Revolution In England Research Articles

Characteristics of unpaved roads in the late 18th century – early 19th century, and the design of the first wooden trackway as a forerunner to the Bukovyna railways

In the history of Bukovinian social life in the 1840–1850s, an important role is played by the fierce struggle for the introduction of rail transport. This struggle took place in the deepening crisis of the feudal system and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire. Primitive medieval methods of transporting goods and passengers by waterways and unpaved roads, which for centuries met the needs of feudal Bukovyna, became a brake on the economic, social and political progress of the Bukovyna region. The beginning of the transport revolution in England had a huge public response in Austria-Hungary. The rapidly developing relationship between scientists and engineers from Austria, Western Europe and America in this period made a large contribution to the process, as the newest means of transportation were spreading in the early 19th century, first of all, in the industrialized regions of Europe. These regions had enough funds for the construction of roads because they could develop different methods of production. Today we are mostly interested in the projects of construction of typical means of transportation on agricultural lands with practically no industry. In the early 19th century, Bukovyna was one of them. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. The government's attention to Bukovyna's roads was explained by their military, economic and political significance for the Austrian Empire by the end of the 18th – early 19th century. There was a number of state trackways built on the territory of Bukovyna which crossed the region and ensured the military interconnection of two Austrian provinces named – Galicia and Transylvania, as well as approached the borders of the Russian Empire and the Danube principalities. At the same time, they helped to restore the suspended trade flow in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. It is evident that such an idea played a significant role in shaping the development strategy of the region in the minds of Austrian and Bukovinian officials, and became a forerunner for main and regional railways in Bukovyna.

Understanding De Certeau's Concepts of Strategy and Tactics in Relation to the Educational Policy Analysis

Due to the Industrial Revolution in Britain, the spread of production and consumption paved the way for consumption, especially excessive and luxury consumption, ceasing to be the privilege of aristocrats and other upper social classes. With the development of modern capitalism, the bourgeoisie/middle classes, which started to rise in the West, especially in America and Europe alongside the aristocracy in many spaces, began to utilize consumption and objects of consumption as a manifestation of their own class differences and privileges just like the aristocracy did. Many nineteenth century sociologists, notably Weber, Simmel, and Veblen, approached this process “positively” with great hopes. However, by the twentieth century, French sociologists, especially Lefebvre and members of the Frankfurt School, were pessimistic to modern consumer society and consumer culture. This pessimistic approach, as can be seen in the example of the Frankfurt school, described the prevalence of mass production and consumption in the modern era as the “end/death of the individual”. Contrary to this pessimistic view, de Certeau proposes that consumers who are considered to be passive spontaneously transform any kind of products and production objects imposed on them by the dominant order and/or capitalist system into artistic forms by means of (different) ways of using and reproducing those objects in everyday life. Certeau elaborates the ways of action and production created by the consumer against the “strategies” of the system in daily life as “tactics” of the user/consumer. Therefore, this study aims to reveal Certeau’s original approach to modern consumer society and to try to explore his views on this subject through his two basic concepts, namely “strategy” and “tactics”. This study also tries to illustrate that De Certeau’s analysis of modern consumption culture and his concepts of strategy and tactics offer new perspectives to those who are working on education policies.

A Sociological Study On Construction Workers (With Special Reference to Chitradurga District)

India is a largest growing economies in the world. There are several sectors helps to the expansion of economic growth. Among these sectors construction industry is the main field which leads to the spread of economic activities. Eighteenth century witnessed industrial revolution in England. The term industrialization refers the process which assists to the expansion of economic condition of any Informal or unorganized sector. In India nearly 273 million workers engaged in construction Industry in which 92 % of them are working in unorganized sectors. Undoubtedly the process of industrialization helps every nation for the economic development, simultaneously creates various social problems. Considering the fact, the present study aims to find out the socio- economic condition of construction workers with a sociological point of view in Chitradurga district. Because the construction workers facing perilous condition and leading vulnerable life. Health hazards, economic instability, seasoned job are the main problems of these workers. Nonetheless, the present study tries to explain the difficulty of construction workers in a sociological background.

On the Promotion of Aristocratic Government to the First Industrial Revolution in England

On the Promotion of Aristocratic Government to the First Industrial Revolution in England

19세기 영국 퀘이커교도의 비즈니스 성공요인과 그 윤리

This study aims to examine the roles of Quaker tradesmen and entrepreneurs in the developments of the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the success factors and ethics of Quakers’ Business activities. How the Quaker took the lead the front line of the Industrial Revolution? What brought Quakers into various fields of commerce and industrial world? Quaker was derived from puritanism since the Civil War in England but Quaker believers had been at odds with other protestant sects. Because Quakers thought that Everyone was equal before God and they denied the official authorities including the King and the religious leaders. Therefore Quakers were regarded as the dangerous group that threatened the social order. From the 1660s, The Commonwealth of England and the constitutional monarchy kept prohibited Quakers from advancing the official position of the political circles and the social professions and the admission into any university and college. So Quakers could not have advanced into the various business circles and industrial world. Quakers had been striven to calling faithfully and concentrated on their trading and managing their business efficiently during 18~19th centuries. Finally, they contributed to establish the development of modern capitalism in Britain as the outstanding forerunners or manufacturers or tradesmen that were engaged in manufacturing industries during the 18th~19th century. Above all, Quakers had managed to their company honestly and put in business practice truthfully following codes of conduct of Quakerism for equality, peace, truth and simple life. As a result, Quaker companies like the Cadbury Co. of Birmingham and the Rowntree Co. of York got a good reputation of ‘good companies and good employers’ by the contemporary and some scholars of today. Some Quaker entrepreneurs and reformers tried to remove parts of social problems caused by the Industrial developments. They tried to improve their labourer’s poor life by improving the working conditions and they established collaborative relations by recognizing their labourers as collaborators. Nowadays, the Business activities of Quaker tradesmen and companies are termed in ‘Quakernomics that had features of Ethical capitalism’ by Mike King. The result of this study highlights the religious life of preserving the religious spirituality of Quakers, the presence of competent businessmen pursued new technology and innovation, Quaker’s enterprise culture and system for labourers differentiated from other companies and especially the network power of the religious society of Friend based on Quaker relationship etc. as the real factors of Quakers’ business success. (Kyungpook National University / minerva10@hanmail.net)

Is there any relationship between child labour, crime rates and country income per capita?

Child labour exists in varying degrees in virtually all countries aspiring to reach high income status. The prevalence of child labour and associated criminal activities have been portrayed in the 19th century novels of Charles Dickens, perhaps most vividly in the character ‘Fagin’ in the novel ‘Oliver Twist’. It seems clear that the early years of the industrial revolution in Britain gave rise to demand for increased child labour and also provided fertile ground for criminal activities. However, it is also evident from the experience of the high-income countries that the hallowed peaks of the development process witness an end to such activities representing the dark side of income creation. This paper examines whether there is a definite relationship between country income per capita and the prevalence of crime and child labour. The presumption is that as incomes grow there is an increase in the use of child labour as well as in crime, with a tapering- off after a certain income level. This paper presents evidence for such an inverted ‘U’ relationship between child labour and income per capita as well as between the crime index and income. These findings may also throw some light on the puzzle of the sudden fall in U.S crime rates in the 1990s.

Lighting the way: The establishment of the first printed works in Te Reo Māori


 
 
 This paper explores the environment in which the first printed works were created in Aotearoa/ New Zealand. During the industrial revolution in Britain, the Empire was engaged in a global race of expansion against European counterparts. On their arrival in Aotearoa/New Zealand in the early part of the 1800s, some missionaries sought to learn the language and understand common phrases, and then to prepare educational texts and to print scripture. In order to create notices, dictionary, grammar, religious pamphlets and books it was necessary to create a new written language in Te Reo Māori. In all such cases, European contact with indigenous populations had long lasting effects, and in a few cases those effects provided the foundation for cultural survival. The events of the early formative period of the interactions between Māori and the missionaries and symbols of such events is also discussed through a series of visual narratives made with screenprints on paper by the authors.
 
 

Machines as manifestations of global systems: Steps toward a sociometabolic ontology of technology

Anthropologists have generally found it reasonable to understand the Industrial Revolution in Britain as a product of global historical processes including colonialism and the structure of world trade. The extent to which the industrialization of British textile production was contingent on global processes has been illuminated in detail by historians such as Joseph Inikori. Andre Gunder Frank proposed that we should reconceptualize technological development as a ‘world economic process, which took place in and because of the structure of the world economy’. Yet the theoretical implications of understanding industrial technological systems as global and unevenly distributed phenomena have, by and large, not contaminated mainstream conceptions of technologies as politically neutral and fundamentally innocent manifestations of enlightenment, detachable from the societal contexts in which they have emerged. Social theory nevertheless offers perspectives for a radical rethinking of this conventional ontology of modern technology. If the premises of actor–network theory, material culture studies, Marxism and poststructuralist critiques of power and inequalities are combined with the perspectives of ecological economics on global social metabolism, the fossil-fuelled textile factories of 19th-century Britain can be reinterpreted as social instruments for appropriating embodied human labour and natural space from elsewhere in the global system. A renewed ‘anthropology of technology’ might focus on the observation that technology is not simply a matter of putting nature to work, but a strategy of putting other sectors of global society to work.1

Disruption Faces, Inequality, and Its Appearance in Religion: An Integrated Paradigm

Since the industrial revolution in England around the 18thcentury, the world changed in very fast motion. Sequentially steam engine was found, printing machines, computers, and finally the internet network—a forerunner of the digital era. These all affect without exception, including Indonesia. We live in a world connected one another through communication technology. Departing from this issue, this study focused on the face of religious thought, educational patterns, and culture—especially in Muslims society. Trying to integrate William F. Ogburn's Cultural Lag theory and Disruptive Innovation of Clayton Cristensen, this study found the symptom connection between them. Civilization which consists of two elements: material (technology) and non-material (culture; education) are clearly separated by the abyss. One element flies very fast, and the other crawls slowly. These two things ultimately influence the Muslim religious thinking today. Overlapping the information in digital media every day made religious people did not have time to digest or analyze it. In fact, we found unilateral truth claims from certain groups—in the name of a complete understanding of religion, which is deeply turned out to be ahistorical. Here; disruption is caused by the movement of information that coming so fast—unstoppable and created a shallow, instant and hasty knowledge.

The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions in England and China: A View through the Lens of Dynamic Property Rights Theory

Abstract This article presents a dynamic land property rights theory based on the law of the limit to land productivity, and then uses this theory and a large amount of data to compare the history of the agricultural and industrial revolutions in England and China. The article finds that, in England, the arable land—especially sown land—per capita of the agricultural population trended downward before the Black Death, but after the Black Death, experienced a long-term upward trend. In China, however, over the same period, the sown area per capita of the rural population shrank. It is these opposing trends that account for the historical divergence between the economies of England and China. This article concludes that the agricultural and industrial revolutions in England, as well as England’s capitalist market and private property rights regime, are the result of the expansion of the sown area per capita of the agricultural population. The article also concludes that the claim that England’s capitalist system of markets and private property rights gave birth to its agricultural and industrial revolutions cannot be sustained.

Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution. By Priya Satia (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2018) 528 pp. $35.00

<i>Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution</i>. By Priya Satia (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2018) 528 pp. $35.00

Political Turmoil: Early Modern British Literature in Transition, 1623–1660. Edited by Stephen B. Dobranski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xvi+365.

<i>Political Turmoil: Early Modern British Literature in Transition, 1623–1660</i>. Edited by Stephen B. Dobranski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xvi+365.

Inspired by British inventions: Joseph von Baader (1763–1835) — a Bavarian engineer fighting a losing battle

Bavaria offered little incentives for the new industrial age around 1800. Yet — due to the activities of Joseph von Baader — a touch of the Industrial Revolution reached Bavaria at least marginally. Baader was inspired by extended sojourns in Great Britain where he had visited James Watt’s steam engines, John Wilkinson’s iron works and other industrial sites. Unlike the breeding grounds of the Industrial Revolution in England and Scotland, however, the Bavarian sites and circumstances for implementing new technology were unusual. Baader used the transformation of the baroque Nymphenburg castle park in Munich into the then fashionable English landscape garden as an opportunity to install new pumps for powerful fountain jets. The castle park also served Baader as a proving ground for the demonstration of steam engines, gas light and a new transportation system. However, decades before the advent of the industrial age in Bavaria these technologies remained showcase examples. Baader’s initiatives were all doomed to failure.

Jane Austen's View on the Industrial Revolution in Pride and Prejudice

This study dismantles Jane Austen’s view in Pride and Prejudice novel triggered by the social systems in British society. The society influenced by the phenomena of the industrial revolution in England in the late eighteenth century revealed the social system. This study aims to find out how Jane Austen views the revolution of the industry in British society. By having the focus on the sociology of literature, this study applies Lucien Goldman’s genetic structuralism. By the dialectical method, the study found that in Austen’s view the landed gentry system and inheritance system was adopted to measure the social class among the societies. Jane Austen thought the inheritance system as the fallacious practice in the society as the economic condition motivated British parents to apply matchmaking for their children to get a better life. Jane Austen views that the industrial revolution plays an important role in forming social occupation at that time. The working-class condition leads them to work in the town, while the upper-class society tends to open some businesses by doing trade at the town. The rest group of middle class tends to work and dedicate themselves to the rich people. Finally, Jane Austen puts her view toward the society in Pride and Prejudice.Keywords: author, class, genetic structuralism, the industrial revolution, view

The Impact Of The Renaissance On The Industrial Revolution In Britain In The 2nd Half Of The 18th Century

The Impact Of The Renaissance On The Industrial Revolution In Britain In The 2nd Half Of The 18th Century

Strategic Risk Management Analysis PT Indo Tambangraya Megah, Tbk. (Case Study Period 2011-2014, Amid Declining Coal Price)

The Management Strategy in mining business companies are unique and specific study, where modern mining was started to produce massive coal in the era of Industrial Revolution in England in 18th (eight teens) century, and throughout the rest of Europe due to Industrial booming, this situation continued to all over the world along with economic growth in which country surrounding where utilization of coal and minerals are required systematically then which a called as modern mining will be exploited continue till today. Decision-makers need a technical strategy and systematic analysis tools to scan the latest trend situation and condition of natural environment business, both external and internal, then assessed it and fixed it. Wheelen, make it Four Basic Elements of Management Strategy, starting with 1) Environmental Scanning, 2) Strategy Formulation, 3) Strategy Implementation, and 4) Evaluation and Control (Monitoring) Performance. In conducting to monitoring or evaluation, measurement tools the performance of the company is essential, Wheelen describes several measuring devices such are Activity Based Costing, Traditional Financial Measures, Balance Score Card, Stake Holders and Share Holders Value. The crucial thing is Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). Research has proven that the ERM in its implementation, need risk management strategies to be able to do early detection, to the survival and sustainability of the company as part of Strategy Management.

Understanding Violence in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities

This paper, Understanding Violence in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, deals with violence in its various forms in Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities. The novel recounts the French Revolution of 1789. In the novel, Dickens portrays a terrifying scene of blood and brutality. Violence appears in different forms. Critics have paid attention to Charles Dickens’ own fear of a similar revolution in England. The paper attempts to find the substance of that fear. The paper will discuss the three forms of violence in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities; namely, violence as an inherent part of the French Revolution; violence committed by the crowds or mobs, and the evil that rises and grows as the Revolution continues. It will be argued that Dickens’ depiction of the crowd and mob behavior in A Tale of Two Cities captures the potential which is in the mentality of any crowd to grow violent. That is, a seemingly innocent start could lead to evil. A socio-psychological approach will also be consulted to analyze violence in the novel; violence as part of the revolution; violence committed by the mobs, and finally how the revolutionary masses turn evil.

THE ORIGIN OF «PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE» MAXIM: SOME MYTHS DEBUNKING

It is thought that the presumption of innocence maxim emerged in France and was enshrined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789. Unanimity of scholars in that question begot some doubts. Resolving them, the author comes to following conclusions: this maxim was applied in a legal procedure of ancient Athens; it reappeared in the age of the Inquisition as opposed to the confidence of inquisitors in guilt of heretics; bourgeois revolutions in England and its colonies, which had occurred before the French Revolution, couldn’t do without this presumption, the reason is that bourgeoisie of these countries had the same origins and pursued the same goals. It is untrue that legal acts of bourgeois revolutions «pioneers» did not refer to the presumption of innocence. There is no such a collocation in articles of these legal acts, but their content corresponds to Art. 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Succession and inheritance in Scottish business families, c.1875–1935

This article explores the dynamics of succession and inheritance in Scottish business families during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Making use of the unusual quality of Scottish testamentary records, it explores the management of succession within family firms, focussing on the relationship between the choices made by business owners, their family circumstances, and the future of their firms. Taking the ‘family-centred’ approach to business development used by historians such as Morris, Owens and Barker for the period of the industrial revolution in England as a starting point, it argues that a broader understanding of inheritance can explain business succession, and that the control and ownership of family firms was changed by the uses made of limited liability.

Exploring the Concepts of Abuse and Neglect of Children in Victorian Novel: A Revisitation of Dickens’ Works

The long term abuse of children, physically, emotionally, sexually or through neglect can have major long-term effects on all aspects of a child's health, development and well-being. This emotional violence is likely to have a deep impact on the child's self-image and self-esteem, and on his or her future life. This article is a critical exploration of Charles Dickens’ novels, Oliver Twist and David Copperfield that has been slightly adapted from my doctoral dissertation, to pinpoint aspects of moral and physical violence Victorian children are exposed to during the Industrial Revolution in England, in order to examine its impacts on their emotional development and make suggestions for a sustained solutions to the same plights devastating African children.