Abstract
The exponential growth in transmission of multimedia over the Internet and unsecured channels of communications is putting pressure on scientists and engineers to develop effective and efficient security schemes. In this paper, an image encryption scheme is proposed to help solve such a problem. The proposed scheme is implemented over three stages. The first stage makes use of Rule 30 cellular automata to generate the first encryption key. The second stage utilizes a well-tested S-box, whose design involves a transformation, modular inverses, and permutation. Finally, the third stage employs a solution of the Lorenz system to generate the second encryption key. The aggregate effect of this 3-stage process insures the application of Shannon’s confusion and diffusion properties of a cryptographic system and enhances the security and robustness of the resulting encrypted images. Specifically, the use of the PRNG bitstreams from both of the cellular automata and the Lorenz system, as keys, combined with the S-box, results in the needed non-linearity and complexity inherent in well-encrypted images, which is sufficient to frustrate attackers. Performance evaluation is carried out with statistical and sensitivity analyses, to check for and demonstrate the security and robustness of the proposed scheme. On testing the resulting encrypted Lena image, the proposed scheme results in an MSE value of 8923.03, a PSNR value of 8.625 dB, an information entropy of 7.999, NPCR value of 99.627, and UACI value of 33.46. The proposed scheme is shown to encrypt images at an average rate of 0.61 Mbps. A comparative study with counterpart image encryption schemes from the literature is also presented to showcase the superior performance of the proposed scheme.
Highlights
The unprecedented developments and complexity witnessed in today’s wireless communication networks and big data applications render security as an issue of paramount importance [1,2,3]
Modern cryptographic algorithms employ block ciphers such as the data encryption standard (DES), the triple DES (3DES), and the advanced encryption standard (AES), they are not best-suited for the purposes of encrypting images
The literature includes examples pooling from chaos theory [14], cellular automata (CA) [15], electrical circuits [16] and electronics [17], quantum physics [18], as well as many others
Summary
The unprecedented developments and complexity witnessed in today’s wireless communication networks and big data applications render security as an issue of paramount importance [1,2,3]. In [32], the authors employ a coupling of the 2D logistic map and a quantum chaotic map through the nearest-neighboring coupled-map matrices Their proposed scheme makes use of the resulting higher complexity randomness to generate an encrypted image. The authors of [35] propose a color image encryption scheme that utilizes multiple chaotic maps with a minimum number of rounds of encryption Their proposed scheme makes full use of the ideas of Shannon with regards to confusion and diffusion. In [37], the authors base their proposed image encryption scheme on three stages: A diffusion stage that utilizes a chaotic quantum logistic function, a scrambling stage for the pixel arrangement, which employs a 2D chaotic map, and coupling the results of the first two stages with a nearest-neighbor coupled-map lattices.
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