Creation Of Pakistan Research Articles

The Popular Political Parties and their Participation in Pakistan’s Democratic System

Abstract: Since independence of Pakistan on 14 August, 1947; role Political parties are one of the most important and influential element of Pakistan’s politics. Two popular parties have had ruled various periods in Pakistan's history. This article tries to examine their participation and their role in politics and Pakistan’s democratic system. Question arises that how political parties and their actions influence on state’s democratic system. This document also seeks to debate the part of major political parties in the development process of Pakistan’s politics when they are in power or in opposition. The political system in Pakistan is not well developed. As a result, the people of Pakistani are deprived of adequate leadership, which is seen as a threat to Pakistan‘s national security or domestic system. Key words: Political parties, power, democratic system, leadership.

RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ANALYSIS OF LAWYERS' MOVEMENT IN PAKISTAN (2007-2009)

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to define and analyse the lawyers' movement in Pakistan remains an active social movement from 2007 to 2009.
 Methodology: Qualitative research approach is the utmost appropriate approach to explore the resources mobilization process, in the lawyers’ movement in Pakistan. To achieve deeper insights into the actions, perceptions, and experiences of the respondents in the lawyers' movement of Pakistan, almost 20 open-ended interviews were taken in-depth and mostly face-to-face interviews. Give one more line of info about methodology.
 Main Findings: The lawyers' movement emerged in March 2007 in reaction to the unconstitutional dismissal of Chief Justice (CJ) of Supreme Court Pakistan by former General Pervez Musharraf. The lawyers' movement was the ultimate result of judicial-executive contention in Pakistan.
 Applications of the Study: This paper will offer analyses of the lawyers' movement in the context of a social movement from a non-western country like Pakistan. This paper seeks to examine the lawyers’ movement (2007–2009) to explore the resource mobilization in the lawyers' movement in Pakistan.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The resource mobilization theory (RMT) has been utilized as the theoretical framework with the acumen of qualitative approach for this investigation in the non-western setting.

English-8 Religious Minorities, their Status in Pakistan with Reference to the Teachings of Islam and Constitution of Pakistan

Pakistan is a diverse society with varied ethnicities and cultures, and is an enormously plural country characterized by religious, sectarian and ethno-linguistic diversities. It has an overwhelming Muslim population comprises more than ninety-six percent of its 220 million people. Islam is declared the state religion of Pakistan. There are religious minorities who identify themselves as non-Muslim Pakistanis. The constitution of Pakistan is a safeguard for the minorities which provides religious and social rights to the minorities. Generally the minorities of Pakistan are very faithful and patriotic to Pakistan. Since the creation of Pakistan, many non-Muslim citizens of Pakistan have been serving the nation and participating in the nation-building process.

Asymmetric Determinants of Oil Price Movements in Pakistan

In this research we are interested to investigate the presence of asymmetries in the long run and short run relationship between Pakistan oil prices and a set of major determinants of oil prices namely, Saudi oil production, world oil production, exchange rate and spread.We use nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bounds testing approach that allows possible asymmetric effect in both short and long run. Results provide the evidence of asymmetries in both short and long run relationship among Pakistan oil prices and determinants under consideration. Considering the importance of asymmetric non-linearity in this context, it is shown that exchange rate bears more, a moderate of world oil production and Saudi oil production and up-to a lesser extent spread constitute an important determinant of Pakistan oil prices.Our findings have relevant implications for investors, speculators and particularly for policy makers of Pakistan’s economy.

KONSEP KETATANEGARAAN PAKISTAN PERSPEKTIF FIQH SIYASAH

The purpose of this research is to find out the pakistani constitutional system in terms of tate institutions and fiqh siyasah. The method used is library reaserch with two approaches, namely conseptual approach and historical approach. The results of the research of the concept of Pakistani state regulation fiqh siyasah perspective in the era: (1) In general the state of Pakistan can be said to be a country with a weak democracies system, this is motivated by the unstable system of government and constitutional system since Pakistan's independence in 1947. In addition, the cause of the instability of the country is the violence and feud between three social forces, namely Hindus who are the majority in India, indian Muslims who are minorities and The British as invaders with modern political and technological forces that developed in the country of pakistan. (2) The establishment of the Indian Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah initiated the theory of "two nations" and formally presented the demands of a Muslim homeland separate from India. In a 1940 resolution the Muslim League conveyed the establishment of an independent and fully sovereign Pakistani state. (3) On 15 August 1947 Pakistan was born as a fully sovereign state for Indian Muslims. Islam and Muslims in Pakistan have made a real contribution in the development of civilization in the Islamic world. Pakistan is a country that takes Islam as a source of law has become a phenomenon in the study of the relationship of the country and religion in Islam.

The Silence of the Subaltern in the Partition of India: Bengali Gendered Trauma Narratives in Shobha Rao’s “The Lost Ribbon” and Ramapada Chaudhuri’s “Embrace”

The Partition of India was one of the crucial moments marking the transition between the colonial and postcolonial era. Partition has become ever since a long-term process that continues to elicit political, cultural and emotional contexts in South Asia. The creation of Pakistan as a homeland for South Asian Muslims involved the division of Bengal and Punjab along religious lines and while the celebratory narratives of decolonization and nationhood marked the official historiographies of 1947, trauma, loss and displacement were not part of the narrative. The following article focuses on the experience of abducted women in Bengal in the communal riots during the Partition of India. This analysis stems from a brief overview of the silence that has permeated the partition of Bengal within historiography and the scarce literary response that has articulated those silences. It moves on to the analysis of the violence that abducted women suffered in this context. Finally, it deals with two short stories, “The Lost Ribbon” and “Embrace,” which situate gender trauma narratives by showing two radically different responses to the event of becoming a mother of an abductor’s child on the other side of the border and the effect that displacement and forced repatriation has upon female bodies.

The Quandary of Faith and Politics of Islamization: An Incursion into Experiences and Perspectives of Pakistani Christian Minority

Abstract The state of minorities in Pakistan has been the subject of much debate and controversy since the country’s conception in 1947. Although Christians played a pivotal role in the Pakistan Movement, the state-sponsored Islamization and exploitation of Blasphemy Laws created a precarious situation for Pakistan’s religious minorities. This article explores the perceptions of the Christian minority on the Islamization of the state asking how it has been affecting their life course. Qualitative research methods involving in-depth interviews and case studies explore the lived experiences of the Christian minority in Wah Cantonment city, Pakistan. Using purposive sampling techniques, 33 Christian respondents (16 males, 17 females) and eight senior Christian High Court lawyers (four males, four females) were interviewed. Based on empirical evidence, this article demonstrates that Islamic majoritarianism and lack of pluralist vision impedes minorities’ freedom in Pakistan, creating issues of safety, legal abuse and discrimination in their own homeland.

Insertion of English Subject in LL.B Syllabus: A Critical Analysis

Since the independence of Pakistan, English has been the language of the whole legal system including the judicial decisions of superior and subordinates courts. Indeed, in general, English language has been playing a pivotal role in order to understand the spirit of legal system, statutes, and judicial verdicts. Therefore, the students of the legal education have been taught additional English subjects in the first three semesters as approved by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and endorsed the same by the Pakistan Bar Council with the aiming to enhance their understanding and improvement of English language. However, it is witnessed that the insertion of additional English language courses in the legal education has been criticizing. This research intends to critically explore the significance of English language courses and its liaison with the LL.B program. This treatise adopted a qualitative research method in order to achieve the proposed objective. It carried out an in-depth critical analysis of the insertion of English language courses. Further, face to face interviews of various law students and teachers have been conducted and transcribed accordingly in order to support this research. This study adopted a purposive sampling method because of legal research along with semi-structured interviews.

Role of Pakhtun Women in Politics: A Case Study of Begum Zari Sarfaraz

An effort has been made to revisit the political participation of Pakhtun women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa former NWFP. The active role in the politics of Pakhtun women was quite difficult due to socio-cultural constraints. In such circumstances a woman from the elite class emerged on the political scene of NWFP; Begum Zari Sarfaraz who not only participated in the independence movement of Pakistan but also participated in politics after the creation of Pakistan and had rendered great services for women folk as members of national and provincial assemblies. The paper shed light on her opposition to One Unit. The paper also investigates the reason that why she quit politics. There is hardly any literature on the role of Begum Zari Sarfaraz in the politics of Pakistan.

Development of Constitutionalism in Pakistan: An Appraisal

The phenomenon of constitutionalism serves as a safeguard against the arbitrary use of power and is necessary to ensure rule of law in society. Traditionally, there are two types of constitutionalism; legal and political. The former justifies judicial review as an important constitutional tool and acknowledges the unique role of the judiciary in enforcing rule of law in society. The latter questions the democratic legitimacy of judicial review and prefers democratic parliamentary procedures on political decisions. With the help of qualitative research methodology, this Article explores historical developments influencing the outlines of Pakistani constitutionalism. It highlights limitations and challenges in relation to constitutionalism in the formative period of the country. It also provides an insight into the colonial constitutional practices before the independence of Pakistan. After that, there is a discussion of the pivotal judgments that had a profound impact on constitutionalism in the country. The abrogation of the first Constitution and promulgation of a new Constitution under the military regime and the attitude of courts during this period also form part of this article.

Affirmative Action in the Forensic Arena: Pakistan's Perspective

Being a weaker stratum of society, special measures should be taken to protect women and children. It is a basic obligation of all and sundry to safeguard and uplift women and children, but in the Courts of Law, they are the least protected. When the stage of realization of the basic rights comes, the Courts treat them like chattels on one pretext or other, especially on the ground of judicial restraint. They are not given equal treatment with men; what to say about special treatment in the Courts in Pakistan. Although on paper, women and children are the most privileged persons at the end of the day, they are victims of the men-made game. Everyone has been watching it since the creation of Pakistan and will continue seeing it forever. This article will explore the fraud being played on women and children from a forensic perspective.

Social Media Might Bring About Social Revolution in Pakistan

This study strives to explain the great potential of revolution in Pakistani Society. We have taken into account the previous historical and modern successful revolution of the world to analyze the root cause of its success that can be associated with the potential of Pakistani people at large. Moreover, literature signifies, “How does a revolution take place?” that enables us to find our objectives. The Qualitative Research Methodology and “Hermeneutic Approach” are adapted to draw out the assumption and to understand the Psyche of Pakistani Society. According to the finding, a revolution in Pakistan might be possible and activated in future, as the present political scenario has ignited the feeling of being subjects of political class of king families. Regardless of many differences in political and religious sentiments, the Pakistani people are cathartic in nature and react emotionally and aggressively on any incidence of human injustice and tyranny. As we have seen in the past at different sentimental issues, like agitation against ten year Ayub Era, agitation against Bhutto regime by National Alliance and in former East Pakistan as Bangladesh Revolution and above all, the successful active role of social media on all such injustices and tyrannical incidences in society. All these phenomena lead to a revolution in future to come in Pakistan.

Locating the Social Position of Pakistani Women in Text Books

The curriculum is the most grounded device to transmit and transform the way of life, values, and convictions of the society to the students. At the point the children enter the school, the pictures of the male and female depicted in books, solidify their ideas about gender bias and such gender stereotypes shape the mental framework of the students and leave an everlasting effect on the social outlook of the students. Children develop a certain sense of perception and personality while reading such books. The text, words, and pictures in the books leave a permanent blueprint in their mind and they organize their behavior along the patriarchal line, represented in the books. In the textbooks, male-dominant ideology has been used to construct reality in such a way that serves the interest of men in a society. There is a latent and manifest nexus of power and language which favors the patriarchal values. Gender ideologies apparent in the books are also embedded in children's pictures, mass media, and even clothing. There are also more males characters and heroes than females characters and heroes in the textbooks of Urdu and English. All prominent leaders of the Pakistan movement are males and only one female leader, Fatimah Jinnah, has representation in the books but that too in her capacity as sister of the founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Review of Faith and Feminism in Pakistan by Afiya Zia and The Women’s Movement in Pakistan by Ayesha Khan

Books Reviewed:
 Faith and Feminism in Pakistan: Religious Agency or Secular Autonomy? By Afiya Zia (Sussex Academic Press, 2018)
 The Women’s Movement in Pakistan: Activism, Islam and Democracy by Ayesha Khan (I. B. Tauris, 2018)

Delineations of Governance through Islam in Nascent Pakistan: Department Of Islamic Reconstruction and Islamic Law Commission

After the creation of Pakistan, the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan adopted the 1935 act as its constitution until an indigenous constitution was to be drafted by it. The first institution set up as a governmental body to recommend the measures to make society Islamic at provincial level was ‘Department of Islamic Reconstruction’ in 1947 while the first constitutional body provided by the 1956 constitution was Islamic Law Commission. This paper will attempt to contour the working of both these two constitutional bodies and the findings of this paper will help manifest the approach of the later governments that provided Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology (1962) and Council of Islamic Ideology (1973) in later years. By skimming through Assembly debates it will conclude that the establishment of the Islamic Laws Commission by the 1956 constitution manifests the governmentality by the then governments to develop a web around the ulema, Simultaneously the ulema also wanted their future role in the governmental policy making.

Book Reviews

Stanley WOLPERT, Jinnah of Pakistan. Published by OxfordUniversity Press, 1984. $24.95. PP 421.Sharif-AL-MUJAHID, Jinnuh-Studies in Interpretation, Publishedby Quaid-i-Azam Academy, Karachi 1981. $20.00. PP 806.Reviewed by: Abu FaisalFew individuals significantly altered the course of history. Fewer stillmodified the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited withcreating a nation-State. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three. It isindeed surprising that a leader of such stature and achievement shouldhave received such scant attention from the historians and biographers.Both Gandhi and Jinnah were contemporary leaders of the Indian Subcontinentand while hosts of books have been written on Gandhi, evenmovies have been made (“9 hours to Rama”and “Gandhi”), there has beenvery little literature on Jinnah, the creator of Pakistan. Although threevery little literature on Jinnah, the creator of Pakistan. Although therehave been a few attempts at sketching a biography of Quaid-i-Azam-asJinnah is called by his grateful nation-by some Indian and Pakistaniwriters, there has been hardly any authoritative or sustained study onJinnah, his role in the Pakistan Movement and how it affected thepolitical future and geography of the entire Sub-Continent. HectorBolitho was commissioned by the Government of Pakistan in the early1950s to write a biography of the Quaid-“Jinnah, creator of Pakistan”,but it failed to evoke any excitement or even meet the standards of abiography. It is exactly after 30 years after Hector Bolitho’s publicationthat an attempt has been made by Stanley Wolpert, a professor of historyat UCLA to reconstruct a chronicle of this pivotal figure in the Indianpolitics during the turbulent decades that led to the creation of Pakistan.Wolpert is an old and respected expert on South Asia and has writtenextensively on the politics of the Sub-Continent. He brings this intimateknowledge and insight of the region to bear upon this excellent ...

Building language, building province: Civil society and ethnic nationalism in Pakistan

ABSTRACT The Siraiki ethnic movement in Pakistan has gained prominence since the 2000s through its demand for the creation of a new province in the southern districts of Punjab. This article examines the crucial role played by civil society in the growth of Siraiki nationalism. Starting from the 1960s, the Siraiki intelligentsia engaged in identity construction through an emphasis on recognition of Siraiki as a language separate from Punjabi. Having achieved this goal in 1981, the Siraiki movement quickly moved towards territorial ambitions with the adoption of the demand for creation of a Siraiki province in south Punjab. This claim gained momentum after the 18th Amendment to the Pakistan constitution in 2010 that gave rise to the demand for new provinces from ethnic minorities. The question of a south Punjab province became part of mainstream politics when it was adopted by the Pakistan People’s Party and the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf in the 2013 and 2018 elections, respectively. Throughout the evolution of the Siraiki movement towards the agenda of a new province, civil society acted as the prime agency for ethnic mobilization.

Na Tuttiya Ve: Spiritual Activism and the #MeToo Movement in Pakistan

Na Tuttiya Ve: Spiritual Activism and the #MeToo Movement in Pakistan

Women Rights in Constitutions of Pakistan

The constitution is the prime document of any state to define the policy to run the country. Even Constitution is divided into kinds and types. Constitution describing the purposes, intentions, standards and goals to shelter the persons and essential civil rights of the public. The Constitution of Pakistan is the guideline for the fundamental rights of people. Before the creation of Pakistan there were Indian Act 1935 and the state was ruled under the governor general, later the new constitution was presented in form of objectives resolution, first time females privileges were incorporated later in the 1956 constitution the independence of the judiciary and civil rights were incorporate, later in 1962 constitution it was assured to confirm the far-reaching marginal privileges later in the constitution of 1973 women rights were included without dissemination on the base of (race, color, sex, caste, religion, dwelling, or place of birth) and ensure the women participation in all domains of ordinary life with shelter government.

Durand Line Agreement 1893: Myths and Reality

This paper attempts to analyse the myths about the Durand Line Agreement between the British India and Afghanistan in 1893. Nineteenth century is considered as the century of imperialism. The two great powers i.e Great Britain and Russia were in competition to fulfill their imperialistic designs. Great Britain succeeded in taking full control of India and Russia annexed Khiva, Bokhara and Khokand currently Central Asian republics until 1870. Afghanistan was the only state left between the two giants. The British India tested its muscles in Afghanistan in 1839 and 1878 but failed to consolidate. The fear of Russian advancement during the Great Game compelled the British India to declare Afghanistan a buffer state and demarcate its boundaries. They started working on it immediately after the second Anglo-Afghan war in 1885. Resultantly the western boundaries of India were secured through the famous Durand Line Agreement in 1893 between Afghanistan and British India. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 a lot of myths emerged related to this agreement. This paper focuses on those myths and its reality in order to clarify the misunderstanding related to this much debated agreement.