RFID Network Research Articles

Indoor positioning technique by combining RFID and particle swarm optimization-based back propagation neural network

Abstrat Indoor location information service has been the focus of people's research. However, the positioning effect is still not very satisfactory, which need more references. RFID poisoning is simple and low power, it is one of the most used indoor poisoning methods. However, it is very difficult to build the mapping model of “The tag received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the distance (DIST) between tag and reader” in the complex indoor environment. Therefore, this study uses a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based back propagation (BP) neural network (PSO-BP) to determine the relationship between the RFID signals and the position of a tag for an RFID-based positioning system. In addition, in order to improve the quality of training samples, the experimental data are pre-processed by Gauss filtering method. The detailed computational and experiment results indicate that the proposed PSO-BP can provide better predictions (including the accuracy, stability and convergence speed) than a traditional BP and GA-based BP neural network.

A Frame Size Adjustment with Sub-Frame Observation for Dynamic Framed Slotted Aloha

In this paper, a simple frame size adjustment of dynamic framed slotted Aloha for tag identification in RFID networks is proposed. In dynamic framed slotted Aloha, the reader is required to announce the frame size for every frame. To achieve maximum system efficiency, it is essential to set the frame size according to the number unidentified tags appropriately. The proposed approach utilizes the information from a portion of the frame to adjust the size of the next frame. Simulation results show that the smaller number of observed slots results in faster frame adjustment and higher throughput. Compared to the existing anti-collision algorithms, the proposed approach achieves higher throughput and higher identification rate.

A Review on Smart Students Tracking System for Institution Based on RFID and ZigBee Technology

The purpose of this paper is to review the design for campus based tracking system for student in any institutions, in this paper the existing tracking system is shown with its possible up-gradation with some new tools and components. As students are increasingly rapidly in institute and it is difficult for the staff to make check on every student individually, So with consideration of all these factors a smart tracking system is designed based on very popular technologies that is RFID and ZigBee wireless network. The system reads data from RFID tags through RFID reader as each RFID tag contains its individual information, and this information is transferred to the PC node or any mobile device using custom wireless protocol ZigBee and GSM module. Every student is allotted with individual RFID tag in form of student identity card and different RFID readers are placed at different location in institute. Data are collected at RFID reader and transmitted at PC end or mobile device with the help of Zig Bee protocol and microcontroller unit. A GUI is also there to manage records of students at PC end.

A Novel Optimal RFID Network Planning by MC-GPSO

The fast development of RFID technology having challenging issues of the optimal deployment of RFID network are tags coverage, interference, economic efficiency and load balance. In this paper the novel approach of Multi-Colony Global Particle Swarm Optimization (MC-GPSO) algorithm was used to deploy minimum number of reader which covers all tags with minimum interference effect in large scale basis. The main aim of this algorithm is to divide the swarm in to multi-colony for achieving the optimal results as compared to the basic PSO. Simulation results show the optimal solution of RFID Network Planning (RNP).

An efficient scheme for probabilistic skyline queries over distributed uncertain data

Uncertain data has already widely existed in many practical applications, such as sensor networks, RFID networks, location-based services and mobile object management, etc. The skyline queries over uncertain data as an important aspect of uncertain data management, has received extensive attention from the database research community currently, due to its importance in many application including multi-criteria decision making, preference answering, market analysis, etc. However, in most uncertainty applications, the uncertain data are usually collected from vast number of independent data sources among geographically scattered sites, which makes the central assembly of data at one location for storage and query is infeasible and inefficient. Taking account of the network delay and limited bandwidth associated with sharing and communicating large amounts of distributed data over an internet, an important and challenging problem in the scenario is to retrieve all the global skyline tuples from all the distributed local sites with minimum communication cost. In this paper, we propose GFS, which is an efficient scheme for probabilistic skyline over distributed uncertain data. GFS firstly prunes the unqualified tuples with the global grid information and further iteratively prune the unqualified tuples with an improved feedback mechanism. Extensive experiments confirm that the effectiveness and the efficiency of the GFS scheme.

Real-time feedback for improving compliance to hand sanitization among healthcare workers in an open layout ICU using radiofrequency identification.

The aim of this study is to increase hand sanitizer usage among healthcare workers by developing and implementing a low-cost intervention using RFID and wireless mesh networks to provide real-time alarms for increasing hand hygiene compliance during opportune moments in an open layout Intensive Care Unit (ICU). A wireless, RFID based system was developed and implemented in the ICU. The ICU beds were divded into an intervention arm (n = 10) and a control arm (n = 14). Passive RFID tags were issued to the doctors, nurses and support staff of the ICU. Long range RFID readers were positioned strategically. Sensors were placed beneath the hand sanitizers to record sanitizer usage. The system would alert the HCWs by flashing a light if an opportune moment for hand sanitization was detected. A significant increase in hand sanitizer use was noted in the intervention arm. Usage was highest during the early part of the workday and decreased as the day progressed. Hand wash events per person hour was highest among the ancilliary staff followed by the doctors and nurses. Real-time feedback has potential to increase hand hygiene compliance among HCWs. The system demonstrates the possibility of automating compliance monitoring in an ICU with an open layout.

Design of Chemical Industrial Park Integrated Information Management Platform Based on Cloud Computing and IOT (The Internet of Things) Technologies

Chemical industry is the fundamental strategic industry in national economy and one of pillar industries in China. A wealth of chemical industrial parks has been built one after another in many places, where lots of chemical enterprises are established. In the normal operation of those enterprises, their raw materials or products manufactured, transported and stored are usually featured by flammable, explosive or toxic properties, resulting in frequent occurrence of pollution and personal accidents and causing great threats to surrounding environment. This thesis realizes an integrated information management platform based on currently advanced cloud computing and IOT (The Internet of Things) technologies, so as for integrated management of chemical industrial parks. This thesis designs the architectural structure of said integrated information management platform, expounds the roles and realization approaches of the basic support platform and the business service platform, analyzes the principles and methods for realization of regionally coordinate emergency management operation mechanism based on the information management platform, that of IOT architecture technology and that of RFID and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and discusses that the standard unification of heterogeneous data under cloud computing is realized by means of multisource data integration middleware. The said platform can accomplish the wholeprocess, real-time and dynamic follow-up and control of chemicals and hazardous materials and also provide effective service for users’ decision-making by mining and analyzing tremendous data of a chemical industrial park with Agent-middleware technology. The information management platform is capable of assessing the safety factors of chemical enterprises at peacetime, giving necessary warning before accidents and offering effective technical support for rescue via expert system, emergency plan system, monitoring system and positioning system. The realization of chemical industrial park integrated information management platform based on cloud computing and IOT technologies will greatly improve the management level of chemical industrial parks, intensify surveillance, achieve information resource sharing and lower the probability of accident occurrence.

SA-PSO based optimizing reader deployment in large-scale RFID Systems

The RFID technologies are expected to revolutionize various industrial areas and the application of large-scale RFID systems has been a trend. Satisfying a set of imperative constrains and optimizing a set of objectives, the reader deployment is the primary problem for the most challenging RFID network planning (RNP), and needs to be reasonably solved to operate the large-scale RFID systems in an optimal fashion. By taking the coverage, signal interference and load balance as the optimization objectives and deducing the objective ranges, the reader deployment is conducted as a problem of multi-objectives combination optimization. And then, by introducing the Metropolis rule of Simulated Annealing Algorithm, an improved Particle Swarm Algorithm is proposed (SA-PSO) to solve this problem, which can restrict the position change of original and new particles in the iteration process and accelerate the convergence speed of the algorithm. The simulation results show that the addressed SA-PSO algorithm is superior to the compared algorithms in coverage optimization, and the whole system performance can be enhanced by optimizing the signal interference and load balance among the deployed readers.

Research on the Anti-Collision Techniques of Radio Frequency Network of Pasture

To study the problem of the identification of multiple ear tags of cattle occur data collision in the RFID network of pasture, the experiment use an improved anti-collision algorithm, it is combined bit locking with dynamic and analysis method, only colliding bits are processed by the method of binary, during transmission the data are dynamic, only send known information, which receive complementary bits of the known information, and then analyze the performance of the algorithm and simulation. The results show that compare with traditional binary algorithm, the improved algorithm from the operating frequency, transmission delay, data throughput have obvious advantages, the improved algorithm that could solve the problem of data collision cause by the cattle those wear ear tags get into radio frequency region, improve the efficiency of the tag identification.

Self-Localization Over RFID Tag Grid Excess Channels Using Extended Filtering Techniques

Accuracy of target self-localization in RFID tag information networks and grids critically affects its situation awareness. With an insufficient localization accuracy, information about local 2D or 3D surroundings delivered to a target by request may provoke collisions, even fatal. In RFID networking systems, target state can be observed over a big number of tags. For such a case, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is modified and a new extended unbiased finite impulse response (EFIR) filtering algorithm is developed. We show that redundant information captured from the tags allows increasing both the localization accuracy and system stability. The common factor here is that the number of tags required to increase accuracy is limited in the target nonlinear medium, by about six in our case. It is also shown that target state observation over the RFID tag excess channels allows mitigating effect of the imprecisely defined noise statistics on the EKF performance and preventing divergence in EKF.

IGAA: An Efficient Optimization Technique for RFID Network Topology Design in Internet of Things

Most RFID applications in the Internet of Things (IoTs) use multiple readers to read the IDs of multiple tags and form the RFID network. In such a network, unguarded reader deployment may generate over-crowded readers, cause interferences and, as a result, increases the deployment cost while degrading tag detection. Seeing that desirable reader deployment is crucial for RFID system performance, this paper introduces an optimizationbased IGAA approach which outperforms existing RFID topology designs by turning up more favorable reader deployment and system performance. The new approach employs an advanced multi-objective fitness function and improved genetic annealing algorithms (GAA) to pursue a better RFID topology design. By involving an improved gene-stirring operation to help preserve good genes and locate optimal solutions for reader deployment, it is simple in operation but effective in practice. Experimental evaluation shows that when compared with related approaches, IGAA can yield better solution quality with less search time.

A distributed multi-channel reader anti-collision algorithm for RFID environments

In Radio Frequency Identification environments, several readers might be placed in the same area to scan a large number of tags covering a wide distance range. The placement of the RFID elements may result in several types of collisions. This paper proposes a multi-channel algorithm to solve the reader collision problems in a sense or sparse RFID environment. We adapt a distributed approach that avoids the need of costly extra hardware for centralized control. In addition, the proposed approach does not require global synchronization in the RFID network. It introduces a multi-channel notification protocol to make RFID readers aware of the network resources utilization. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed approach using NS3 and compared it to several anti-collision solutions such as NFRA, Dica and McMac. Results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the time needed for tags’ identification, thus increasing the rate of successful interrogations while minimizing the network overhead.

Design of RFID Card Reading System Based on LWIP and FreeRTOS

In view of current network RFID reader, a solution is given based on LWIP and FreeRTOS in this paper. FreeRTOS is chosen as its operating system . LWIP is chosen as its network protocol, which can upload the RFID card number to the server as soon as getting the new RFID card number. LWIP and FreeRTOS are free and open source code so that we need not consider the use of copyright issues.Also,STM32F107VC based on the framework of Cortex-M3 is selected as the RFID reader processor and DP83848 chip produced by TI is used as the network card in the hardware solution.

RFID network planning for wireless manufacturing considering the detection uncertainty

The RFID reader-tag detection uncertainty comes from inherent unreliability of the commercially available hardware due to the collisions between RFID devices and interference from the surrounding environment. The performance of an RFID network would be largely impacted by the detection uncertainty which should be considered in the network planning phase to minimize its negative impact. In this paper, we establish a non-linear integer programming (NLIP) RFID network planning model for a mixed-model assembly line considering the detection uncertainty. The model minimizes the total cost by determining the optimal number of readers with their locations and types subject to the given detection reliability requirements. Then, a genetic algorithm (GA) integrating a divide-and-conquer greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (DCGRASP) is designed to solve the problem. We further apply the proposed model and algorithm to an industrial case of an automobile mixed-model assembly to illustrate how the model can meet the needs of the wireless manufacturing. The results of the case study also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Study on Facilities Agriculture Remote Monitor and Control System Based on Tri-Networks Convergence

Facility agriculture environment monitoring system of the existing main adopts the wired communication technology, such as serial bus technology and field bus technology for communication. This system has the advantages of good interoperability, strong anti-interference ability, but the poor stability, low reliability, difficult to deploy, installation and maintenance costs high, which greatly limits its application in the design of facilities agriculture field. Three nets fusion refers to the 3G, RFID and Internet combination. In this paper, the 3G network, wireless radio frequency technology and Internet technology combining, in order to solve the above problems, the use of 3G network and the Internet to a large amount of data real-time remote transmission, using radio frequency network RFID technology through the short distance wireless data transmission terminal sensors to collect information, these information in time through the3G network and the Internet are transmitted to the the remote controller. The remote controller sends according to terminal sensor control information, through the 3G network and the Internet will control information is transmitted to the radio frequency network, wireless RF network through wireless communication control information is transmitted to the terminal controller, the final completion of the remote monitoring and control of agricultural facilities. The experimental results show that, the system can meet the real-time and can perform remote transmission for large data, provide the technical basis of visual audio data monitoring information transmission for agricultural facilities.

An RFID-based traceability system

Traceability system in the food supply chain is becoming more necessary. RFID and EPCglobal Network Standards are emerging technologies that bring new opportunities to develop the high performance traceability system. This research proposes the analysis, design, and development of the RFID and EPCglobal Network Standards based traceability system that adheres to the requirements of global food traceability in terms of completeness of traceability information. The additional components, including lot management system and electronic transaction management system, encourage the traditional system in order to fulfill the missing information. The proposed system was developed and applied in a rice supply chain. Results from experimentation showed that the additional components can significantly improve the completeness of traceability information. The collaboration between EPCglobal Network Standards and electronic transaction management system can improve the performances in RFID operations.

LOCATION BASED SERVICE IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT USING QUICK RESPONSE CODE TECHNOLOGY

Abstract. Today by extensive use of intelligent mobile phones, increased size of screens and enriching the mobile phones by Global Positioning System (GPS) technology use of location based services have been considered by public users more than ever.. Based on the position of users, they can receive the desired information from different LBS providers. Any LBS system generally includes five main parts: mobile devices, communication network, positioning system, service provider and data provider. By now many advances have been gained in relation to any of these parts; however the users positioning especially in indoor environments is propounded as an essential and critical issue in LBS. It is well known that GPS performs too poorly inside buildings to provide usable indoor positioning. On the other hand, current indoor positioning technologies such as using RFID or WiFi network need different hardware and software infrastructures. In this paper, we propose a new method to overcome these challenges. This method is using the Quick Response (QR) Code Technology. QR Code is a 2D encrypted barcode with a matrix structure which consists of black modules arranged in a square grid. Scanning and data retrieving process from QR Code is possible by use of different camera-enabled mobile phones only by installing the barcode reader software. This paper reviews the capabilities of QR Code technology and then discusses the advantages of using QR Code in Indoor LBS (ILBS) system in comparison to other technologies. Finally, some prospects of using QR Code are illustrated through implementation of a scenario. The most important advantages of using this new technology in ILBS are easy implementation, spending less expenses, quick data retrieval, possibility of printing the QR Code on different products and no need for complicated hardware and software infrastructures.

Distance Bounding Facing Both Mafia and Distance Frauds

Contactless technologies such as RFID, NFC, and sensor networks are vulnerable to mafia and distance frauds. Both frauds aim at passing an authentication protocol by cheating on the actual distance between the prover and the verifier. To cope these security issues, distance-bounding protocols have been designed. However, none of the current proposals simultaneously resists to these two frauds without requiring additional memory and computation. The situation is even worse considering that just a few distance-bounding protocols are able to deal with the inherent background noise on the communication channels. This article introduces a noise-resilient distance-bounding protocol that resists to both mafia and distance frauds. The security of the protocol is analyzed with respect to these two frauds in both scenarios, namely noisy and noiseless channels. Analytical expressions for the adversary's success probabilities are provided, and are illustrated by experimental results. The analysis, performed in an already existing framework for fairness reasons, demonstrates the undeniable advantage of the introduced lightweight design over the previous proposals.

Energy efficient cooperation in underlay RFID cognitive networks for a water smart home.

Shrinking water resources all over the world and increasing costs of water consumption have prompted water users and distribution companies to come up with water conserving strategies. We have proposed an energy-efficient smart water monitoring application in [1], using low power RFIDs. In the home environment, there exist many primary interferences within a room, such as cell-phones, Bluetooth devices, TV signals, cordless phones and WiFi devices. In order to reduce the interference from our proposed RFID network for these primary devices, we have proposed a cooperating underlay RFID cognitive network for our smart application on water. These underlay RFIDs should strictly adhere to the interference thresholds to work in parallel with the primary wireless devices [2]. This work is an extension of our previous ventures proposed in [2,3], and we enhanced the previous efforts by introducing a new system model and RFIDs. Our proposed scheme is mutually energy efficient and maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the RFID link, while keeping the interference levels for the primary network below a certain threshold. A closed form expression for the probability density function (pdf) of the SNR at the destination reader/writer and outage probability are derived. Analytical results are verified through simulations. It is also shown that in comparison to non-cognitive selective cooperation, this scheme performs better in the low SNR region for cognitive networks. Moreover, the hidden Markov model’s (HMM) multi-level variant hierarchical hidden Markov model (HHMM) approach is used for pattern recognition and event detection for the data received for this system [4]. Using this model, a feedback and decision algorithm is also developed. This approach has been applied to simulated water pressure data from RFID motes, which were embedded in metallic water pipes.

Constrained Codes for Joint Energy and Information Transfer

In various wireless systems, such as sensor RFID networks and body area networks with implantable devices, the transmitted signals are simultaneously used both for information transmission and for energy transfer. In order to satisfy the conflicting requirements on information and energy transfer, this paper proposes the use of constrained run-length limited (RLL) codes in lieu of conventional unconstrained (i.e., random-like) capacity-achieving codes. The receiver's energy utilization requirements are modeled stochastically, and constraints are imposed on the probabilities of battery underflow and overflow at the receiver. It is demonstrated that the codewords' structure afforded by the use of constrained codes enables the transmission strategy to be better adjusted to the receiver's energy utilization pattern, as compared to classical unstructured codes. As a result, constrained codes allow a wider range of trade-offs between the rate of information transmission and the performance of energy transfer to be achieved.