presented in the literature is also carried out. The comparison shows encouraging results about the quality of the proposed box. From security and experimental outcomes, the effectiveness of the presented color image encryption technique is verified. The proposed scheme has evident efficiency benefits, which implies that the proposed colored encryption of the image scheme has better potential for application in encryption schemes in real-time.

SPN based RGB image encryption over Gaussian integers

This research paper proposes a novel approach for constructing substitution boxes (S-boxes) over Gaussian integers, which are complex numbers with integer coefficients. The proposed method is based on the properties of the Gaussian integers and their arithmetic operations and ensures the S-boxes exhibit strong cryptographic properties. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how these S-boxes can be utilized for image encryption through a substitution-permutation network (SPN) over Gaussian integers. The SPN involves iteratively applying the S-box and a permutation layer to the input image, which effectively scrambles the image data. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves high security and robustness against various attacks while providing efficient encryption and decryption performance. This research thus provides a promising avenue for developing secure image encryption schemes based on Gaussian integers.

Secure communication using an adaptable multilevel RGB image encryption algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Internet use and other communications technologies like wireless networks, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have skyrocketed in recent decades. This research seeks to provide a structured color picture encryption technique for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The approach uses a 1-D exponential modified chaotic map (1-D EMC), 2-D discrete wavelet transform, and a 1-D modified version of the logistic map (1-D MVL) to reduce data and improve transmission, especially for images. The XOR operator and random permutation of image matrix rows and columns strengthen the technique against numerous attacks. Statistical analyses are performed on the proposed encryption technique, and the values of these statistical tests presented in the tables are satisfactory. A fair comparison with other competitive existing algorithms shows the effectiveness of the proposed encryption algorithm and can be opted for practical use.

Triple Layer RGB Image Encryption Algorithm Utilizing Three Hyperchaotic Systems and Its FPGA Implementation

Triple Layer RGB Image Encryption Algorithm Utilizing Three Hyperchaotic Systems and Its FPGA Implementation

A RGB image encryption algorithm based on Archimedes optimizer, chaos and DNA

This paper introduces an innovative method for encrypting images, skillfully combining a modified logistic map (MLM), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the Archimedean optimization algorithm (AO). The resulting system is divided into three essential phases, each playing a distinct role: a permutation phase using the modified logistics map, a diffusion phase using DNA, and finally, an optimization phase incorporating AO. In the optimization phase, the AO is successfully deployed to determine the optimal sequence of masks for image encryption. A notable feature of this approach is its ability to improve the quality of DNA masks, making them compatible with the complex nature of images. Simulation results and performance evaluations attest to the feasibility of the proposed system for color image encryption, underlining at the same time its high level of security. One of the most remarkable aspects of this methodology lies in its ability to enhance entropy, thus conferring increased resistance to various statistical and differential attacks. The approach has been validated through experimental results, affirming its efficacy, consolidating its position as a robust and secure solution for image encryption. This research highlights the significant contribution of the AO algorithm in the specific field of image encryption, offering a major contribution to the evolution of security techniques in this area.

A new RGB image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaotic-discrete-wavelet-packet-transform

A new RGB image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaotic-discrete-wavelet-packet-transform

A RGB image encryption technique using chaotic maps of fractional variable-order based on DNA encoding

This paper presents a controller-based synchronization scheme in a leader-follower architecture for chaotic maps of fractional variable-order. The proposed scheme demonstrates successful synchronization of three different chaotic maps through simulation results. The implementation on Arduino UNO boards is used to showcase the relatively low algorithm complexity of the proposed scheme. Additionally, the paper explores a potential application of the proposed scheme in an RGB image encryption system, leveraging the chaotic behavior of the system for pseudo-random sequence generation. The encoding scheme utilizes the complementary property of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule bases. The presented encryption scheme employs the variable-order of the fractional derivative as a key for improved safety. This enhancement improves the methodology resistance against brute-force attacks while maintaining resilience against other cryptoanalysis techniques.

Color image encryption by a non-chain Galois ring extension

The S-box is a vital component for producing nonlinearity in a block cipher. Seldom this component is constructed through finite fields; however, sometimes Galois rings are used for its construction. In this work, we utilize the extended Galois ring to construct a Substitution box (S-box) over the ring The designed S-box is generated by multiple elements and thus exhibits a high level of confusion compared to typical S-boxes. An encrypted color image is compared to existing encrypted S-box images to investigate their effects. First, we separate the distinct channels from a digital image and create 256-order matrices with 16-bit entries for each channel. We then apply the designed image encryption algorithm to these matrices. For the permutation step, we use the 1-dimensional logistic map to generate the key. Then, we apply the exclusive-or operation to all three layers of the image using the key. Finally, concatenate all these layers to create the encrypted image. The result is the proposal of a new RGB image encryption technique. The proposed encryption technique can replace several image encryption techniques that rely on S-boxes. In general, this technique aims to achieve optimal values.

An LA-group based design of the non-linear component of block cipher

An S-box is a crucial component of modern block ciphers, providing confusion and making them attack-resistant. For the last three decades, researchers have designed S-boxes using techniques mainly based on associative algebras of Galois fields. In this work, the non-associative structure of an LA-group (left almost group) is employed to design 8 × 8 S-boxes. An LA-group-based design S-box offers appealing properties, such as the inverse of zero element, non-associativity, and fewer constraints. These characteristics increase robustness and expand the key space compared to cyclic groups and Galois fields. Furthermore, an RGB image encryption scheme is also presented in this work to judge the impact of proposed S-boxes. The proposed S-boxes create confusion in a plain image “Red, Green, and Blue” channels, whereas for diffusion, the linear transformation K=(i×32)mod127 is operationalized. In the last, we compared our encryption scheme to some existing benchmarks, revealing that our encryption technique is adequate for image security.

Combining DNA sequences and chaotic maps to improve robustness of RGB image encryption

Combining DNA sequences and chaotic maps to improve robustness of RGB image encryption

Secure hybrid fiber optic and free optical space communication systems

This work investigates the integration of Electrical to Optical (E/O) and Optical to Electrical (E/O) communication systems. Two ways of transition, namely, Hybrid Fiber Optic (FO) and Free Optical Space (FSO) transmission system have been proposed. This work aims to evaluate the performance of these two transition ways. FO has the optimum transmission due to its lower attenuation which can be reached to 350 km. However, for further assurance of reaching data to the receiver side a second way of transition has been investigated. FSO path has been employed under different weather conditions of clear, moderate dust, heavy dust and heavy fog. Matlab and Optisystem7 software’s have been used to simulate Optical Secure Data Transition (SDT). The results show that an optimum transmission could be obtained using FO with RGB image encryption where the Mean Square Error (MSE) reach to 9.88 ×10^7 in read channel and it can reach to 4.93 ×10^9 using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT).

A New Chaotic-Based RGB Image Encryption Technique Using a Nonlinear Rotational 16 × 16 DNA Playfair Matrix

Due to great interest in the secure storage and transmission of color images, the necessity for an efficient and robust RGB image encryption technique has grown. RGB image encryption ensures the confidentiality of color images during storage and transmission. In the literature, a large number of chaotic-based image encryption techniques have been proposed, but there is still a need for a robust, efficient and secure technique against different kinds of attacks. In this paper, a novel RGB image encryption technique is proposed for encrypting individual pixels of RGB images using chaotic systems and 16 rounds of DNA encoding, transpositions and substitutions. First, round keys are generated randomly using a logistic chaotic function. Then, these keys are used across different rounds to alter individual pixels using a nonlinear randomly generated 16×16 DNA Playfair matrix. Experimental results show the robustness of the proposed technique against most attacks while reducing the consumed time for encryption and decryption. The quantitative metrics show the ability of the proposed technique to maintain reference evaluation values while resisting statistical and differential attacks. The obtained horizontal, vertical and diagonal correlation is less than 0.01, and the NPCR and UACI are larger than 0.99 and 0.33, respectively. Finally, NIST analysis is presented to evaluate the randomness of the proposed technique.

RGB image encryption based on symmetric keys using Arnold transform, 3D chaotic map and affine hill cipher

In this work, we propose a novel color image encryption scheme based on symmetric keys using the synergistic approach of Arnold transform, 3D logistic chaotic map with XOR operation, and affine hill cipher technique. All these methods work together and generate a strong cipher to abstain people from illegal access to data. The simulation results of the quality indicators and comparison with the existing algorithms ensure the security, performance, and effectiveness of our proposed scheme.

RGB Image Encryption through Cellular Automata, S-Box and the Lorenz System

The exponential growth in transmission of multimedia over the Internet and unsecured channels of communications is putting pressure on scientists and engineers to develop effective and efficient security schemes. In this paper, an image encryption scheme is proposed to help solve such a problem. The proposed scheme is implemented over three stages. The first stage makes use of Rule 30 cellular automata to generate the first encryption key. The second stage utilizes a well-tested S-box, whose design involves a transformation, modular inverses, and permutation. Finally, the third stage employs a solution of the Lorenz system to generate the second encryption key. The aggregate effect of this 3-stage process insures the application of Shannon’s confusion and diffusion properties of a cryptographic system and enhances the security and robustness of the resulting encrypted images. Specifically, the use of the PRNG bitstreams from both of the cellular automata and the Lorenz system, as keys, combined with the S-box, results in the needed non-linearity and complexity inherent in well-encrypted images, which is sufficient to frustrate attackers. Performance evaluation is carried out with statistical and sensitivity analyses, to check for and demonstrate the security and robustness of the proposed scheme. On testing the resulting encrypted Lena image, the proposed scheme results in an MSE value of 8923.03, a PSNR value of 8.625 dB, an information entropy of 7.999, NPCR value of 99.627, and UACI value of 33.46. The proposed scheme is shown to encrypt images at an average rate of 0.61 Mbps. A comparative study with counterpart image encryption schemes from the literature is also presented to showcase the superior performance of the proposed scheme.

Combining DNA sequences and chaotic maps to improve robustness of RGB image encryption

Combining DNA sequences and chaotic maps to improve robustness of RGB image encryption

Enhanced Serpent algorithm using Lorenz 96 Chaos-based block key generation and parallel computing for RGB image encryption.

This paper presents a new approach to enhance the security and performance of the Serpent algorithm. The main concepts of this approach is to generate a sub key for each block using Lorenz 96 chaos and then run the process of encryption and decryption in ECB parallel mode. The proposed method has been implemented in Java, openjdk version “11.0.11”; and for the analysis of the tested RGB images, Python 3.6 was used. Comprehensive experiments on widely used metrics demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method against differential attacks, brute force attacks and statistical attacks, while achieving superb results compared to related schemes. Moreover, the encryption quality, Shannon entropy, correlation coefficients, histogram analysis and differential analysis all accomplished affirmative results. Furthermore, the reduction in encryption/decryption time was over 61%. Moreover, the proposed method cipher was tested using the Statistical Test Suite (STS) recommended by the NIST and passed them all ensuring the randomness of the cipher output. Thus, the approach demonstrated the potential of the improved Serpent-ECB algorithm with Lorenz 96 chaos-based block key generation (BKG) and gave favorable results. Specifically, compared to existing encryption schemes, it proclaimed its effectiveness.

Real-time RGB image encryption for IoT applications using enhanced sequences from chaotic maps

Four chaotic maps are used herein as case study to design an embedded cryptosystem based on a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG). The randomness of the sequences is enhanced by applying the mod 1023 function and verified by analyzing bifurcation diagrams, the maximum Lyapunov exponent, and performing NIST SP 800-22 and TestU01 statistical tests. The PRNG is applied in a simple algorithm for real-time RGB images encryption on a machine-to-machine (M2M) scheme, using message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol over WiFi network and through Internet. The cryptanalysis confirms that the proposed image encryption scheme is robust to resist most of the existing attacks, such as statistical histograms, entropy, key-space, correlation of adjacent pixels, and differential attacks. The implementation of the proposed cryptosystem is done using enhanced sequences from the Logistic 1D map, and it reaches a throughput of up to 47.44 Mbit/s using a personal computer with a 2.9 GHz clock, and 10.53 Mbit/s using a Raspberry Pi 4. As a result, our proposed embedded cryptosystem is suitable to increase the security in the transmission of RGB images in real-time through WiFi networks and Internet.

4D mixed chaotic system and its application to RGB image encryption using substitution-diffusion

Low order chaotic maps has many distinct physiognomies, such as strong sensitiveness to initial conditions, parameters, better unpredictability, distinct random like complex temporal behavior and so on. This results the demand of new generators for chaotic systems with complicated dynamics but simple designs. In this work, a 4D mixed chaotic map with hyper-chaotic properties and high randomness behavior has been constructed by using the 1D Sine map and the 2D Thinker bell map. Furthermore, by using the proposed chaotic system and symmetric group S8 permutation, a novel image encryption scheme is introduced to explore the applications of the proposed chaotic system. The action of symmetric group S8 increases the key size by a factor of (8!)65536 for an image of size 256 × 256 which results a strong encryption structure to resists the well-known attacks. Simulation results on different images and extensive security analysis demonstrate that the proposed approach has adequate properties in image encryption.

Remodeling randomness prioritization to boost-up security of RGB image encryption

Remodeling randomness prioritization to boost-up security of RGB image encryption