Creation Of Pakistan Research Articles

THE HAYAT HYPOTHESIS: IMPERIAL CRISIS, MUSLIM MODERNISM, JINNAH’S CHARISMA, AND THE BIRTH OF PAKISTAN

ABSTRACT This essay is written as an overview of Sikandar Hayat's (1946-) longtime scholarship on the creation of Pakistan with Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) as the focal leader. It seeks to bring out the main argument and analyses of Hayat's books on the subject. The main thrust of the essay, consistent with an exposition of Hayat's works, is that the creation of Pakistan was a complex process and that both Jinnah's critics, who often deny him agency, and his uncritical admirers, who exaggerate it out of all proportion, seem to miss the larger historical context and lessons to be derived from Jinnah's life and times. Hayat employs an analytical approach that, among other things, articulates a framework for understanding charismatic leadership in non-Eurocentric environments, restores valid agency to Jinnah, and never loses sight of the context and larger historical forces he, and the All-India Muslim League, had to contend with. As Pakistan marks 75 years of its independent existence, debates and discourses about its creation continue, and Hayat's contributions to that discourse need to be examined and understood outside his own country

Socio-Political Contribution of Sir Agha Khan III for Indian Muslims: An Overview

Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III, a renowned Muslim leader, was instrumental in the freedom movement in Pakistan and provided significant support for Muslims in India. He was ideally positioned to play a big role in the international affairs of his time because of his extensive understanding of several cultural traditions, and his long public career had numerous facets. This study examines the contributions of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, Agha Khan III with particular attention to the social reforms and political achievements of his life. The article sheds light on his role in the Pakistan Movement as well as his social services for the boost up of Indian Muslims. This study is basically qualitative in nature and a descriptive method with a historical approach is applied.

Politics of Ethnic Identities and Conflicts: A Case Study of Hazara and Siraiki Ethno-Nationalist Movements in Pakistan

Politics of Ethnic Identities and Conflicts: A Case Study of Hazara and Siraiki Ethno-Nationalist Movements in Pakistan

CULTURAL RESILIENCE THROUGH THEATER: AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION OF DRAMATIC NARRATIVE COMMUNICATION IN THE POST-PARTITION ERA

In this research, an attempt has been made to find out what has been the state of the art of theater, which can play an important role in national development, after the creation of Pakistan. Historically, it has been proven that there has been a strong tradition of theater in this region. Considering the weaknesses and gaps that emerged from the literature review on this topic, the research methodology was adopted. The qualitative method has been used for the research. In-depth interviews of experts and written history of the theater are used as tools for the study. Due to ideological confusion, migration of theatre performers settlement problems, the economic situation, and the capitalist system, the theater could not be stable as a media organization. A few groups were formed later, but they are not guaranteed for the future. If the state wants, everything is possible. This is an important finding on the contribution of East Pakistan in performing arts such as theatre, which was part of Pakistan until the separation as the Bangla Desh, Pakistani historical literature is completely silent. Keywords: Theater; culture; drama; partition.

COLONIAL RULE AND MUSLIM WOMEN

Relevant to any attempt for amelioration of woman’s conditions was the history of Muslim people in general and that of Muslims in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent in particular. This paper highlights Muslim women’s struggle for their rights movements in British India. Their continuous struggle altered educational and political institutions, allowing them to emerge from seclusion and participate more actively in the nation's public life.
 It is said that when women in the developed countries were agitating against their own male regarding their rights, a similar struggle had begun in the subcontinent where men started encouraging participation of women in education and politics, appreciated, and sometimes patronized it. The imperialists in India reversed the economic and social milieu. By strengthening system, British fortified the position of the feudal and tribal lords which not only contributed towards solidifying the struggle for Muslim Women’s Rights in the British India but also resulted in lowering the status of women. The British, on the other hand, did not believe it was necessary to extend their politics into all aspects of life. As a result, local laws continued to apply in family and personal matters like as marriage, guardianship, and inheritance, and the status quo between men and women was maintained. After a prolonged protests and struggle for women’s rights, the central legislature undertook legislation on issues relating to Muslim women such as child marriage, property rights, widow remarriage, divorce, etc. Muslim women had to resisted on the laws imposed by imperialists as most of it were the violation of their fundamental rights, and that they were mostly successful i.e., law of inheritance 1937. The paper shows that women's struggles for educational and political freedom had a significant impact in the British India Particularly in 1940s during Pakistan Movement. Everyone is aware of the social changes/developments that occurred at that time. However, few people acknowledge that women had a key role in bringing about these developments. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that women have achieved tremendous progress and have paved the way for more reforms in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Anglo-Indians and the Punjab Partition: Identity, Politics, and the Creation of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Anglo-Indians are often overlooked in the discourse on the independence of India and Pakistan. However, despite their small numbers, Anglo-Indians punched above their weight and had a significant presence in various critical fields, as well as active and robust and political organisations. This paper traces the development of Anglo-Indian politics in the Punjab, a province which (like Bengal) was partitioned in 1947. Starting with the general Anglo-Indian quest to locate both their identity and nationality in the 1940s, this paper investigates why and how the community leaders in the Punjab not only broke with the central leadership but also argued for a very novel, ‘Anglo-Muslim’ identity, as they began supporting the Muslim League. This change of stance was much to the chagrin of the central leadership which, by 1947, was firmly tied to the Indian National Congress. This paper thus not only substantially improves our understanding of the politics of the Anglo-Indians during partition, especially at a provincial level, but enables us to understand the manoeuvrings for survival of small communities at a time when the focus seemed to be on only the Muslims and Hindus (and Sikhs in the context of the Punjab).

Beyond return and resettlement: The impact of exposure and interactions on the post-conflict development of North Waziristan

AbstractThis article shares empirical data about the returned and resettled natives and communities of North Waziristan Tribal District in Pakistan, which are undergoing the processes of post-conflict reconstruction and development. In order to present an analysis of the impact of prolonged conflict-induced displacement on the spatially excluded (or bounded) communities of North Waziristan, an inductive approach utilising qualitative methods and semi-structured interviews has been adopted to establish detailed accounts of the ‘networks of interactions’ and ‘displacement-induced exposure’. The findings further suggest that these interactions and networks are transcending and redefining the margins (viz. material space), and the social space of North Waziristan since the natives have expressed growing inclinations towards movement in mainstream Pakistan. The aforementioned arguments establish new perspectives—admittedly controversial—where prolonged conflict-induced displacement has attributed to unintended ‘development’ for spatially excluded communities. Essentially, this article argues that the subject of displacement and post-conflict societies deserves further scrutiny beyond resettlement and return.

The Study on the Vulnerability and Countermeasures of Pakistan’s Nation-state Construction

The independence of Pakistan was an important event of the national independence movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the 20th century. Behind the event was the capacity building led by political parties. With the process of building a modern nation state, Pakistani political party’s ability has suffered a major “capacity decline” in reverse, which leads to the negative characteristics of Pakistan’s national construction such as “fragility” and “failed state”. Focusing on strengthening the construction of nation-state with party capacity building as its core, we will put forward corresponding countermeasures from four aspects of party capacity building.There are expression and integration of interests, formulation of program and policy, political mobilization and participation, political selection and employment, so as to effectively improve the core governance ability of political parties in many modern nation-states in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Reflections on Islamisation and the Future of the Women’s Rights Movement in ‘Naya’ Pakistan

This paper examines how the Islamisation of education is likely to impact the future of the women’s rights movement in Pakistan. Recently, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI, or party for social justice) government introduced the Single National Curriculum (SNC), a reform of the education system that enhances the volume of Islamic Studies and wherein Urdu, the national language, is promoted as a parallel medium of instruction. The central argument of this paper is that such developments are regressive and that they could prove detrimental to the women’s rights movement. Historically, the formation of the Women’s Action Forum (1981) and its rising against Zia’s Islamic dictatorship (1983) remains one of the most memorable moments of the women’s rights movement in contemporary Pakistan’s history. But in the decades that followed, the movement began sagging and stumbling. The recent Women’s Marches are evidence that deep ideological divisions running within the movement are impeding the achievement of tangible goals. This is a critical juncture because the implementation of an Islamic curriculum will set off the process of the bottom-up Islamisation of society. Gradually, when everything shall be sorted out ‘according to Islam and Islamic principles’, a large chunk of women’s demands will be simply chucked away as un-Islamic, thus inadmissible. Pakistani society will likely become less tolerant than it is already and the few freedoms that women still enjoy shall be taken away one after the other. This is a gloomy scenario, but it is avoidable. Now could be the time for the movement to focus on defining attainable goals and pushing for the achievement and consolidation of women’s human rights. While the Islamisation of education appears like a potential threat to the movement now, activists might as well make of it an element that reinvigorates the movement from the inside and gives it a new direction and sense of purpose.

Women's Activism and Pakistani State Policies: A Comparison of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif Governments (1988-1999)

The purpose of this article is to trace the history of women's activism in Pakistan, as well as the policies of the Pakistan People's Party and Pakistan Muslim League (N) Governments (1988-1999). This period after the revival of democracy following the military government is significant in understanding women’s activism as well as the policies of two prime ministers with diametrically opposed ideological orientations. Explaining this movement's various expressions is necessary to comprehend its various phases. This study will help to identify the significance of specific historical circumstances, power structures, and national and international policy dynamics in shaping the women's rights movement in Pakistan. This study critically examines women's rights activism during the four terms of democratically elected prime ministers and how they responded to women's rights aspirations for equal status for women in society. This historical analysis is necessary to determine whether contemporary activism is a continuation of the past or distinct in terms of goals and modalities.

Socio-Political Contribution of Sir Agha Khan III for Indian Muslims: An Overview

Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III, a renowned Muslim leader, was instrumental in the freedom movement in Pakistan and provided significant support for Muslims in India. He was ideally positioned to play a big role in the international affairs of his time because of his extensive understanding of several cultural traditions, and his long public career had numerous facets. This study examines the contributions of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, Agha Khan III with particular attention to the social reforms and political achievements of his life. The article sheds light on his role in the Pakistan Movement as well as his social services for the boost up of Indian Muslims. This study is basically qualitative in nature and a descriptive method with a historical approach is applied.

Depiction of Violence on Women in Partition Literature: A Feministic Study

The current study focuses on the hardships and anguish faced by women during the partition of the subcontinent. The independence of Pakistan and India is the basis for this split. Accidental deaths of divisional armed forces soldiers are used to demonstrate the division's involvement in a national struggle. Women are perceived as subordinates' representations by males of the opposing community and their co-religious organizations as a target for retribution, according to partition literature examined through a Feminist lens. As depicted in literary representations, violence, kidnapping, forced marriages, noble assassinations, loss of identity, and kidnapping as a result of nationalistic, cultural, and racial struggles between the people of a newly built state and the people of another state during migration all result in violence, kidnapping, forced marriages,noble assassinations, loss of identity, and kidnapping.

Development of Constitutionalism in Pakistan: An Appraisal

The phenomenon of constitutionalism serves as a safeguard against the arbitrary use of power and is necessary to ensure rule of law in society. Traditionally, there are two types of constitutionalism; legal and political. The former justifies judicial review as an important constitutional tool and acknowledges the unique role of the judiciary in enforcing rule of law in society. The latter questions the democratic legitimacy of judicial review and prefers democratic parliamentary procedures on political decisions. With the help of qualitative research methodology, this Article explores historical developments influencing the outlines of Pakistani constitutionalism. It highlights limitations and challenges in relation to constitutionalism in the formative period of the country. It also provides an insight into the colonial constitutional practices before the independence of Pakistan. After that, there is a discussion of the pivotal judgments that had a profound impact on constitutionalism in the country. The abrogation of the first Constitution and promulgation of a new Constitution under the military regime and the attitude of courts during this period also form part of this article.

دور المحكمة الشرعية الفيدرالية في تطبيق الشريعة الإسلامية في باكستان

Soon after the creation of Pakistan, the Islamization process started. The Objectives Resolution 1949, and the Islamic provisions of the constitutions of Pakistan 1956, 1962, and 1973 provided sufficient materials for the Islamization of laws in Pakistan. The Council of Islamic Ideology examined the laws and submitted its recommendations to the Parliament. The Federal Shariat Court declared several laws repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. The Federal Shariat Court was established on May 26, 1980. It had the mandate to strike down existing as well as future laws, except the constitution, Muslim Personal Law, any law relating to the procedure of any court or tribunal. Fiscal laws were debarred for ten years from the jurisdiction of this Court. The Court was also vested with the powers of hearing appeals or revisions against the decisions passed by any criminal court relating to the enforcement of ḥudūd. Appeals against the judgments of the Federal Shariat Court can be filed before the Shariat Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The paper concludes that the Federal Shariat Court is unique in judicial history. It played a significant role in introducing Islamic laws in Pakistan and offered solid interpretations to various laws to remove the ambiguity in the laws. It critically evaluated a considerable number of laws and directed the government to Islamize them.

Dr.Inam-ul-Haq Kausar: Life And Urdu Literary Work

The contribution of Dr Inam-ul-HaqKausar (1931-2014)for the progress of Urdu Language and Literature in the educationally less developed province, Balochistan is remarkable. He chose the field of research in perspective of Balochistan in its vast field of studies and with his busy schedule of teaching and other administrative responsibilities ,wrote a hundred of research papers in Urdu on different topics related to the soil of Balochistan especially about History of Urdu in Balochistan, Study of Iqbal in Balochistan, Pakistan movement of freedom and History of Muslim League in Balochistan, Persian poetry in Balochistan and History of Muslim religion and related areas. Nearly 100 books are present on his profile These books are being used as source material and research references while doing research in Balochistan perspective. Some of these books are included in the Master's level syllabus of Balochistan University. These books have an History of Balochistan in the fields of Urdu language and literature, Persian poetry, Journalism, Education, study of AllamaDr. Muhammad Iqbal, Life of Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad Peace Be Upon Him .He wrote all these papers and books while serving as a teacher at different far flung areas of the Province.He participated in a number of national and international conferences held on various occasions representing Balochistan and presented his research papers

“A Shameless Ideology of Shameless Women”: Positioning the Other in Social Media Discourse Surrounding a Women’s Rights Movement in Pakistan

This study analyzes social media (YouTube) discourse related to Aurat March 2019, a women’s rights movement in Pakistan. Using a discourse analytical approach that draws on the premises of Positioning theory, the analysis reveals the following two major storylines from the data: “The women who stray from the path, and the men who will return them to it,” and “Islam under threat from the outside.” Social media platforms allow their users to express opinions in online spaces, often resulting in polarization and clustering of like-minded people in so-called echo-chambers. This study demonstrates how social media users actively participate in the discursive construction of the “other,” and how the women’s rights movement in Pakistan continues to struggle against hegemonic scripts of gender and sexuality.

Partition, Migration and a ‘New Class’ in Pakistan: 1947-1958

In 1947 Pakistan was carved out of India. The creation of Pakistan had a long invisible history and short and fast paced visible history. Both these historical forces helped the separatist Muslim leadership in India to realise Pakistan. After the creation of Pakistan, the Muslim refugees went to their cherish homeland in large numbers. Most of them were socially forward and economically stable. This class helped the new state to have a strong foundational base in all the state controlled and private sectors including bureaucracy and military. But the Punjabi ethnicity native to Pakistan, which is also Muslim, started to develop a sense of despair and difference towards them, though in crucial military and bureaucracy they played an equally dominating role in tandem. This reality started to evolve in the early 1950s and up to the first military takeover in 1958. It continued thereafter, but variegated regional and ethnic issues started to begin. The ethnic fissures threatening the unity and integrity of Pakistan in the current times have deep-rooted origins in its formative years, meriting an in-depth analysis of its ethno-political history. The aim of this paper is to analyse the course of first ten years of Pakistan in order to understand its ethno-political dynamics. By looking into its history with the help of secondary sources available on Pakistan, this paper attempts to facilitate greater understanding of Pakistan as a state and thereby indicating avenues to address its strife.

The ‘Defamation Backlash’: Law and the Feminist Movement in Pakistan

The ‘Defamation Backlash’: Law and the Feminist Movement in Pakistan

Radikalisasi Makna Jihad di Era Modern: Studi Kasus Penafsiran QS. Al-Taubah: 73 Menurut Sayyid Qutb dan Abu A’la al-Maududi

This paper discusses the meaning of jihad in QS. At-Taubah: 73 according to two modern interpreters: Sayyid Qutub and Abul A'la Mawdudi. Their interpretation is very important because their thinking is an important reference in the current discourse of Jihad. With the descriptive-analytic method, the writing answers how the two Muslim thinkers interpreted the term jihad in the verse which supports the spirit of their respective da'wah movements in Egypt and Pakistan. This paper finds that the second author in interpreting the term jihad by the objective circumstances of their respective life contexts, Sayyid Qutb was influenced by the fact that some Muslims dealt with rulers who were considered dholim, and Egypt as a country is in a war conflict with Israel, as well as the resistance of some Muslim scholars including himself who are critical of the West. Meanwhile, Abul A'la Mawdudi was faced with the filling of the newly established Pakistani state, where he and his colleagues was founded political parties that were in the spirit of Islam. More than that, his romanticist attitude towards the early period of the Muslim community was used as a manhaj in understanding the messages of the Qur'an.

CLEAN GREEN PAKISTAN MOVEMENT: A WAY TO COMBAT THE CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change has brought some challenges for the governments in the world. Different governments in the world have adopted different policies to face the challenges of climate change. Pakistan is one of most affected nations by climate change and it has launched a complete program in the clean and green Pakistan movement to counter these challenges. This is a borderless issue and needed collective response along with the specific one to combat these challenges. It is the matter of fact that Pakistan is a developing nation with limited resources to combat the huge challenges of climate change. Imran Khan as head of his political party PTI introduced programs like the Billion tree tsunami in KPK in 2014 and later on won the general elections of 2018 launched a ten billion tree tsunami campaign and soon after made it part of the Clean Green Pakistan Movement. This study focuses on the climate change effects on Pakistan and examines the Clean Green Pakistan movement to counter the challenges of climate change in Pakistan.