Retention Factors Research Articles

Examination of the Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M Isolated from Spring Waters in Bulgaria

In order for a strain to be considered a probiotic or suitable plant bioprotective agent, it must have proven antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M exhibited significantly high antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Sclerotinia; yeasts of the genera Candida and Saccharomyces; as well as high antibacterial activity against pathogens of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Listeria, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. The manifested antimicrobial activity was influenced by the composition of the growth medium. The antifungal activity of the strain was investigated at growth temperatures of 30 °C and 37 °C, and at different pH values in aerobic and anaerobic cultivation, under static and dynamic culturing conditions. High antifungal activity was observed at the 24th h on both growth media (LBG broth and MPB broth) at pH = 6 and pH = 7 in aerobic and anaerobic cultivation. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M produced antibiotic substances at pH > 5.0, and the antibiotic substances were either secreted into the medium or associated with the cell surface. Four compounds with different antifungal activity and different Rf values were registered through thin-layer chromatography (Rf1 = 0.47; Rf2 = 0.55; Rf3 = 0.67; and Rf4 = 0.75), two of the compounds were ninhydrin-positive. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M was cultured in a bioreactor with stirring, and the parameters of the growth kinetics and the sporulation kinetics have been modeled. A spore concentrate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M has been obtained. In further research, the efficiency of the concentrate as a plant bioactive agent will be tested.

Stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatography method development and validation for quantitative determination of tetracycline hydrochloride in tetracycline hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and its dosage forms

Simple, quick, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly analytical methods for quality assurance and control roles for different medicines, including Tetrcyclines, are most significantly needed. Also, different thin layer chromatography (TLC)-based methods for tetracycline identification exist, but high performance thin layer chromatography methods based on modern state- of- the art equipment are still nonexistent. Thus, in this study, analytical method development and verification were done by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) (using an automated equipment model) using glass plates coated with silica gel 60 F254 after treating with 10% Na2EDTA. Validation was carried out according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. A mobile phase formed from ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methanol, and 1% aqueous ammonia in the composition of 4.4:19.6:10:6 volume to volume ratio (V/V) was used. Rf value, percentage recoveries, linearity ranges, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the developed HPTLC method were 0.28, 100.83–106.25%, 160–560 ng/band (r2 values of 0.9999), 31.9 ng/band, and 96.7 ng/band, respectively. The results of the sample assays conducted using the new method and the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method were 91.59% to 108.3% and 90.83% to 102.85%, respectively. The F test for the aforementioned methods was 2.01, which is smaller than the tabulated F value of 5.05 with 5 degrees of freedom at a 95% confidence range, proving that the newly developed HPTLC and HPLC pharmacopoeial methods can be used interchangeably.The newly developed HPTLC method is easy, economical, specific, accurate, and roboust, thus it can be employed in a range of settings that require quality control and assurance activities of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) in bulk and ointment dosage forms.

Physical insights into uranyl diffusion and sorption in bentonite: Theoretical and molecular dynamics study

Mechanistic understanding of diffusion and sorption of radionuclides and metals in clay-based engineered barriers is essential to develop models and define parameters for transport calculations for the safety analysis of disposal systems. Here we studied diffusion of uranyl (UO22+) species in the clay interparticle pore or macropores of bentonite clay by means of molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) for pore sizes ranging from 8.37 to 33.5 nm. The conceptual model of the clay pore system considered diffusion as a combination of pore diffusion (Dp) and surface diffusion DS (i.e. diffusion of adsorbed cations within the electrical double layer of the clay surfaces), from which the apparent diffusion Da was calculated as the weighted sum of Dp and DS, using a weighing factor f calculated as the ratio of adsorbed to total UO22+ in the system. Diffusivities at equilibrium for the largest pore size of 33.5 nm were: Da=7.37×10−10 m2 s−1, Dp=1.14×10−9 m2 s−1, and Ds=1.97×10−13 m2 s−1. The Ds was several orders of magnitude smaller than Dp. This was evident from the much smaller gradient of the mean-square displacement vs time lag curve for the adsorbed species than that of the species in the pore space. We found a remarkable consistency between our theoretical derivation and independent MDS evidence. For the slit-shaped interparticle pore, the retardation factor Rf was found to be the reciprocal of the unabsorbed fraction (Rf=1/1−f) and the capacity factor α was a ratio of the porosity to the unadsorbed fraction (α=ε1−f) or the ratio of the diffusant density in the bulk sample to the corresponding density in the pore solution. MD simulations of diffusion and sorption processes can be applied to other transport related problems at continuum scale, pore scale and molecular scale, such as for improved modelling of global elemental cycles, CO2 geosequestration, or the performance of desalination membranes.

Study on advection–dispersion behavior for simulation of 3H, 99Tc, and 90Sr transport in crushed sandstone of column experiments

Abstract In order to establish a universal and safety-compliant post-closure safety assessment technique, it is necessary to develop appropriate models to explain the migration behavior of radioactive materials within the rock system. Advection-dispersion experiments (ADE) have proven successful in designing transport models through a calibration/validation process of breakthrough curves (BTCs). In the present investigation, we employed a dynamic column device to examine the transport of Tritium (3H), Technetium-99 (99Tc), and Strontium-90 (90Sr) in crushed sandstone. Non-reactive transport experiments utilizing conservative tracers enabled us to determine the transport parameters, including retardation factors (R) and dispersivity (α). Our study focused on investigating the surface complexation model (SCM) using an additive approach coupled with the advection-dispersion equation to simulate the reactive transport behavior of 90Sr. The results affirm the robustness of our chosen thermodynamic database and modeling approach, emphasizing the criticality of accurately modeling and predicting reactive transport behavior in porous media.

Cytotoxic Potential of Berunok Sea Cucumber (Paracaudina australis) Against Breast Cancer Cells (T47D)

Background Sea cucumbers can be explored as alternative raw materials by the pharmaceutical and fishery industries as anticancer agents because they contain potential bioactive compounds. Methods This study aimed to determine the anticancer activity of Paracaudina australis extract against breast cancer cells (T47D) using an MTT assay. The secondary metabolites found in P.australis are steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenolics. The Thin-Layer Chromatography test results are indicated by Rf values, and steroid compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction are included in the standard Rf values. The isolates obtained were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, High-performance liquid chromatography, and UV-Visual spectrophotometry. Results The isolated compounds were Dihydrocholesterol and Cholestan-3-ol, with a molecular formula (C27H48O). The ion weight and molecular mass of the compound were m/z 388,7. Conclusions This compound may be responsible for the anticancer activity of P.australis. The IC50 of Isolate F4 was 25,3 μg/ml, and IC50 of Isolate F7,8 was 13,76 μg/ml.

Standardization and Phytochemical screening of Abutilon crispum

The main objective of the research is to recognize, validate and also to avoid the adulteration of plant Abutilon crispum. The correct identification of the plant Abutilon crispum was possible because of preliminary phytochemical screening, extraction by maceration and standardization. Preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC studies were carried out by standard methods with extracts such as chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. While standardization comprises the evaluation of parameters like pH range, water-soluble ash, loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, sulfated ash, ethanol-extractable parameters. The following values are found to be the results of the above testsi.e, loss on drying and total ash values are 7.2±0.22 and 6.32±0.04 correspondingly, water soluble ash was 1.33±0.05. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation for these extracts discovered the occurrence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids in this plant. In methanol extract also major components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides were found. The thin layer chromatography examination of Abutilon crispum displayed the occurrence of steroids with0.76 and 0.52 Rf values in diverse solvent systems. TLC investigation of extract of ethyl acetate exhibited Rf values 0.74 and 0.81 due to occurrence of flavonoids with in dissimilar solvent systems similarly. The evidence found from contemporary study deliver valuable data that will be supportive in identifying and to perform upcoming research in future.

Hydrophobic Sorption Properties of an Extended Series of Anionic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Characterized by C18 Chromatographic Retention Measurement.

Partitioning from water to nonaqueous phases is an important process that controls the behavior of contaminants in the environment and biota. However, for ionic chemicals including many perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), environmentally relevant partition coefficients cannot be predicted using the octanol/water partition coefficient, which is commonly used as a hydrophobicity indicator for neutral compounds. As an alternative, this study measured C18 liquid chromatography retention times of 39 anionic PFAS and 20 nonfluorinated surfactants using isocratic methanol/water eluent systems. By measuring a series of PFAS with different perfluoroalkyl chain lengths, retention factors at 100% water (k0) were successfully extrapolated even for long-chain PFAS. Molecular size was the most important factor determining the k0 of PFAS and non-PFAS, suggesting that the cavity formation process is the key driver for retention. Log k0 showed a high correlation with the log of partition coefficients from water to the phospholipid membrane, air/water interface, and soil organic carbon. The results indicate the potential of C18 retention factors as predictive descriptors for anionic PFAS partition coefficients and the possibility of developing a more comprehensive multiparameter model for the partitioning of anionic substances in general.

Integrated Multiplatform Analysis and Separation of Thirteen Flavonoids and Anthraquinones in Seven Medicinal Cassia Species.

Cassia (Family: Fabaceae) species are a large group of flowering plants rich in bioactive anthraquinone and flavonoids used in botanical supplements and nutraceuticals. A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method was developed and validated for separating and quantifying 13 anthraquinone and flavonoids. These compounds were further confirmed using an LC-based electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) method in the leaves and flowers of selected Cassia species. A simple and rapid HPTLC method was developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of all Cassia species. All 13 compounds were chromatographically separated on a Zorbax TC18 (4.6 × 250, 5 μm particle size) analytical column, and 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as elution solvents at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with detection at 259 nm. For HPTLC fingerprinting, the mobile phase compositions of toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5.5:4.2:0.6, v/v/v) were optimized to separate and identify all compounds using silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates. The validation data for the developed HPLC-PDA method for 13 compounds showed good linearity (r2 >0.99) with a sensitive LOD (0.082-1.969 μg/mL), LOQ (0.250-5.967 μg/mL), and excellent recoveries (85.22-100.32%). The quantification results were found to be precise and accurate (<5.0% and relative error), -0.77-0.44 with ESI-MS/MS confirmation in the Cassia samples. The novel HPTLC method was excellent separation for 13 compounds, with Rf values ranging between 0.12 and 0.61. The developed HPLC-PDA method was simple and precise and could separate and quantify anthraquinones and flavonoids along with confirmation, using a novel LC-based ESI-MS/MS. The HPTLC method was found to be simple and precise, with excellent separation capabilities for these compounds. This novel multiplatform approach successfully identified and quantified 13 compounds simultaneously using an integration of data strategy in seven medicinally important Cassia species' leaves and flowers.

Quantification of ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel and ferrous fumarate from bulk drugs and tablet formulation using a validated HPTLC method

Objective: This research paper proposes a new HPTLC method that is quick, accurate and precise for estimating ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel and ferrous fumarate. Materials and Methods: Quantification was performed on silica gel precoated aluminum plates as the stationary phase. As the three drugs did not resolved in one mobile phase, different mobile phases were selected for ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel i.e. chloroform: methanol in the ratio of 9.9: 0.1 v/v and for ferrous fumarate i.e. formic acid: dichloromethane: butanol: heptane in the ratio of 1.2: 1.6: 3.2: 4.4 v/v/v/v. Result: Wavelength for densitometric evaluation was 275 nm for ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel and 212 nm for ferrous fumarate. Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel were acceptably resolved having a RF values of 0.16 ± 0.02 and 0.24 ± 0.02. Ferrous fumarate had a RF value of 0.74 ± 0.02. Conclusion: All the validation parameters were performed and results were found to be within the acceptable limit prescribe by ICH.

Retardation factor scaling for contaminant transport in fractured media

This paper delves into the key factors governing contaminant retardation and the scaling of retardation factor for contaminant transport in naturally fractured media. It employs a geostatistical approach, utilizing hierarchical transition probability and covariance models, to characterize multimodal reactive mineral facies. Subsequently, scale-dependent models are developed to illustrate the transport behaviors of reactive contaminants under equilibrium sorption conditions and quantify the spatial and temporal variations of the effective retardation factor. These models incorporate various factors, including the structural characteristics of reactive minerals (the volume proportions and lengths of different facies types), fracture characteristics (the means and variances of fracture apertures), and the adsorption capacity of contaminants on minerals (sorption coefficients (ln Kd)). The results from these Lagrangian-based models are compared and validated against experimental data of solute transport in a single natural fracture. These findings underscore the remarkable agreement between the derived scale-dependent analytical expressions and the experimental results. Additionally, a global sensitivity analysis was performed using the Monte Carlo-based Sobol’ indices method to understand the influential factors governing contaminant retardation. The study reveals that the primary influential factor is the sorption capacity of contaminants on minerals, while fracture and reactive mineral structural characteristics play a secondary role. These insights provide significant information for understanding the reactive transport processes and the environmental impact of transport parameters in fractured media.

Screening and Optimization of IAA Production by PGPR isolated from Rhizosphere of a Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. and their Effect on Plant Growth

Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) production is important attribute of PGPR that promote plant growth and development. The rhizosphere is hotspot in the soil that harbors PGPR. The present study was aimed with isolation and screening of IAA producing bacteria from the rhizosphere of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Optimum culture conditions (pH, temperature, incubation period and L-tryptophan concentration for IAA production were studied for selected isolates and their effect on wheat growth and root development was evaluated. Among twenty four IAA producing isolates five isolates (Et1, Rp1, Rp5, Rp6, and Rp9) produced maximum IAA in range of 50-70 μg/mL and was used in optimization studies. Maximum IAA was produced in 96 hours of incubation, at pH 7 and with 0.1mg/mL of L-tryptophan by all five isolates. 30oC is the most suitable temperature for Et1, Rp1, Rp5, Rp9; whereas Rp6 produced nearly same amount of IAA at wide range of temperature 30-35oC (77-84.12 μg/mL) and at pH 7-8 ( 73-74μg/mL). Out of the five isolates, Rp6 exhibits the highest potential, having a maximum IAA of 84.12 μg/mL at 35°C and pH 7. Although tryptophan influences IAA synthesis but at higher concentration of tryptophan inhibits IAA synthesis. To validate the production of IAA, crude extracts were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). A spot of standard IAA with the same Rf value (0.91) was found to match a specific spot from the crude IAA.

Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of a 3-Nitroaniline-3-Nitrobenzaldehyde Schiff Base

3-nitroaniline and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde were refluxed in ethanol for 2 hours in an acidic medium to afford pale-yellow crystals of a Schiff base at 58% yield. The melting point and retention factor (Rf) of the product were checked, giving a value of 151 – 152°C and 0.54 respectively. The IR spectrum showed the following bands (cm-1); 1637 (imino, C=N), 1577 (Aromatic C=C stretch), 3074 and 3096 (Aromatic C – H stretch), 1346 and 1525 (Aromatic NO2 stretch) and 896 (Aromatic NO2 scissors). In addition, the 1HNMR spectrum showed a singlet at 8.44 ppm which represented the 1 H of the imino group, and a 8H multiplet between 7.18 – 8.41 ppm representing the aromatic protons. Furthermore, an antibacterial screening was done using the Schiff base on four (4) bacteria strains; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, and Escherichia coli. The result from the screening portrayed that the highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) recorded for all bacteria was at a concentration of 200 mg/ml of the test compound, while the lowest was at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. This gave a ZOI of 12 mm, 10 mm, 13 mm, and 11mm for P. aureginosa, S. aureus, S. marcescens, and E. coli respectively. The results generally showed an increase in ZOI with increased concentration of the product. The best result observed was that obtained for S. marcescens which showed ZOIs of 7 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, and 13 mm for concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/ml respectively.

Robust high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for stability assessment and simultaneous quantification of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and rosmarinic acid in lipid-based nanoparticles and biological matrices.

Skin cancer poses a significant health risk globally, necessitating effective and safe therapeutic interventions. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and rosmarinic acid (RA) from herbs like rosemary offer promising anticancer properties. Combining these compounds may enhance their effectiveness, prompting the need for a reliable analytical method to quantify them. Herein, we present the development and validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for concurrent quantification of EGCG and RA in lipid-based nanoparticles and biological samples. The method underwent optimisation through design of experiments (DoE), resulting in the establishment of robust chromatographic conditions. The separation process utilised aluminium HPTLC plates coated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase, with the mobile phase comprising ethyl acetate, toluene, formic acid, and methanol in a ratio of 4:4:1:1 v/v. The retention factor (Rf) values obtained were 0.38 for EGCG and 0.61 for RA. The method demonstrated linearity over a range of 100-500 ng/band for both compounds with excellent correlation coefficients. Limits of detection and quantification were determined, indicating high sensitivity. Precision evaluations revealed relative standard deviation below 2%, ensuring method reproducibility. Recovery assays in lipid-based nanoparticles, plasma, and urine samples demonstrated excellent recoveries (96.2%-102.1%). Forced degradation studies revealed minimal degradation under various stress conditions, with photolytic degradation showing the least impact. The developed HPTLC method offers a rapid, sensitive, and reliable approach for quantifying EGCG and RA, laying the groundwork for their further investigation as anticancer agents alone and in combination therapies.

Chiral Thianthrenes.

The absolute configuration and stability of two thianthrene chiral sulfoxides has been determined by means of X-ray single-crystal structure determinations. The analyses and configurations allow verification that the diastereomeric sulfoxides are stable in solution and are not interconverting, which has been suggested in some studies of sulfoxides. The two thianthrene sulfoxides have slightly different Rf values, which allowed their separation using flash chromatography on silica. The spots run back-to-back, which posed a challenge for their separation. The pure, separated compounds in solution remain as separate, single spots on a Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) plate.

Ethanol-Based Extraction of Annatto (Bixa Orellana L.) and Characterization of the Bixin and Norbixin.

Bixa orellana dye was extracted from the seeds by the method of Soxhlet extraction using ethanol where a percentage yield of 31.4 was obtained. Recrystallization of the dye was performed using chloroform and ethanol to increase the degree of purity. Thin layer chromatography was used to separate the dye into Bixin and Norbixin with Rf values of 0.56 and 0.42, respectively. The extracted dye was pH sensitive, insoluble in water but soluble in some organic solvents like ethanol and acetic acid. Characterization by UV-vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorption for Bixin and Norbixin at 457 and 453 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra of Bixin and Norbixin showed bands confirming similar functional groups for both Bixin and Norbixin except for -CO- stretching and methylene vibration which was absent in Norbixin. With the yield, purity level, and other properties of the extracted dye, the comparative advantages of ethanol-based Soxhlet extraction of the dye were well established.

Factors Determining Employee Retention of Development Banks in Nepal

This study focuses on employee retention in development banks of Nepal, addressing the challenge posed by increased talent mobility due to globalization. It aims to identify factors influencing retention and understand employees' perceptions of retention practices. The study explores the relationship between leadership approach, salary, learning opportunities, employee satisfaction, and retention. Retaining key employees is crucial for organizational stability and growth, especially in development banks, which play a vital role in Nepal's economic development.&#x0D; The research includes 388 permanent employees, primarily aged 20-29, with a higher male representation. Data is collected through questionnaires and interviews. The analysis involves descriptive and inferential statistical tools, revealing that leadership, salary, learning opportunities, and employee satisfaction positively impact retention. However, the study's limited scope and Nepal-specific context might limit the findings' applicability globally. Moreover, the sample size and data collection methods could influence generalizability.&#x0D; Thus, this research sheds light on employee retention factors in Nepalese development banks, guiding the formulation of effective retention policies.

Development and validation of machine learning models to predict frailty risk for elderly.

Early identification and intervention of the frailty of the elderly will help lighten the burden of social medical care and improve the quality of life of the elderly. Therefore, we used machine learning (ML) algorithm to develop models to predict frailty risk in the elderly. A prospective cohort study. We collected data on 6997 elderly people from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study wave 6-7 surveys (2011-2012, 2014). After the baseline survey in 1998 (wave 1), the project conducted follow-up surveys (wave 2-8) in 2000-2018. The osteoporotic fractures index was used to assess frailty. Four ML algorithms (random forest [RF], support vector machine, XGBoost and logistic regression [LR]) were used to develop models to identify the risk factors of frailty and predict the risk of frailty. Different ML models were used for the prediction of frailty risk in the elderly and frailty risk was trained on a cohort of 4385 elderly people with frailty (split into a training cohort [75%] and internal validation cohort [25%]). The best-performing model for each study outcome was tested in an external validation cohort of 6997 elderly people with frailty pooled from the surveys (wave 6-7). Model performance was assessed by receiver operating curve and F2-score. Among the four ML models, the F2-score values were similar (0.91 vs. 0.91 vs. 0.88 vs. 0.90), and the area under the curve (AUC) values of RF model was the highest (0.75), followed by LR model (0.74). In the final two models, the AUC values of RF and LR model were similar (0.77 vs. 0.76) and their accuracy was identical (87.4% vs. 87.4%). Our study developed a preliminary prediction model based on two different ML approaches to help predict frailty risk in the elderly. The presented models from this study can be used to inform healthcare providers to predict the frailty probability among older adults and maybe help guide the development of effective frailty risk management interventions. Detecting frailty at an early stage and implementing timely targeted interventions may help to improve the allocation of health care resources and to reduce frailty-related burden. Identifying risk factors for frailty could be beneficial to provide tailored and personalized care intervention for older adults to more accurately prevent or improve their frail conditions so as to improve their quality of life. The study has adhered to STROBE guidelines. No patient or public contribution.

Phytochemical and chromatographical evaluation of Madanphala (Randia dumetorum Lamk.) from different Desha based on Akashadi Panchamahabhoota

Aims &amp; Objective:- Evaluation of phytochemical and chromatographical constitution of Madanaphala, collected from different desha based on Akashadi mahabhoota. Madanaphala is the best vamana dravya. As per classics the best place to collect these vamana dravya is the land which is predominant of the Agni, Vayu and Akash mahabhoota. In this study we are going to evaluate the phytochemical and chromatographical qualities of the Madanaphala collected from Jangala desha (Kappatagudda) which is the ideal collection area mentioned by Acharya’s for vamana karma and the Madanaphala collected from the Anupa desha(Jamboti). Methodology:- 2 samples of Madanaphala, collected from the two different desha’s, one sample collected from Kappatagudda region and the other sample collected from Jamboti region. The collected fruits are dried, cleaned, powdered and were analyzed for phytochemical and chromatographical evaluation. Conclusion:- The phytochemical analysis of Madanaphala collected from two different region Kappatagudda and Jamboti didn’t show any changes. TLC of both the samples showed the presence of phytochemicals at different Rf values but the sample collected from Kappatagudda has more number of Rf values which indicate presence of more number of phytochemicals than in Madanaphala collected from Jamboti. The standard Rf value of Oleanolic acid is 0.57. In the HTPLC result the nearest Rf value observed was 0.51 which is found in the Madanaphala collected from Kappatagudda, but no nearest Rf value was observed in Madanaphala collected from Jamboti. So we can justify the reference which is explained by our Acharya Sushruta in the context of Bhumipravibhagiyamadhyaya that vamana dravya should be collected from desha predominant of Akash, Vayu and Agni mahabhoota. As our study also showed that Madanaphala collected from Kappatagudda region which is predominant of Agni, Vayu and Akash mahabhoota predominenet is of superior quality than the Madanaphala collectd from Jamboti region having Parthiva and Aap mahabhoota.

Modelling Myeloma Dissemination in vitro with hMSC-Interacting Subpopulations of INA-6 Cells and their Aggregation/Detachment Dynamics.

Multiple myeloma involves early dissemination of malignant plasma cells across the bone marrow; however, the initial steps of dissemination remain unclear. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) stimulate myeloma cell expansion (e.g., IL-6) and simultaneously retain myeloma cells via chemokines (e.g., CXCL12) and adhesion factors. Hence, we hypothesized that the imbalance between cell division and retention drives dissemination. We present an in vitro model using primary hMSCs co-cultured with INA-6 myeloma cells. Time-lapse microscopy revealed proliferation and attachment/detachment dynamics. Separation techniques (V-well adhesion assay and well plate sandwich centrifugation) were established to isolate MSC-interacting myeloma subpopulations that were characterized by RNAseq, cell viability and apoptosis. Results were correlated with gene expression data (n=837) and survival of myeloma patients (n=536). On dispersed hMSCs, INA-6 saturate hMSC-surface before proliferating into large homotypic aggregates, from which single cells detached completely. On confluent hMSCs, aggregates were replaced by strong heterotypic hMSC-INA-6 interactions, which modulated apoptosis time-dependently. Only INA-6 daughter cells (nMA-INA6) detached from hMSCs by cell division but sustained adherence to hMSC-adhering mother cells (MA-INA6). Isolated nMA-INA6 indicated hMSC-autonomy through superior viability after IL-6 withdrawal and upregulation of proliferation-related genes. MA-INA6 upregulated adhesion and retention factors (CXCL12), that, intriguingly, were highly expressed in myeloma samples from patients with longer overall and progression-free survival, but their expression decreased in relapsed myeloma samples. Altogether, in vitro dissemination of INA-6 is driven by detaching daughter cells after a cycle of hMSC-(re)attachment and proliferation, involving adhesion factors that represent a bone marrow-retentive phenotype with potential clinical relevance.

Career Satisfaction as a Retention Factor for Mozambican Adult educators

Career Satisfaction as a Retention Factor for Mozambican Adult educators