RFID Sensor Research Articles

PROTOTYPE APPLICATION OF CROWD DETECTION SYSTEM FOR TRADITIONAL MARKET VISITOR BASED ON IOT USING RFID MFRC522

Crowds of people are the government's concern in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic because the virus transfers unwittingly from one person to another and transmits it to the closest environment. One of the locations where crowds are difficult to avoid is a traditional market and is thought to be one of the places that have the potential to become the center of the spread of COVID-19. Various efforts made by the government in suppressing crowds have yielded results, but not a few violations that occur are carried out intentionally or unintentionally, one of the efforts to prevent crowd violations is the traditional market visitor detection monitoring system by market management so that market visitors do not violate health protocols and crowds that occur in an area can be avoided. In this study, an IoT-based crowd detection system application prototype uses an RFID sensor MFRC522 as a crowd indicator based on data on the number of visitors entering a kiosk that is recorded in the database and then displayed on the application, this data becomes an indicator of which kiosk other visitors want to go to so that the crowd can be avoided. System functionality testing was carried out with 4 scenarios and system reliability testing through data transmission was carried out 10 times with test data in the form of kiosk id and visitor id sent via a single Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) with a full-duplex communication channel. The test results show that crowd indications can be detected in the application with data transmission speeds reaching 875 KB/s with an average delay of 231.4 ms and a standard deviation of 215 ± 313 ms.

High sensitivity chipless RFID humidity sensor tags are based on SnO2/G nanomaterials

In this study, a chipless RFID humidity sensor tag based on SnO2/G (Graphene) nanomaterial with recognition and sensing functions is proposed. Chip-less RFID sensors are usually composed of tag ID and sensing materials. In this paper, similar nano-spherical SnO2 powder was generated by hydrothermal method and doped with G to get SnO2/G mixture. For chip-free RFID tags, a microstrip coupled line resonator is proposed, which consists of a coupled line segment and three line segments of different shapes. Among them, u-shaped resonators coated with humidity sensitive materials for humidity sensing, and the other two resonators can code four different states. Through testing the sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability and response characteristics of humidity sensor, it is proved that humidity sensitive material has excellent humidity sensing performance. At 11%-98%RH, the frequency offset is up to 257 MHz, achieving a sensitivity of 2.95MHz/%RH. HFSS simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed integration of humidity sensor and RFID technology has great application potential.

Security Door Lock for Mains Supply and Safety of Electrical Engineer

The main motive of this work is to provide safety to the electrical field engineer who works on the site of main distribution line feeder box. To provide safety to the engineer, the feeder box is equipped with RFID sensor and RFID readers which plays an important role. The engineer will be provided authorized glows and shoes with RFID tags. The reader mounted on the box will check whether the glows are authorized or not. If it gets authorized, then only the main door of the box will open and engineer will do his work. When the door gets opened it will share the details to the main server of the electrical distribution office in the form of message “The door is open”. We have made the provision that it will help engineer to solve the issue after door opens. There will be one-way communication from distribution office to electrical field engineer regrading guidelines for the issues. We have also made an application to record the history of the problems in the data base which would help to identify problems in the future.

Empirical Analysis of the Nursing Effect of Intelligent Medical Internet of Things in Postoperative Osteoarthritis.

In order to analyze the effect of postoperative nursing for bones and joints, this paper combines the intelligent medical Internet of Things technology to construct a postoperative nursing system for bones and joints and conducts research on postoperative nursing methods for bones and joints. Moreover, this paper realizes the integration of “voice data + video data + software data” and the integration of “wired network + RFID sensor network + WIFI wireless network.” In this paper, this paper constructs an intelligent medical IoT nursing analysis system, combines actual cases to analyze the effect of postoperative nursing of bones and joints, and selects an intelligent IoT system and statistical software SPSS23.0 to complete statistical processing.

Construction and Application of College English Multiple Intelligence Teaching Model Based on Internet of Things

An RFID sensor is installed above the classroom door, and the scanning distance is set to 8 m to identify the composite campus cards of incoming and outgoing teachers and students, so as to realize automatic statistics of teachers’ theoretical teaching workload and automatic attendance of students’ theoretical class hours. The system automatically starts the multimedia equipment just 5 minutes before class and conducts self-checks on all devices in advance, reducing teachers’ preclass operation steps. The multimedia management system of all classrooms is connected to the campus network and is centrally controlled by the cloud system. When the multimedia equipment in a classroom fails, it can directly instruct teachers to change to an idle classroom. Using the relevant theories of educational psychology and teaching theory, the WPBL teaching model based on the theory of multiple intelligences is expounded and demonstrated. It focuses on expounding theories and ideas; relationships and structures; and environment and resources and conducts in-depth discussions on relevant design rationales and architectural levels. Research has found that students are more interested in reading English than before. The reason is that in the English reading class of the experimental class, basically every student can have their own teaching activities, and more students like to participate in these activities. Applying the theory of multiple intelligences to English reading teaching has played a positive role in stimulating students’ interest in reading. Multiple intelligence English reading activities play an important role in improving students’ English reading performance. Through various teaching activities, the students in the experimental class are more interested and confident in the English reading class. Applying the theory of multiple intelligences to the English reading class can improve the students’ English reading performance and reading ability. In order to apply the theory of multiple intelligences to actual English reading teaching, when designing personalized English reading activities, teachers should learn to combine the theory with the purpose and content of English reading teaching.

RFID Sensors for Monitoring Glazing Units Integrating Photovoltaic Modules

The paper focuses on the synthesis of semi-passive RFID transponders-sensors that are intended to integrate with active glazing units with built-in photovoltaic cells. The main purpose of the designed construction of the UHF RFID device is to provide diagnostic information in the monitoring system of a photovoltaic micro-power plant. Furthermore, the RFID sensor is aimed at being implemented at various stages of the product life cycle: production, distribution, storage, installation, common operation, service/maintenance and disposal. In the presented research work, particular attention is paid to several aspects of the RFID sensor synthesis: use of the energy, generated periodically in the PV cells, to power the monitoring device that has to act permanently; specification of the PV module parameters that have to be monitored in the diagnostic process; implementation of data acquisition and energy management models in an electrical circuit; wireless data transfer to the master unit (monitoring host), even in the absence of power supply (e.g., module damage, blackout), using a standardized communication protocol IEC 18000-63 used in the RFID technology; and the design of the antenna system taking into consideration limitations of electronic technology and the material properties of substrates and glasses used in PV modules and RFID sensors. Based on the results of the investigations, the modular structure of the RFID sensor demonstrator is proposed. Moreover, several diagnostic scenarios are analyzed in detail. On the basis of the provided considerations, it is shown that in order to find a malfunctioning component, it is enough to compare the voltages on the photovoltaic modules that are in the close vicinity.

The Intuitive Supervision Model (ISM) using Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) and Unscented Kalman Filters (UKF)

Radio frequency identification technology is one of the fastest-growing technologies in the realms of navigation, medical, robotics, communication system, logistics, security, safety, etc. Surveillance is one of the important fields where high accuracy and fast response are needed. In this research work, RFID sensors are used to track moving objects with an intelligent supervision model. The sophisticated surveillance model employs neural networks followed by an adaptive filtering technique based on an Unscented Kalman filter. A neural network is also one of the most efficient and powerful technology in the field of learning and data processing capability. A neural network has the capability of processing a mammoth amount of data because of this feature its efficiency and accuracy are quite high. This model localizes N number of objects/targets through an intelligent surveillance model, picks a random object from this pool of localized objects to track, categorizes their movement through a controlled checkpoint, and calculates the distance traveled by the moving object /target. Experimental results show that the proposed model can locate multiple-objects with the help of multiple input RFID antennas and tags and track them concerning to the RFID antennas with high accuracy and stability in the complex indoor environment and this intuitive model can be effectively implemented at the airport, railway station, shopping mall, retail management, as well as any other surveillance purpose. For this research work number of authors work, is reviewed and based on literature review this model is designed.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengunci Pintu Berbasis RFID dan Arduino pada Laboratorium Komputer Jurusan Teknik Informatika

The development of technology is currently growing rapidly, especially door lock technology. The door at the informatics engineering laboratory still uses a manual lock system using a key. There are weaknesses in this system, starting from security, namely currently many people can duplicate keys. While in terms of key care, if the key is lost, you must first go to the key duplication area. Therefore, the research team needs to design a door lock system based on Rfid and Arduino in the Computer Laboratory of the Department of Informatics. The purpose of this research is to keep up with the times, which are all automated, to facilitate the process of opening and closing the laboratory door, and to facilitate maintenance. The materials needed to make this system include Pro Micro, RFID sensor, Selenoid door lock, LED, 5V relay module, ID card and acrylic. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of the Informatics Engineering Department of the Banyuwangi State Polytechnic. The method used is the Research and Development (R&D) method, the R&D method is a method for making a product and testing its effectiveness. The stages of the R&D method are potential and problems, system design, tool manufacture and refinement, tool testing. The results of this study are that the research objectives have been fulfilled in facilitating the process of opening and closing laboratory doors and can overcome security problems and key duplication.

Passive Chipless RFID Sensors: Concept to Applications—A Review

In this paper, a review of frequency-coded (FC) passive chipless RFID sensors is presented. The prime aim of this review paper is to discuss the key concept of a passive chipless RFID sensor and its classification according to fundamental sensing parameters. The fundamental sensing parameter refers to the intrinsic characteristics of a sensor that is sensitive to an environmental parameter to be sensed. The widely used intrinsic parameters are effective permittivity, effective electrical length, and electromagnetic coupling. The categorization of frequency-coded passive chipless RFID sensors based on fundamental sensing parameters facilitates the future researcher to better understand the operating principle of the diverse RFID sensors. The improved understanding helps in the advanced design and implementation of RFID sensors. In addition, the key performance measures and recent areas of applications are discussed. This paper also focuses on existing challenges and the scope of the further developments of frequency-coded passive chipless RFID sensors.

Automatic Monitoring of Fruit Ripening Rooms by UHF RFID Sensor Network and Machine Learning

Accelerated ripening through the exposure of fruits to controlled environmental conditions and gases is nowadays one of the most assessed food technologies, especially for climacteric and exotic products. However, a fine granularity control of the process and consequently of the quality of the goods is still missing, so the management of the ripening rooms is mainly based on qualitative estimations only. Following the modern paradigms of Industry 4.0, this contribution proposes a non-destructive RFID-based system for the automatic evaluation of the live ripening of avocados. The system, coupled with a properly trained automatic classification algorithm based on Support Vector Machines (SVMs), can discriminate the stage of ripening with an accuracy greater than 85%.

Energy-autonomous UHF RFID sensor for tire pressure monitoring system

Thanks to the miniaturization of components and therefore the significant reduction of energy needs, the design of passive smart-tag incorporating intelligent sensors is now possible. The goal of this study is to develop a tire pressure sensor for an electric bike with battery-free. Therefore, there is no need to replace periodically the battery, so as cuts off maintenance costs and extend the life time of the smart-tags. An UHF RFID reader installed on the bicycle frame and connected to the battery e-bike transmits the RF power at 868 MHz toward each tag integrated in the wheel rims.Firstly, this article presents the whole hardware architecture of a passive smart-tag which had to respond of technics constraints and the complexity to integrate 2 antennas in a small package box. Secondly, the methods to ensure an ultra-low consumption are developed. Finally, practical tests are compared with simulations, and, validations are carried out showing the compliance and the industrialization of this innovative system.

A Novel Information Fusion Method of RFID Strain Sensor Based on Microstrip Notch Circuit

According to the current development situation, the application of chipless RFID sensors in structural health monitoring has the disadvantages of difficult detection, poor effect, and single design function, limiting the further development of this technology. Therefore, a new type of RFID strain sensor that realizes the compact structure and separated function of miniaturized chipless RFID coded tags is proposed. The integrated disc monopole antennas make wireless measurement possible. Through single-parameter strain simulation analysis, six characteristic parameters with good linearity are determined. The time sequences data enhancement algorithm and the background noise data enhancement algorithm are used to expand the training data set. Then the BP neural network is utilized for data fusion, and the training error finally converges to 0.0005. A comparison experiment between wired and wireless is designed, and the wireless experiment is optimized through the wired experimentation. The results of wireless measurement experiments show that combined with multi-parameter information fusion technology, the average error between the proposed sensor and the actual strain is 6.04%, and the minimum error is 0.25%. The multi-parameter fusion monitoring method of the strain sensor corrects the error of single-parameter measurement, and its accuracy and robustness are improved.

Penerapan Model Terdistribusi untuk Sistem Smarthome Menggunakan Multi-Sensor Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)

The use of smarthome technology to monitor and control homes is growing recently. The smarthome system requires the integration of several sensors to determine the conditions in the house. In a centralized smarthome system, all sensors are connected to a single node to perform data processing and communication which can result in system failure if this node is broken. In this study, we use a distributed model for the smarthome system. The designed system consists of three nodes, which are kitchen instrument, room instrument, and door instrument. These three instruments are equipped with RFID sensors, temperature sensors, gas sensors, and reed switch sensors to perform security features of the smarthome that can be accessed remotely via smartphones or computers. The results show that the system has been able to work well and can overcome the problem of failure on some instruments without causing the whole system to collapse. This smarthome system has an average delay of 2.21 seconds.

Miniaturized design of coupled bi‐element array antenna using sequential inductive and interdigital capacitive circuits

An electrically small array antenna (ESAA) is proposed including two tightly coupled half-monopole antennas (TCMAs) as a single radiation element with two excitation ports. By properly using two consecutive inductive-capacitive loadings in the conventional bi-element monopole, total electrical length of the resonant frequency is increased, significantly and then the frequency migrates from 4 to 0.5 GHz as a frequency sample (i.e., an 88% reduction). This combination consists of several stubs on each of the monopoles and an interdigital capacitor designed in the dead space between them so that only a compact overall size of 0.02 λ 0 × 0.035 λ 0 at 0.5 GHz is occupied. The studies on different subsections of the TCMA are done and additionally an extended circuit model and simplified one are presented which agrees well with simulation. Due to the fully symmetrical design and elimination of the cross currents, a stable omni-directional radiation pattern with high polarization purity and radiation efficiency over 20 dB and 78% is achieved, respectively. An implemented prototype exhibits an improved impedance matching and measured 10 dB S11 bandwidth of 34% which are in good agreement with simulation. The proposed TCMA can be a good candidate for compact wireless systems such as RFID sensors.

Utilization of E-money for School Payments Using Web-Based RFID Sensors

School payments are a very important issue to support a school that is used to meet infrastructure and other needs. Therefore, if there is an error in writing or the loss of payment data, a difficult problem will arise. Because the payment process is still manual using a notebook.By utilizing E-money and RFID Sensors in the school payment process, it will be very helpful to create an effective and efficient payment process. That is by using school student cards as self-identity in searching for data that will be linked to a web as a basis. In paying school fees, you can also use E-money for the payment process. Therefore, the author will use electronic money to process the payment. That is by utilizing server-based electronic money in the form of applications such as OVO and DANA. Because it is easier and has been registered with Bank Indonesia, it will be guaranteed safe. The way it works is the first by installing an RFID sensor on the student card which functions as a means of finding personal data or identity so there is no need to search for data one by one manually. Furthermore, it will be linked to the website as a payment basis, where when the RFID sensor is successful in scanning student data, a payment option will appear, which can be paid directly or through the available OVO and DANA electronic money.

Passive Ultra High Frequency RFID sensor with reference tag for crack detection of aluminum alloy structure

It can be ensured safe and reliable operation of a metallic structure by monitoring the positions which are easy to crack. Because the channel changes with the environment, a tag sensor in the ultra high frequency (UHF) is vulnerable to interference. This paper aims to investigate the reliability of passive RFID sensor systems with a reference tag for crack detection of aluminum alloy structures when the condition of reading distance and surrounding environment changes. The impedance and gain of tags are simulated, which provides theoretical basis for experimental analysis. With an increase of crack depth, the impedance of the sensor tag shifts to the low frequency direction, and the reference tag changes slightly. When dual tags are placed orthogonally, the gain of the sensor tag changes greatly, which means that it is more sensitive to crack depth. The backscatter power of the sensor tag shows a decline trend, and the power of the reference tag remains unchanged. The sensor features a linear response with the variation of crack depth. The sensitivity of crack characterization is better when dual tags are placed orthogonally.

Software Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Reduced AES for IoT Applications

IoT devices include RFID tags, microprocessors, sensors, readers, and actuators. Their main characteristics are their limited resources and computing capabilities, which pose critical challenges to the reliability and security of their applications. Encryption is necessary for security when using these limited-resource devices, but conventional cryptographic algorithms are too heavyweight and resource-demanding to run on IoT infrastructures. This paper presents a lightweight version of AES (called LAES), which provides competitive results in terms of randomness levels and processing time, operating on GF(24). Detailed mathematical operations and proofs are presented concerning LAES rounds design fundamentals. The proposed LAES algorithm is evaluated based on its randomness, performance, and power consumption; it is then compared to other cryptographic algorithm variants, namely Present, Clefia, and AES. The design of the randomness and performance analysis is based on six measures developed with the help of the NIST test statistical suite of cryptographic applications. The performance and power consumption of LAES on a low-power, 8-bit microcontroller unit were evaluated using an Arduino Uno board. LAES was found to have competitive randomness levels, processing times, and power consumption compared to Present, Clefia, and AES.

Synthesis of Antennas for Active Glazing Unit with Photovoltaic Modules

The problem considered in the paper concerns the synthesis process of antennas for autonomous semi-passive RFID transponder/sensors dedicated to active glazing units. Glazing units are frequently used in modern multi-storey buildings to create amazing facades. When they are integrated with photovoltaic (PV) modules, active units are obtained. It is desirable, mainly for economic reasons and in order to ensure the high efficiency of a micro-photovoltaic power plant, that active glazing units are equipped with a system for monitoring their operating parameters. In connection with this, design problems occur that fall within the fields of sensor technology and radio communications. The main purpose of the presented study was to prepare appropriate input data for design tools used in the synthesis of antenna systems in the UHF band. Many important issues are considered including: proximity to structural elements of the building facade and PV cells, which disturbs the shape of the radiation pattern and affects the impedance parameters of the antenna system; the need to ensure easy integration of the RFID sensor and the specified object, without significant interference in the production of glazing units; appropriate shaping of the radiation pattern in order to enable reading and writing of the RFID tag from both inside and outside the building; impedance matching to the selected RFID chip in the broadest possible frequency range, etc.

A low‐profile planar monopole antenna for ISM/IMT/Bluetooth/Zigbee/WiFi/WiMAX/WLAN wireless communication applications

SummaryRecently, there is a significant rise in the numbers of devices and systems that use industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands. The ISM band is not only used in ISM applications but also in telecommunication services including IMT, Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMAX, WLAN, RFID, military radars, and wireless sensor networks. To cover all these applications, in this paper, a low‐profile planar monopole antenna is suggested for 2.45‐GHz band communication applications. The anticipated antenna is composed of a vertical bar‐shaped radiator and a partial ground plane with two vertical slits. The inclusion of vertical slits in the ground plane forms a matching circuit by enlarging the current path, and hence, the studied design can achieve a measured operating band of 2.2 to 2.95 GHz. Moreover, the studied antenna achieved a maximum peak gain of 2.77 dBi and a maximum radiation efficiency of 82.45% and exhibited an omnidirectional radiation pattern that makes it appropriate for ISM and different narrowband wireless applications.

Antennifying Orthopedic Bone-Plate Fixtures for the Wireless Monitoring of Local Deep Infections

Infection is the unavoidable threat to any orthopedic implant that can also force its removal as extreme remedy. The diagnosis of infections is currently achieved by time consuming imaging (X-Rays, MRI, CT) or just by the onset of the patient's pain, when the problem is in an advanced status. Instead, by equipping the prosthesis with a local sensor (for the temperature as a first) and with a wireless communication radio, an early-time identification of the infection could be achieved. This paper proposes a method to transform an orthopedic device provided with holes (like a bone fixation plate) into an harvesting antenna integrating an RFID sensor, with no battery onboard. A miniaturized antenna adapter, fully embedded into a free hole, with tuning capability, collects the electromagnetic power intercepted by the medical device and transfers it to the RFID circuit. Simulations and experimentations with several prototypes demonstrated that the augmented implanted device can establish a stable RFID link up to 0.5 m and that it is able to correctly sample the variation (37°C - 40°C) of the local temperature of the bone as in case of typical deep infections.