Revolution In Military Affairs Research Articles

Hambatan yang Dihadapi ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC) dalam Menentukan Platform Persenjataannya

This article is a study of the impediments to the ASEAN Defense IndustryCollaboration (ADIC) in determining its weapons platforms. In analyzingthe impediments, this article refers to the concept of Revolution in MilitaryAffairs (RMA) which formulates that the technology, doctrine, andmilitary organization are influenced by each member of the ADIC. TheRMA is a useful concept for portraying the military characteristics ofeach member. The causality constructed in this research is between thedoctrinaire, technological, and organizational features in the determinationof military and weapons platform in the ADIC. This article findsthat there is discrepancy in existing technologies, doctrines, and militaryorganizations among members of ADIC and it creates a strong impedimentin determining weapons platforms. Without initiating strongercollaboration and setting tangible policy aims to solve common groundabsence, ADIC will not go effectively.

DETERMINING THE FIRST PRIORITY OF THE FIRST ARSENAL LOCATION TO SUPPORT THE OPERATION OF THE INDONESIAN WARSHIP IN SAFETY OF THE EAST INDONESIAN SEA REGION WITH AHP METHODS

Faced with conditions of life of the nation that continues to evolve into a multidimensional cover all areas of the life of the nation, then certainly required the development and deployment of the total potential and power of the nation effectively. Therefore it is the power that was developed to deal with these threats must also have the ability to multi-dimensional as well. Reality is always pushing to restructure the military concept of defense to become responsive and adaptable and tailored to the substance of the reforms in the defense. The main problem faced by Indonesia to develop a domestic defense industry is the inability of industry and education sectors to absorb the fundamental aspects of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). This inability does not allow Indonesia to experience significant breakthroughs in the application of RMA. So with reference to the condition necessary to anticipate concrete steps in developing a systematic plan to build the defense industries are able to anticipate the revolution in military affairs. Among priorities at once by selecting the appropriate stages of the development plan which includes the development of Main Equipment Weapon System, Spatial Planning Area Defense, Civil Defense Development, and Spatial Structure of the Organization. And one of its efforts is the creation of the ability of military logistics support system effective and efficient and responsive, which in this case is the development of Arsenal's arsenal of weapons and ammunition in terms of both quality and quantity so that is always ready to face any condition of any contingency that would happen. Determining policy location Arsenal first location contains more choices in environmental issues multi-objective and multicriteria decision, then the model is proposed to be the appropriate methodology to accommodate the qualitative preference and priority-setting objectives/criteria for future development is to approach the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Principle of the AHP method is to break breaking a complex situation and unstructured, into its component parts, arranging these variables in a section or an order of hierarchy, giving numerical values to subjective considerations about the relative importance of each variable and analysis various considerations is to determine which variables have the highest priority and act to influence the outcome of the situation. From the results of the solution by using the AHP method showed that the first priority location determination Arsenal 1 in the eastern region is a factor analysis of logistics operations to support operations capabilities in the integrated logistics support system that effectively and efficiently. And the locations selected for Arsenal's first priority location is in the eastern region Lantamal Ambon.

An Overview of the Nigerian Defense Policy and the Challenges against Terrorism

From independence to the present, Nigeria aims and aspiration in its national defense policy is to maintain peace with its neighbors, security and defend its territorial integrity. With the principles of Afrocentricism and neighborliness, it is of no doubt that Nigeria detests war. However, global issues have transcended maintenance of peace without viable economy, good governance technology and motivation among which are becoming a challenge against Nigerian defense policy. Current contemporary issue of terrorism poses serious challenge on Nigeria defense policy. It is true that Nigerian defense policy addresses military capability and deterrence against external threat but it lacks the necessary requirements to back it up in challenging terrorism. It also appears that Nigeria defense policy is heavily relying on the matrix of military capability as a source of deterrence rather than the sum total of superior technology/excellent infrastructure, motivation and resources to fight terrorism. The Nigerian defense policy also failed to take cognizance of the revolution in military revolutionary affairs in which new dimension of fighting war through asymmetric or ultra-irregular warfare and terrorist grand strategy of kidnapping and suicide bombing have overtaken the place of military conventional warfare. The paper attempts to trace the historical precedent of the Nigerian defense policy, its role and challenges in combating terrorism. The paper made use of observation and secondary data and also concluded that it is not the Nigerian defense policy on paper that is faulty but it lacks the operational mechanisms of combating terrorism such as good and purposeful leadership, motivation, resources and moving with the global trend of revolution in military warfare. The paper came out with suggested solutions that government must use human and resources security, de-politicization of terrorism, moving with the global trend of revolution in military affairs with collective global security to fight terrorism.

Evolution of war. Issues of variability or invariance of Nature and Character of War

The study of the nature and character of the war has probably been the subject of research since the first organized clash between the two opposing groups. My purpose in this paper is to elaborate on specific aspects of evolution of nature and character of war. First, based on the analysis of different theories of study of war and warfare, which includes examination of how warfare has evolved over a long history, analyzing important issues related to evolution of war, consider different considerations specifically what was and is the catalyst for changes in the character of war vs. unchanging nature of war. It is important to analyze the evolution of warfare, regard to revolutions in military affairs and the analysis of four generations of war. Revolutions in the military affairs have analyzed the issue in three directions: technological development, doctrinal innovations, and orga-nizational adaptations, which have been an essential process in light of developments taking place in chronological order throughout the world. Four Generations War Analysis is catalysts for change to understand the real drivers of the generational shift. The discussion of the fourth generation of war leads to the important issue what we today call the dilemmas posed by modern warfare, which brought war into the abstract dimension. Military theorists such as Martin van Creveld, Mary Kaldor, and Max Boot, have analyzed and saw the nature and character of war from a new prism, but to this day abstract nature of war “fog of war” remain unexplained, unresolved issue for modern military theorist

The Improbable Militarist: Jimmy Carter, the Revolution in Military Affairs and Limits of the American Two-Party System

The Improbable Militarist: Jimmy Carter, the Revolution in Military Affairs and Limits of the American Two-Party System

The British army, information management and the First World War revolution in military affairs

ABSTRACTInformation Management (IM) – the systematic ordering, processing and channelling of information within organisations – forms a critical component of modern military command and control systems. As a subject of scholarly enquiry, however, the history of military IM has been relatively poorly served. Employing new and under-utilised archival sources, this article takes the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of the First World War as its case study and assesses the extent to which its IM system contributed to the emergence of the modern battlefield in 1918. It argues that the demands of fighting a modern war resulted in a general, but not universal, improvement in the BEF’s IM techniques, which in turn laid the groundwork, albeit in embryonic form, for the IM systems of modern armies.

Japan and the Revolution in Military Affairs

The Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) has not only changed how the USA engages in warfare but also how it maintains its military supremacy and how other nations budget and strategize. The very idea of the RMA has impacted how nations manage their technological advantages and raises the questions of can the RMA be monopolized and if not, which nations can adopt their own RMA? In September 2000, the Japan Defence Agency (now the Ministry of Defence [MOD]) produced a report titled ‘“Info-RMA”: Study on Info-RMA and the Future of the Self-Defence Forces’ to explore the prospects of implementing RMA principles in the Japan Self-Defence Forces. In this article, I explore to what extent can RMA principles be implemented in the Self-Defence Forces? I argue that although several significant changes have been implemented in technology, doctrine, operations and organization, various normative and technical constraints have directed the MOD to craft an RMA with Japanese characteristics, emphasizing defence and interconnectedness with the US armed forces. These findings suggest that current efforts to ‘normalize’ the Self-Defence Forces can succeed if crafted to appeal to the sensibilities of the Japanese public.

The role of ideas in defense planning: revisiting the revolution in military affairs

ABSTRACT Which ideas shape defense planning and why? The following paper builds on over 80 interviews with senior defense officials to dissect the origin, evolution, and fall of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), a major post-Cold War US defense innovation paradigm. In studying the emergence and diffusion of the RMA concept, my research suggests a central role for collective actors sharing constitutive ideas about practice and competing for legitimate authority and influence in the defense establishment. The rise of the RMA as an organizing idea in U.S. defense planning is thus not reducible to bureaucratic competition, technological determinism, or strategic culture as an external set of norms. Rather, it can be portrayed as a social process involving boundary activation by bureaucrats and soldiers (re)interpreting their key tasks and core missions for future war.

CHINESE INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE INFORMATION AGE: THE CASE OF SEMICONDUCTORS

ABSTRACT This paper examines the semiconductor’s industry growing importance as a strategic technology in the modern industrial system and in contemporary warfare. It also analyzes this industry’s evolution in China and the Chinese semiconductor industrial policy over the last years. We review the Chinese interpretation of the ‘revolution in military affairs’ and China’s perception of its backwardness as well as the possibilities of catch-up and evolution in the most sophisticated segments of this productive chain through domestic firms and indigenous innovation.

Applying the Revolution in Military Affairs to Intelligence

This paper identifies how the concept of the ‘Revolution in Military Affairs’ can be applied to the intelligence process to address the overabundance of information produced by contemporary technologies. Three tenets from the ‘Revolution in Military Affairs’ are examined as possible remedies for failings in the intelligence process. Drawing on previous intelligence failures, the case is made that applying the ‘Revolution in Military Affairs’ will improve the intelligence process and allow for agencies to stay on top of the large quantity of information they handle. The finding is that by incorporating these tenets, intelligence services can improve the quality of intelligence that they produce.

LOS LÍMITES DEL PODER MILITAR ESTADOUNIDENSE

Este artículo realiza un análisis de la intervención militar estadounidense en Afganistán e Iraq. Estas campañas han puesto a prueba la imponente maquinaria bélica americana y han revelado tanto el cambiante rostro de la guerra como los límites del nuevo estilo militar surgido de la Revolución en los Asuntos Militares. Ello está obligando a Washington a revisar la estructura de fuerzas y mandos, el catálogo de capacidades, el patrón de despliegue global y a rede nir el proceso de transformación militar del país para enfrentarse con éxito a los requerimientos presentes y futuros.

Short circuit: retracing the political for the age of ‘autonomous’ weapons

ABSTRACTThe spectre of lethal autonomous weapons has drawn increasing interest and concern in recent years as advances in robotics and artificial intelligence have signaled their potential immanence. Long portended in dystopic pop culture conjurings, the figure of the militarized automaton already registers in popular imaginaries in ways that intersect with quotidian understandings of ‘smart bombs’ and ‘surgical strikes’, first made familiar to global publics in the opening days of the 1991 Gulf War and elaborated in its cultural aftermath in everyday forms from cinema to video games, and more. Much in the way of the discourse and semiotics of arms control professionals now grappling with the idea of ‘killer robots’ flows together with and reproduces both these popular renderings and the rhetorical technologies of what has been taken to be a revolution in military affairs driven by watershed developments in advanced weaponry. In so doing, they mystify locations of political subjecthood in ways that might be profoundly disenabling of workable resistance strategies. This also threatens implication in unequal power circulations that have worked to exert an emergent monopoly by the most powerful over legitimate recourse to organized political violence.

Steering between Primacies: Challenges to the Australia-U.S. Alliance

Steering between Primacies:Challenges to the Australia-U.S. Alliance Michael Wesley (bio) The Australia-U.S. alliance has experienced three straight decades of tightening and deepening, driven by a range of factors. The advent of the "unipolar moment" provided a strong incentive for Australia to make a sustained diplomatic effort to reinforce and renovate its alliance with the United States after the Cold War, rather than to attenuate it as Thailand and the Philippines did. The tech-driven surge in the U.S. economy, coupled with the revolution in military affairs, convinced successive Australian governments that the United States was an indispensable security partner for the foreseeable future. Regional and global security dynamics further drove a convergence in strategic interests. Post-Tiananmen China had stabilized Communist rule and inaugurated a sustained period of economic growth through the 1990s. Its insistence on the retrocession of Hong Kong and Macao and its "missile diplomacy" against Taiwan in 1996 underlined for many the arrival of a wealthy and assertive power in Asia. And by the end of the 1990s, the region's strategy of socializing China through regional organizations had clearly not worked. The September 11 attacks, followed by the Bali bombings on Australia's doorstep, focused Australian and U.S. concerns on terrorism and weak states for the decade that followed. Australia's strong support for U.S.-led campaigns in Central Asia and the Middle East, and its willingness to contribute to the controversial invasion of Iraq, provided ample opportunities to co-embed Australian and U.S. forces, integrate intelligence cooperation to unprecedented levels, and press forward with a range of interoperability initiatives. The alliance gained an economic pillar with the signing of a free trade agreement in 2005. The following discussion examines the challenges to the Australia-U.S. alliance that have emerged over the last decade. The essay then assesses Australia's strategic options and concludes by arguing that the allies need to develop a common strategy to balance China's rise. [End Page 59] Challenges for the Australia-U.S. Alliance Over the past decade, several trends have emerged to complicate the seemingly inexorable push by Australia to build ever-closer strategic ties with the United States. The first decade of the 21st century saw the remarkable complementarity between the Australian and Chinese economies become manifest. China became a massive importer of Australia's primary commodities, driving a trade boom that was unprecedented in Australian history, while China's own surge of manufacturing exports did not threaten Australia's small industrial sector. While Americans came to see China as an economic threat, Australians were seeing it as an economic opportunity. Toward the end of the decade, the global financial crisis opened up a real gap between the United States' and China's economic performance, as the latter country's strong economic growth placed it even more firmly at the center of regional trade dynamics. China's arms spending continued to spiral upward as the United States slashed its own military budget, a contrast that undermined the credibility of the commitment to "rebalance" U.S. forces to the Asia-Pacific, which President Barack Obama unveiled in a speech to the Australian Parliament in 2011. Rather than being cowed, China answered the rebalance with a more assertive challenge to U.S. primacy in the Pacific. In the South China Sea, it began to back its territorial claims more aggressively and declared an air defense identification zone over the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. Beijing began building and weaponizing artificial islands in the Spratly Islands, while also doubling down on its investments in anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) weapon systems, aimed at raising the risk to U.S. naval operations in the western Pacific. In both arenas, China challenged U.S. primacy materially, as well as testing the credibility of U.S. alliance commitments to the Philippines and Japan. To most observers in Australia, the United States' alliance credibility was enhanced through its strong support for Japan but damaged in relation to the Philippines. Meanwhile, China's assertiveness brought none of the diplomatic costs that analysts had expected. Trade, investment, and positive diplomatic ties continued with even those countries in...

Revolution in Military Affairs and Outer Space

Abstract Concept of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) analyses and describes processes of major changes in military-strategic dimension, which provide possibilities especially for states to enhance their military power and establish superiority over their opponents. Contemporary, development of new (weapon) technologies (e.g. precision-guided munitions, unmanned aerial vehicles) and doctrines (e.g. network centric warfare, system-of-systems) represents such opportunity. Outer space in this context represents relatively new dimension of warfare with increasing importance for strategical thinking of all main state actors (e.g. China, Russia, and the U.S.). This paper deals with relation between RMA and outer space. The aim of this paper is to analyses how outer space and space technologies influence contemporary/future RMA and vice versa.

Pushing Ahead with New Revolution in Military Affairs and it's Prospect of Contemporary Russian Federation under the Regime of Putin’s Third Presidency

Pushing Ahead with New Revolution in Military Affairs and it's Prospect of Contemporary Russian Federation under the Regime of Putin’s Third Presidency

The information age combat model: a vision for a discrete event simulation approach

Network centric operations (NCO) has been dubbed the most significant revolution in military affairs (RMA) in the past 200 years. The promise of NCO is based on the notion that information sharing and connectivity is fundamental to the effectiveness of a combat force. This is due to the ability of a properly networked force to self-synchronise itself as it engages enemy forces. The information age combat model (IACM) is a popular representation of NCO. Previous research at modelling the IACM has so far focused solely at using agent-based modelling. That work produced significant contributions to the IACM literature. However, it has proven to be computationally expensive. IACM simulations must be sustainable as research into IACM evolves and more NCO complexities are introduced. This research will propose a discrete-event simulation (DES) approach to model the IACM. The paper will present the basis upon which DES was selected for this purpose and will illustrate how the DES approach can provide significant improvements in terms of the time and computational power needed to run IACM simulations.

Strategic and security trends and projection of the strategic framework of the security of the Republic of Serbia

Starting from the indisputable fact that security is the primary interest and a key prerequisite for the development of contemporary societies, understanding and assessing current and future trends in the near and distant environment and their impacts on the security of the Republic of Serbia are particularly important in defining a framework of its conceptual and strategic preparedness to protect vital national interests. There are many factors that are influencing and will continue to influence in a long-term the security of the Republic of Serbia and its environment. The stronger contours of multipolar international order and the emergence of new global participants in world politics, the crisis of the idea of global society and return of realpolitik patterns in international politics, proximity of energy - rich but unstable Arab - Persian and the Caspian basin, conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, serious identity crisis and threat to internal cohesion of the European Union, as well as the migrant crisis, certainly represent major factors that will affect the political and security processes in the near and distant environment of the Republic of Serbia. Projection of security trends and challenges that accompany the process of socialization of the Balkans, as an area which is still, in terms of security, the most sensitive part of the European continent, will have a strong reflection on the definition of long - term commitments of the Republic of Serbia. Problems in Kosovo, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as potentially the most explosive issues of the Balkan security, as well as the complexity of socio?economic and political context of the societies in the Balkans, especially their unabated ethnic and religious standoff, complicate the process of converting the Balkans from the conflicting area to the area of lasting peace. Also, monitoring of trends in perception and practice of security, especially regarding the waging of contemporary armed conflicts and the revolution in military affairs, as well as their long?term projection are of great importance in defining the strategic framework of security of the Republic of Serbia, primarily the instruments to protect its security.

Changing characteristics of warfare and the future of Military R&D

Wars have been a part of humanity since prehistoric times, and are expected to remain an important component of future human societies. Since the beginning of the history wars have evolved in parallel with the changes in Society, Technology, Economy, Environment, Politics and Values (STEEPV). The changing circumstances unavoidably affect the characteristics of warfare through its motivations, shape and size. Armies have adapted themselves to these changing characteristics of warfare through Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMAs) by introducing new military concepts and technologies. Based on the overview of the evolution of military technologies and concepts as a response to changing conditions, the aim of the present study is to anticipate what and how future technologies and concepts will shape warfare and drive impending RMAs. To answer this question, first the RMA literature is reviewed within a broader historical context to understand the extent to which military concepts and technologies affected the RMAs. Then, a time-based technological trend analysis is conducted through the analysis of military patents to understand the impact of technological developments on military concepts. Following the historical analyses, two scenarios are developed for the future of military R&D based on ‘concept-driven’ and ‘technology-driven’ factors. The article is concluded with a discussion about the implications of future scenarios for military R&D, and likely RMAs through the changes of concepts and technologies, and possible consequences such as transformations in organizational structures of armies, new skill and capacity requirements, military education systems, and decision-making processes.

Revolutions in military affairs that did not occur: A framework for analysis

ABSTRACTThe existing literature suggests different ways to explain the interconnection between technology, military, and society that creates changes in military affairs. It seems, however, that most of this literature concentrates on successful cases of military transformations and overlooks a significant number of failed transformations. The purpose of this article is to define the conceptual social-political-military environment that creates, or not, military transformations in general, and revolutions in military affairs (RMAs) in particular. Supporting its argument with two historical examples, this article suggests that an RMA is an outcome of traceable imbalance between political leadership, its military, and unmet political-military challenges. The conceptual framework proposed by the article significantly improves the ability of scholars and practitioners to explore, explain, and anticipate the possible directions of military transformations by a systematic examination of the political-military challenges that these transformations are intended to bridge and the socio-cultural environments that shape political-military decision-making processes.

Does military pressure boost fiscal capacity? Evidence from late-modern military revolutions in Europe and North America

Warfare and military competition have been defined as important driving forces for the expansion of fiscal capacity during late-modern times. However, the empirical evidence remains inconclusive, and we still lack a historical narrative that explains how warfare has affected the evolution of late-modern fiscal systems. This article aims to fill this gap by analysing the effects of warfare on fiscal development in the light of the so-called Revolutions in Military Affairs that took place in Western countries since the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The results suggest that the interplay between warfare and fiscal expansion has followed an inverted “U-shape” pattern, in which changes in military tactics and technology have pushed public revenues up until the destructive power has passed the nuclear threshold level. Additionally, the results pose that politics is relevant to complete this war-led narrative.