RFID Antenna Research Articles

PSX-A-1 Late-Breaking: A fully automated system for 3D image acquisition, classification and processing for real-time monitoring growth of finishing cattle in feedlots

Abstract Computer vision has been proposed as an alternative to monitor livestock growth, for example using 3D cameras to estimate body weight and condition. However, implementing this technology outdoors and with unrestrained animals poses a great challenge, because of harsh conditions for the equipment, as well as varying lighting and animal movement. Here we propose an automated system to acquire 3D images of individual animals, integrate the animal ID in the image file, and process images. This comprises a fundamental step for implementing a real-time assessment tool of growth of animals grouped in pens, to aid optimal feed management and marketing decision. The study comprised 50 beef cattle of Nellore breed during a finishing phase at DSM Innovation and Applied Center, in Brazil. Animals were tagged with RFID eartags, and 5 Intel RealSense D435 cameras were installed on the top of the water sources in each pen. For each animal approaching the water tank, an RFID antenna read the animal ID and triggered the camera to acquire a top-down view image. Images were then sent to a central computer using Wi-Fi, and later to the cloud. A decision tree algorithm was trained to sort images as usable or unusable, where the retained images had one single animal on the frame, with full body and relatively straight position. Selected frames were then processed using a threshold Otsu’s method to segment the animal body and obtain the necessary biological features, including body length, multiple width and height values, body area and volume. A total of 16,000+ images were collected, from which 3,100 were deemed usable. The algorithm successfully extracted the animal body from each image and obtained the biological features (cross-correlation values above 0.90). The proposed system was demonstrated to be extremely promising and the next stage of the study will be devoted to individual body weight prediction.

High gain FSS integrated slotted UHF RFID antenna for WBAN

High gain FSS integrated slotted UHF RFID antenna for WBAN

Coarse sediment dynamics and low-head dams: Monitoring instantaneous bedload transport using a stationary RFID antenna

Coarse sediment transport in fluvial systems serves an important role in determining in-stream physical habitat, spawning potential and benthic community structure. However, despite more than a decade of pressure in Europe to restore stream continuity under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), there have been relatively few empirical studies on how low-head, run-of-river structures (i.e., weirs) disrupt the processes and dynamics of bedload conveyance. In this study we present an investigation into how coarse sediment is transferred through a low-head dam via the real-time monitoring of bedload transport over a weir in southeast Ireland. Critical discharge values for particle entrainment over the structure were derived from the novel use of a stationary RFID antenna, coupled with continuous recording of water levels and sediment captured downstream using pit-style sediment traps. The stationary RFID antenna was installed along a weir crest using both ‘pass-under’ and ‘pass-over’ configurations as a means of detecting the moment bedload tracers moved over the dam crest. Results show that 10% of tracers deployed upstream were detected passing over the weir, while a further 15% that were not detected were recovered downstream. These results indicate bedload material as large as the upstream D70 (i.e., 90 mm) can move over the structure during infrequent high-flow events. However, thorough searches of the seeded area upstream of the dam also suggest that as many as 43% of the total number may have passed downstream, indicating that tracers moved over the weir after the antenna was damaged during a high-flow event, or were missed due to either particle velocity or signal collision. In addition, 30 of the tracers that remained upstream were shown to have either been buried due to the subsequent influx of sediment entering the reservoir, or were reworked though the surface material. Critical discharge values indicate size-selective transport patterns may dominate and a strong correlation between event peak discharge and total bedload captured downstream. These findings provide more evidence that low-head structures may eventually adopt a morphology that allows for the intermittent storage and later export of a channel's bedload downstream as hypothesized by other authors. Building upon these findings and those of other recent field studies, we present a set of possible schematic models that offer a basis for understanding the unique ways low-head dams can continue to disrupt sediment conveyance long after they have reached their functional storage capacity. The limitations of using a stationary RFID antenna and possible recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Compact Four-Port Dual-Sense Circularly Polarized Stack-Up Patch Antenna for UHF/MW-RFID MIMO System

A four-port dual-band dual circularly polarized (CP) stack-up patch antenna is introduced for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) RFID application. The proposed antenna adopts two FR 4 substrates and one Rogers Ro4350b substrates. Two pairs of isolated ports work at FCC UHF/MW-RFID bands (0.902–0.928 and 2.4–2.485 GHz) with port isolations of 20 dB and 25 dB, respectively. Four inverted-F radiating elements fed with a 90° phase-delay feeding network realize the CP radiation at the FCC UHF-RFID band (0.902–0.928 GHz). The corner-truncated square slot and patch are implemented to obtain CP modes at the MW-RFID band. The relative impedance bandwidths in the FCC UHF and MW band are 10.9% and 9.4%, respectively, with peak gains of 4.1 and 7.2 dBic. The antenna’s MIMO performance of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is lower than 0.01, and diversity gain (DG) is close to 10 dB. Thanks to the stack-up configuration, the dual-band RFID antenna realizes good antenna performance with a compact size of 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.07 λ3.

Design of Half-Corss Dipole for Circularly Polarized RFID Antenna

The paper presents a miniature half-cross dipole antenna for RFID applications. The dipole printed line arms are half-crossed shape on top of dielectric substrate backed by reactive impedance surface (RIS). The antenna fed by a coaxial cable at the gap separating the dipole arms. Our design is intended to work at 2.42 GHz for RFID readers. The radiation pattern obtained has half power beamwidth (HPBW) of 112°, return loss (RL) of 22.24 dB and 90 MHz bandwidth.

Enhanced Dipole Antenna for RFID by Using Metamaterials

The paper at hand discusses a novel method of miniaturization of antenna design using metamaterials. We suggest a novel method to improve frequency characteristics while reducing antenna size. This method is based on the connection of this element resonant two split rings resonator. The resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern, gain, directivity, electromagnetic field, and current supplied by the proposed antenna are the parameters addressed in this study. CST software generates all simulation results.

The Lifelog Monitoring System for Honeybees: RFID and Camera Recordings in an Observation Hive

A typical honeybee colony contains more than 15,000 individuals, each with its own task related to supporting the hive and maintaining the colony. In previous studies on honeybees, observing individual animals’ behaviors has been a difficult and time-consuming task to understand the relationship between in-hive communication and environmental changes outside the hive, therefore it is necessary in any attempt to develop applying a remote sensing technology. To allow researchers to pass much of this tracking work on to computers, we have developed the lifelog monitoring system for honeybees, which uses RFID and Raspberry Pi camera recordings. Our preliminary experiments consisted of several tests aimed at identifying the optimal conditions for this system. First, two commercial RFID readers with antennas were compared in terms of their sensitivity to signals from RFID tags placed at various distances. We found that the UP16-1000-J2 reader was much more sensitive and had a longer effective range compared to the UP4-200-J2. The most sensitive region in the RFID antenna on the UP16-1000-J2 reader was 30 mm long and 5 mm wide at its center. Based on this preliminary information, we designed and built a passage from the interior of the observation hive to the outside so that all RFID-tagged bees could be detected individually by the RFID reader as they walked through the passage. Moreover, to detect the direction of either departure or arrival of each bee, we placed two RFID antennas under the passage between the observation hive and the outside, one near each end of the passage. All departure and arrival times of RFID-tagged bees were detected with their ID numbers. Using recorded data from these two RFID readers, we could measure how much time each tagged bee spent outside the hive. In addition to RFID recording on the passage, we also tracked all in-hive movements of numbered RFID-tagged honeybees. In-hive movements were simultaneously, comprehensively and automatically recorded via six Raspberry Pi camera modules arranged on the two sides of the observation hive. The cameras were set to record from 6:30 to 19:30 every day for one month, once or twice each year from 2015 to 2018. The in-hive behaviors of these bees were analyzed according to a simultaneous tracking algorithm that we developed for this purpose. Data from the monitoring system revealed that time spent outside the hive increased markedly after following the waggle dance. In addition to its findings on bee behavior, this study also confirms the effectiveness of our recording system combining RFID and Raspberry Pi cameras for honeybee lifelog monitoring.

RFID Indoor Localization Using Statistical Features

In this paper, we present a method that uses the signal strength indication of RFID antennas with statistical features to perform relative positioning in a smart home. The goal of the proposed method is to enable the tracking of most objects inside a smart home in real-time, allowing activity recognition based on this tracking. This paper also introduce a new dataset of 4 100 000 RFID data collected in a real full-scale smart home setting. The dataset is available for the community. The method has an accuracy of 95.5% which is similar to previous work but require a fifth of the time to compute.

A CPW feed diamond shaped microstrip patch antenna for RFID and WLAN applications

A CPW feed diamond shaped microstrip patch antenna for RFID and WLAN applications

E-Textile Battery-Less Displacement and Strain Sensor for Human Activities Tracking

Wearable sensors demand flexible and concealable devices that can be seamlessly integrated with apparels and clothes. E-textile sensors and devices, built from specially functionalized fibers and yarns and constructed with embroidery and woven processes, provide an ideal solution for different wearable applications. In this article, we propose a textile-based, embroidered passive strain and displacement sensor functioned as a UHF RFID antenna that can be aesthetically integrated with garment fabrics. The antenna structure consists of a dipole arm and a coupling loop mounted with an RFID chip. The displacement between the loop and dipole arm will alter the impedance of the antenna and consequently modulate the backscattered signals from the RFID chip to the reader. The sensor is passive, i.e., no battery is needed on the sensor and the sensing information can be wirelessly retrieved by the reader from a few meters away. The structure is sensitive to strains and displacement caused by body movement. Our experiments demonstrate different applications for this sensor, i.e., when the sensor is embroidered on different locations on human body, such as breast, knees, and elbows, it can be used as a respiration monitor, gesture indicator, etc. to conveniently track and log various forms of body movements.

PASSIVE UHF RFID TAGS WITH THERMAL-TRANSFER-PRINTED ANTENNAS

Papers for the thermal transfer printing of UHF RFID antennas were prepared by coating and calendering. Real and imaginary components of the impedance of the UHF RFID antennas depended on their design, coating composition and conditions of paper calendering. Passive UHF RFID tags were constructed from antennas and chips whose real and imaginary components of impedance in the 860–960 MHz frequency band were at approximately the same level. The communication quality of passive UHF RFID tags was evaluated by measuring the reading range using the designed UHF RFID reading unit. The reading range of experimental UHF RFID tags with printed antennas on paper and commercial UHF RFID tags with chemically etched antennas on a PET film were identical in the 860 MHz frequency.

A Battery-Less Wireless Respiratory Sensor Using Micro-Machined Thin-Film Piezoelectric Resonators.

In this work, we present a battery-less wireless Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS)-based respiration sensor capable of measuring the respiration profile of a human subject from up to 2 m distance from the transceiver unit for a mean excitation power of 80 µW and a measured SNR of 124.8 dB at 0.5 m measurement distance. The sensor with a footprint of ~10 cm2 is designed to be inexpensive, maximize user mobility, and cater to applications where disposability is desirable to minimize the sanitation burden. The sensing system is composed of a custom UHF RFID antenna, a low-loss piezoelectric MEMS resonator with two modes within the frequency range of interest, and a base transceiver unit. The difference in temperature and moisture content of inhaled and exhaled air modulates the resonance frequency of the MEMS resonator which in turn is used to monitor respiration. To detect changes in the resonance frequency of the MEMS devices, the sensor is excited by a pulsed sinusoidal signal received through an external antenna directly coupled to the device. The signal reflected from the device through the antenna is then analyzed via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to extract and monitor the resonance frequency of the resonator. By tracking the resonance frequency over time, the respiration profile of a patient is tracked. A compensation method for the removal of motion-induced artifacts and drift is proposed and implemented using the difference in the resonance frequency of two resonance modes of the same resonator.

RFID-based tangible and touch tabletop for dual reality in crisis management context

Robots are becoming more and more present in many domains of our daily lives. Their usage encompasses industry, home automation, space exploration, and military operations. Robots can also be used in crisis management situations, where it is impossible to access or dangerous to send humans into the intervention area. The present work compares users’ performances on tangible and on touch user interfaces, for a crisis management application on tabletop. The studied task consists of remotely controlling robots in a simulated disaster/intervention area using a tabletop equipped with a layer of RFID antennas, by displacing mini-robots on its surface matching the situation of the real robots on the ground. Dual reality enforces an accurate and up-to-date mapping between the real robots and the mini robots on the tabletop surface. Our findings show that tangible interaction outperforms touch interaction in effectiveness, efficiency and usability, in a task of remote control of one and two robots; only when the user manipulates a single robot remains the efficiency dimension unchanged between tangible and touch interaction. Results also show that tangible interaction technique does not significantly lower the users’ workload. We finally expose a post-experiment interview and questionnaire results, assessing the participants’ overall satisfaction and agreement on using tangible objects on a tabletop.

WITHDRAWN: Application of RFID technology in Library: A view

RFID ready to be applied within the library circulation processes in thieving detection controls. RFID based mostly systems move on the far side security to become tracing systems that association security with additional economical trailing of resources throughout the library, together with easier and quicker charging and discharging, stocktaking, and handling. RFID comprises sensible RFID labels, hardware and computer code provides libraries with simpler approach of handling their collections whereas providing larger client service to their patrons. RFID technology helps librarians to cut back valuable workers time spent scanning barcodes whereas provision and returning things. RFID may be a integration of radio frequency-based technology and semiconductor device technology. this text describes parts of RFID system in library like RFID tag, reader, security gate and antenna. any benefits of RFID technology in library and standards of RFID in library have additionally been explored.

Retracted] Characterization of Composite RFID Antennas Based on Thermal Properties: A Survey

In this paper, a comprehensive survey on thermal and geometric design parameters of composite materials utilized in the fabrication of modern RFID systems has been discussed mainly due to its advantages such as lightweight and high strength. Designing of RF antenna setup requires careful consideration of material, geometric and fabrication parameters. Polymer materials were chosen as the substrate and subjected to extensive studies to determine and predict the capability of the miniaturized RFID antenna. The effect of the polymer matrix composite (PMC) material on the antenna parameters such as gain, bandwidth, and return loss is analyzed and realized that improvement in bandwidth and perfection in impedance matching can be further accomplished by employing fractal structure. It is also discovered that the thermal properties affect the impedance and operating frequencies, thus enabling multilayer PMC deploying fractal structured RFID antennas to be used for many applications such as logistics, aerospace, biomedical, and mining.

IMPROVEMENT OF PROTECTION AGAINST COUNTERFEITING OF THE PASSPORT OF A CITIZEN OF UKRAINE FOR TRAVEL ABROAD WITH A CONTACTLESS ELECTRONIC MEDIUM

According to the requirements of international law, the protective elements of documents confirming an identity or its special status and give the right to cross the state border must correspond to the maximum level of security. Modern expert practice testifies to the presence of a number of shortcomings in the protection of a passport of a citizen of Ukraine for traveling abroad with a contactless electronic carrier. The main way to forge passport documents is to make unauthorized changes to the original data page. The main identifier, on the data page, is the bearer’s photographic image. Therefore, it is subject to unauthorized changes in the first place. The main changes are made in the photographic image of the bearer and the duplicate image. The solution to the problem of their additional protection is possible by introducing additional special means. In particular, destructive holograms and Transparent Window technology (from Trüb, Gemalto Group (Sealys Window Lock)). Making any changes leaves noticeable traces that are easily identified by a simple visual method, without the use of special devices. In addition, for supplemental protection, it is advisable to apply the document number by laser perforation to the bearer’s photographic image. When mechanically interfering with the photographic image, the license plate is damaged, which leaves noticeable traces, which are determined by a simple visual method (look at the clearance). Some of these solutions have already been implemented in today’s passport documents of Lithuania, the Netherlands and Finland. Special attention should be paid to the contactless electronic data carrier based on RFID technology (RFID device). Its disadvantage is an external antenna (RFID antenna), which is performed by traditional technology - copper (copper substrate) engraving. Such an antenna is easily susceptible to mechanical damage if the document is handled carelessly. Because of this, it becomes difficult to verify the identity of the bearer. Offenders, specially disabling the antenna, use this disadvantage. Currently, the most economical way of making antennas for RFID devices is printing with conductive inks (printing method). The cost of conductive paints is lower than that of traditional technologies using metal substrates. In addition, conductive paints have a much higher resistance to mechanical damage than their counterparts from copper substrates. The proposed innovative means of protection, which have already been tested in the identification documents of the states of the European Union. They are capable of preventing unauthorized changes required by offenders. It is advisable to single out the following areas as a direction for further research: laser technologies; holography; printing and technical properties of polymeric materials.

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

Automated systems that are part of cyber-physical systems provide distribution of goods or prefabricated components, as well as their documenting and automatic tracking in real-time. Workpieces are marked with RFID transponders. RFID antennas allow contactless reading and/or recording of information, RFID electronics process and transmit it to the programmable logic controller via PROFIBUS DP, PROFINET, Ethernet IP, Ethernet TCP/IP, or EtherCAT interface. The peculiarities of the universal interface for the needs of cyber-physical systems equipped with RFID means and the main metrological characteristics of the latter are studied in the work.

Comments on “A Passive and Wireless Sensor Based on RFID Antenna for Detecting Mechanical Deformation”

He <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">et al.</i> proposed a mechanical deformation sensor based on a microstrip patch antenna matched to a radio frequency identification (RFID) integrated circuit (IC). In <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1, Fig.6]</xref> , a near-field coupled RFID system was shown, whereas the developed system operated in the far-field region. This comment presents a more representative figure explaining the operation principle of UHF RFID system, supplementing the information in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> .

A Tree-profile Shape Ultra Wide Band Antenna for Chipless RFID Tags

In this article, a new small size planar microstrip tree profile shaped Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna with partial ground plane has been presented. The antenna is designed for chipless RFID tags that are working in UWB region. The operating frequency of the antenna is between 2.72 GHz to 11.1 GHz which covers the entire UWB frequency band. The antenna exhibits comparatively high realized gain of 4.2 dBi with respect to its small size of 27 × 40 mm2 and have a gain to aperture ratio of 0.243 which is comparatively higher than other existing retransmission-based chipless RFID antennas. Another aspect of this antenna is its total efficiency which never goes below 80% throughout the entire bandwidth whereby it reaches as high as 96% at 3.5GHz. This design will motivate the chipless RFID designers to produce small size and cost effective tags.

Analysis and Design of RFID Antenna Based on Broadside-Coupled SRR

Analysis and Design of RFID Antenna Based on Broadside-Coupled SRR