RFID Applications Research Articles

Highly flexible and conductive graphene films for low cost RFID applications

Highly flexible and conductive graphene films for low cost RFID applications

A review on RFID using different dielectric resonator antennas for industry 4.0

The Industry 4.0 with smart manufacturing, Industrial Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud based Manufacturing Productivity and efficiency are achieved through Automation. In this paper, ultra-high Radio frequency (UHF RFID) identification technique is reviewed with dielectric resonator antenna to perform vital tasks such as identifying, locating, authenticating and engaging with other IoT devices. The dielectric resonator UHF RFID antennas are deployed in industries at the end points for facilitating automation. They meet the requirement of high durability to handle thermal shocks and vibrations without effecting performance. Evidently, a highly optimized antennas are required that meet the characteristics in terms of radiation efficiency, bandwidth and low losses. It has been elaborated here, that dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) most suitable candidate for UHF RFID application requirements. The paper presents most UHF RFID appropriate DRA structures and their performance have been evaluated with characteristic parameters such as size, shape, substrate material, bandwidth, feeding mechanism and their peak gain.

Compact and Innovative Microstrip Patch Antenna with Enhanced Microwave Circuit Performance for RFID Applications

Compact and Innovative Microstrip Patch Antenna with Enhanced Microwave Circuit Performance for RFID Applications

A Proposed Compact Broadband Meander Antenna for RFID Applications

Radio Frequency Identification technology aims at identifying and tracking objects labeled with tags. To achieve this goal, the need for antennas with certain characteristics and specifications becomes of great importance. In this research work, a proposed compact broadband meander antenna for Radio Frequency Identification Applications is presented. In the proposed model of the antenna, the inductive strips are bent to generate capacitive effects between them. To achieve an acceptable impedance matching at a frequency of 876MHz between the antenna and the receiving microchip of model “NXP UCODE G2XL”, shorting lines created along the antenna structure together with a T-shaped matching circuit are used. This proposed design of the antenna results in a compact size antenna (75×25×1.6mm3) with a resonance frequency that lies in theEuropean band of 867MHz, and it has an input impedance of Z = 16 - j156 Ω. The antenna is made from copper strip with a thickness of 35 μm and fabricated on an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. This paper presents the proposed antenna simulation results performed in various situations and conditions. The antenna performance is investigated in terms of various aspects such as gain, radiation pattern, return loss, and input impedance.

Industry 4.0 in Textile and Apparel Industry: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends

The manufacturing industry is poised to undergo a paradigm shift with the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, popularly known as ‘Industry 4.0’, which will integrate the physical and digital worlds. As a widely acknowledged phrase among research institutions and universities, the ‘Industry 4.0’ paradigm has attracted significant interest from the academic, business and scientific communities. Even though the concept is not new and has been at the forefront of scholarly research for many years with many interpretations, the ‘Industry 4.0’ concept has just recently been introduced. It is widely accepted not only in the research field but also in the manufacturing ecosystems. However, there is a need to comprehend industry-specific research advancements, trends and gaps due to the diverse applications of different technologies. This article systematically reviews and comprehensively evaluates the research on different Industry 4.0 efforts and their applicability in the textile and manufacturing industries. This article aims to map the current Industry 4.0 literature in the textile and apparel industry to analyse and categorize existing research and identify research gaps. We utilized the PRISMA framework to conduct a systematic review of the literature and 34 research publications on Industry 4.0 in the textile and apparel industry were located using a well-organized keyword search of the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The findings indicate that, of all Industry 4.0 technologies, the internet of things (IoT) and RFID applications are the most extensively investigated in the textile and manufacturing industries. Despite the extensive applications of additive manufacturing (AM)/3D printing and augmented reality (AR), research in both fields is still in its infancy. The study revealed that Germany is the country that has published the most literature on Industry 4.0 projects in the textile and apparel industries. We urge that future academics focus on determining the relevance of Industry 4.0 initiatives to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as the textile and apparel industry is dominated by SMEs in many developing countries.

(Invited) Improved Thin Film Transistor Model Predicts TFT Operation in the THz Range

Novel Thin-film-transistor (TFT) TFT materials such as ZnO, InGaZnO, AMO-CNT, and organic materials dramatically improved the achieved and projected TFT performance. The low field mobility of oxide materials has reached values comparable to those for short-channel Si CMOS. The effects related to electron inertia and electron density oscillations in field effect transistors channels (FETs) diminish the role of the low field mobility as a figure of merit in short channel devices making the performance gap between TFTs and Si CMOS smaller enabling high frequency TFT applications even reaching sub-THz and THz frequencies (for the operating regimes using the rectification of the plasma oscillations. We report on an improved compact model based on the RPI TFT model [1] and using the Unified Charge Control Model (UCCM). [2, 3] This model accounts for a non-exponential slope in the subthreshold regime by introducing a varying subthreshold slope and accounts for non-trivial capacitance dependence on the gate bias. It also accommodates the inclusion of the parasitics related to the gate impedance. These new features allowed us to obtain an excellent agreement with the measured I-V/C-V characteristics for both long and short n-channel and p-channel TFTs. The application of this new TFT model to the analysis of the TFT response requires accounting for non-local potential distribution in the device channel. This is achieved by using a multi-segment nonlinear transmission line model of the TFT channel reproducing the approach that has been previously used for the THz SPICE/ADS Si CMOS model implementation. As a possible application example, we simulated a TFT complementary inverter. Our simulations showed that using the phase-matched THz signal feeding should yield a very sensitive detection of THz radiation impinging on a short channel TFT. These results show that the TFT RFID and other applications could be extended into the THz range of frequencies.

Design of Class F Power Amplifier for 433 MHz

The proposed work focuses on the design of a class F power amplifier for 433 MHz which can be used for RFID applications. Power amplifier requires high efficiency and low power dissipation, especially in wireless base stations. In this work, class F amplifier is employed to achieve high efficiency by wave shaping the drain terminal waveforms with suitable harmonic termination networks. At the drain terminal, the voltage and current waveform is shaped into square and half sinusoidal waveforms by employing a harmonics control circuit. The designed class F power amplifier using Advanced Design Software (ADS) simulator has yielded the output power of 44.5 dBm in harmonic balancing for the given input power of 30 dBm at the fundamental frequency with the gain of 14.5 dBm. It was evident from the work that the added harmonic control circuit has suppressed all other harmonics except the third harmonic frequency.

Study of Wireless Sensor Networks Topological Protocol and Its Applications

In this paper we studied about the wireless sensor networks and topology protocols and applications of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Many applications of RFID and Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) in diverse areas including intelligent transport vehicles, defense, environmental monitoring and forecasting such as air pollution monitoring, structural health monitoring, intelligent home, and warehouse management were offered [1-4]. The integration infrastructure of WSN and RFID system with a network was dedicated. Furthermore, the architecture framework of Electronic Production Code (EPC) global sensor network was proposed aiming to establish the infrastructure of global network which is able to aggregate various data [6]. However, RFID and WSN integration was developed by [7]. This research strives to elaborate accurate traceability of different objects by means of RFID which are not conveniently identifiable by applying ordinary sensors. Notwithstanding the fact that the condition of items cannot be monitored by RFID, the environmental condition as well as condition of items can be achieved by sensor nodes. To address this issue, both RFID system and WSN are applied together to overcome some difficulties in industrial environment.

Circularly polarized semicircle-shaped flexible bidirectional antenna for X-band RFID applications

Circularly polarized semicircle-shaped flexible bidirectional antenna for X-band RFID applications

An RFID Zero-Knowledge Authentication Protocol Based on Quadratic Residues

An RFID system is a contactless automatic identification technology and a solution to many business and personal applications. However, the privacy threats to RFID systems cause significant concerns in real RFID applications. Among the privacy issues in RFID systems, we are particularly interested in designing an RFID authentication protocol that achieves strong indistinguishability-based privacy (ind-privacy) and possesses the zero-knowledge property for active tags. In this article, a zero-knowledge authentication protocol (ZKAP) using quadratic residues is proposed. Then, an indistinguishability-based experiment using random oracles is modeled to prove that the proposed scheme achieves strong ind-privacy against active eavesdroppers. The zero-knowledge property is defined with respect to the tags’ private information against dishonest readers, and that property of our ZKAP is proven by constructing a polynomial time simulator that generates a transcript with the same distribution as that of ZKAP. Finally, the proposed protocol is implemented in a Raspberry Pi and a PC, and the performance is evaluated in terms of authentication time. The experimental results demonstrate that our ZKAP achieves its design goals.

Dual‐polarized metasurface‐based monopole antenna design using characteristics mode theory for UHF RFID applications

In this research article, a printed dual-polarized metasurface (MTS) inspired printed monopole antenna using characteristics modes theory (CMT) is investigated for UHF RFID applications. A T-shaped monopole with U-shaped asymmetric stubs is designed to generate circular polarization (CP) radiation traits. The grounded MTS layer is constructed with array of unit cells and fixed at air-gap of λo/4 with reference to the monopole radiator (λo is free-space wavelength at CP frequency band, 945 MHz), offering good impedance bandwidth (IBW), stable CP boresight radiation gain, and high radiation efficiency. By using CMT, interpretation of CP characteristics is highlighted, that is, the resonating modes exhibit asymptotic nature at the designated CP band with symptotic nature above and beyond the designated operating bands. Dual-polarized characteristics are observed in both principal planes, due to the effect of grounded MTS loading. The prototype antenna of 0.315λo × 0.315λo is designed and validated. It operates from 836 to 1066 MHz with 24.18% IBW, 5.23% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) from 905.1 to 950 MHz and attains >6.8 dBic as a CP peak gain with the total efficiency of >83%. Prior to the attainment of good CP attributes in UHF RFID bands, it can be used for RF energy harvesting and wireless power transmission.

Design and Analysis of Secure Quasi-Adiabatic Tristate Physical Unclonable Function

Hardware security modules have become quintessential as the digital systems continue evolving. Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a hardware security module that exploits the intrinsic variations in manufacturability of integrated circuits. Proposed Quasi-adiabatic Tristate PUF is a weak PUF which makes use of the inherent mismatches found in the threshold voltage values of PMOS transistors, which inadvertently is introduced due to manufacturing process variations of ICs. The proposed design demonstrates lower energy consumption than those configured using comparable quasi-adiabatic logic counterparts, under varying temperature and peak voltage conditions. The design is compared using SRAM PUF design based on adiabatic logic and it is shown that the proposed one is having better uniqueness and reliability at different environmental conditions. The proposed PUF can generate 128 CRPs which can be well suited for IoT and RFID applications that require less energy to operate.

Design a Quad Band Monopole Antenna for RFID, WLAN and WiMAX Application

A small, compact size antenna with multiband frequency function has become a high demand in this modern era. This demand for this multiband frequency antenna increases throughout the year due to evolution of modern technologies that in need of small devices with multi functions. In wireless communication system, a microstrip patch antenna was introduced to fulfil the requirement of the modern technologies. The antenna is built with small sizes with the ability to operate multiband frequencies. A quad-band monopole antenna is introduced in this paper. The purpose of this project is to design an antenna that has the capability of operating four different types of frequencies which are 915 MHz for RFID application, 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz for WLAN and 3.5 GHz for WiMAX application. The antenna is designed and simulated by using a Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The results obtained from the simulation process was analysed and recorded. The antenna is designed to have eight symmetrical rectangular strip lines microstrip patch. The substrate used for this antenna is FR-4 that has the permittivity of 4.3 and the dimension of 20 mm x 28 mm x 1.6 mm. A ground plane is constructed at the back of the antenna and it is fed with 50Ω microstrip line. The designing process involve three stages of antenna modification which are antenna 1 (four strip lines), antenna 2 (six strip lines) and antenna 3 (eight strip lines). The antenna managed to achieve quad band frequency in the simulation and has omni-directional radiation pattern. However, two of the operating frequency are for different frequency application. The new frequency application is 1.5 GHz for Global Positioning System (GSP) and 2.9 GHz for Third Generation (3G) application. Therefore, the results proved that the antenna designed can be used for GPS and 3G application.

Directivity Analysis for Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for RFID Applications

Design of radio-frequency identification tag with proper signal receiving and transmitting capability is now a challenging task. For that many kinds of antennas are proposed. This paper provides one such kind of design, incorporating the design of monopole antenna and micro-strip antenna. The operating frequency ranges are designed for 2.2–2.6 GHz and 5.3–6.8 GHz, which is suitable for RFID operation bands. Monopole antenna is fabricated in ‘F’ shape. FR-4 dielectric material has been used with 38 x 45 x 1.6 mm3 size. Return loss, VSWR, directivity and gain parameters are analysed using ANSYS HFSS software. The structure of ‘F’ pattern makes the antenna suitable for RFID applications.

Design of novel hexagonal s-band patches antenna array for RFID applications

The design and study of the behavior of antennas adapted to radio-frequency identification RFID tags take on all their importance because they must respond to integration problems and therefore the need to design a structure with minimal dimensions, without however deteriorating their performance. The rise in frequency makes it possible to have short wavelengths so that it becomes possible to have a great integrationas as well as very fast bit rate. But, this induces a smaller range due to the propagation losses according to the model of Friis. In this article, a new patch antenna array for microwave frequency band in radio-frequency identification RFID applications will be presented. The antenna covers the band for the central frequency of 2.45 GHz with better loss characteristics. In addition, the antenna offers a high gain at this frequency. After the digital design of the antenna element, which was carried out using the commercial software CST MWS®, the antenna is printed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. The comparison between the simulation results and the measurement results proves that the antenna achieves satisfactory impedance matching and radiation efficiency.

A novel circularly polarized reader antenna design for UHF RFID applications

A novel circularly polarized reader antenna design for UHF RFID applications

Design of a compact quint-band bandpass filter using a symmetric dual-mode λ/4 resonator and a pair of inverted F-shaped resonators

In this paper, a compact quint-band microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) based on multiple mode resonating technology is proposed. It is composed of a symmetric dual-mode λ/4 resonator loaded with a shorted stub, two inverted F-shaped resonators, and two pairs of coupling configurations. To miniaturize the filter, the three resonators are bent and cross coupled together. Considering that the BPF has a symmetric structure, the even-odd mode analysis method is employed. On the basis of the simulation, the presented filter was fabricated by using a conventional PCB process with the substrate of Rogers RT/Duroid 5880. The measurement results are consistent well with the simulated data. The measured operating bands are centered at 1.8, 3.5, 4.5, 5.8 and 6.8 GHz, respectively, which are suitable for GSM, WiMAX, 5G, RFID and WiFi6 applications simultaneously. The measured in-band minimal return losses within five passbands are better than 15 dB. Furthermore, the filter exhibits a high selectivity with steep skirt property and the four band-to-band isolations among the five passbands are higher than 27 dB, and the out-of-band rejection is better than 25 dB. The filter’s total dimension occupies only 0.18λg × 0.15λg, where λg represents the free space wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the lowest passband.

A New Model of Intelligent Nursing Based on 5G Network Architecture and RFID Technology

RFID technology is an emerging automatic identification technology in recent years. Based on the research on RFID indoor positioning system, this paper proposes a clustering SPA relative positioning algorithm based on nearest neighbours in the 5G network architecture system. After analysing the algorithm process, simulation experiments are carried out. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the positioning accuracy of the system. Based on the research on the application of RFID in hospital medical care management, the medical care mobile management system is designed, mainly including the database system of the system, the handheld data acquisition and wireless transmission system based on the 5G network platform, and the management running on the desktop PC. The system has been designed in detail, with a view to RFID technology can be applied to medical care management.

An electrical model to design a Metamaterial Left Hand Antenna

This paper proposes a novel approach to study the Left hand antenna using an adequate electrical model. The structure is composed by a periodic Split Ring Resonator and a metallic wires, that’s why the proposed model take into consideration the model of each element and the coupling between the element. Due to the complexity of the structure, the model becomes very important because it’s simple, accurate and a very fast. Besides, once the model is built, it will be easy to control the structure with any change in the structure, the excitation, the substrate. The proposed antenna was manufactured on a FR-4 epoxy. The antenna is designed to RFID application, exactly for an RFID Reader. The antenna presents a significant gain superior to 16dB, and it is designed to simulate at 2.45 GHz.

High-Performance Magnetoinductive Directional Filters

Multiport magnetoinductive (MI) devices with directional filter properties are presented. Design equations are developed and solved using wave analysis and dispersion theory, and it is shown that high-performance directional filters can be realised for use both in MI systems with complex, frequency-dependent impedance and in conventional systems with real impedance. Wave analysis is used to reduce the complexity of circuit equations. High-performance MI structures combining directional and infinite rejection filtering are demonstrated, as well as multiple-passband high-rejection filtering. A new method for improving filtering performance through multipath loss compensation is described. Methods for constructing tuneable devices using toroidal ferrite-cored transformers are proposed and demonstrated, and experimental results for tuneable MI directional filters are shown to agree with theoretical models. Limitations are explored, and power handling sufficient for HF RFID applications is demonstrated, despite the use of ferrite materials.