Review Period Research Articles

Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Should Be Recommended for Antepartum Admissions and Cesarean Delivery if Age and Body Mass Index are Greater Than 35.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Current expanded treatment recommendations result in the inclusion of a large percentage of the obstetric population, which has limited their adoption. The purpose of this study was to identify a population at high risk for VTE, with minimal impact on the number of patients that would qualify for expanded treatment. We performed a retrospective analysis of a large obstetric population. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revsion (ICD-10) codes for VTE were used to identify patients presenting for obstetric or postpartum (PP) care from January 2016 to March 2018. The review focused on high-risk factors (history of VTE or high-risk thrombophilia), antepartum hospital admissions that were >72 hours in the previous 30 days, use of sequential compression devices, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), age, and mode of delivery. Pharmacologic treatment efficacy was set at 90, 75, or 50%. During the 27-month review period, there were 120,235 deliveries and 93 had a VTE event in the index pregnancy or within 4 weeks PP (7.7/10,000 births). A history of VTE or high-risk thrombophilia was seen in 25.8% of cases. Antepartum admission was noted in 40.9%, and the combination of cesarean delivery (CD) with age and BMI ≥35 (Age + BMI + CD) was noted in 17.3% of PP cases. Targeting these latter two groups for VTE prophylaxis with a 75% efficacy suggests that 34% of the VTE events would likely have been prevented while increasing the total population treated by approximately 2%. Expanding pharmacologic prophylactical coverage to include an antepartum admission of >72 hours and those with Age + BMI + CD would result in about a one-third reduction in total VTE events with about 2% requiring treatment. These data support some of the suggested recommendations for expanded pharmacological deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. · CD, and BMI and age >35 are high-risk factors for VTE.. · Antepartum admission >72 hours is a high-risk factor for VTE.. · Targeting antepartum admissions, CD, and BMI and age >35 would reduce VTE events by about 33%..

Development and modeling of algorithms for calculating target angle in the coordinate system of the onboard radar

The article is devoted to the development of algorithms for calculating the target angle in the coordinate system of an onboard radar and modeling their operation. To construct an algorithm for calculating the target angle, a fixed terrestrial coordinate system and a moving coordinate system of an onboard radar are used. Expressions are presented for recalculating the Cartesian coordinates of an object from the earth coordinate system to the on-board radar coordinate system. The concept of azimuth and elevation planes is introduced for the coordinate system of an onboard radar. Algorithms for calculating target angles in the azimuthal and elevation planes are presented. It is shown that the algorithm for calculating the target angle in the elevation plane has a different form depending on the sign of the target elevation angle. In addition, the type of the mentioned algorithm depends on whether the target is approaching or moving away from the onboard radar. The resulting algorithms for calculating the target angle use information about the coordinates of the target speed in the coordinate system of the onboard radar. Since the coordinates of the velocity vector in the onboard radar cannot be measured, they are estimated from two contacts with the target during the review period. Modeling of the developed algorithms has been carried out.

Trade Policy Review of Turkey

AbstractThis paper examines the WTO's 2023 Trade Policy Review (TPR) of Turkey, covering 2016–2022. As Turkey marked its centenary in 2023, the TPR allows for critical reflections on Turkey's global and European economic integration and its evolving economic policies. The review period witnessed key developments: heightened tensions with the European Union (EU), the country's transition into a presidential system, and the impacts of COVID‐19 and the Ukraine war. Turkey continued its state‐led development and proactive industrial policy post‐Global Financial Crisis, aiming to reduce the current account deficit, diversify exports, advance technological sophistication and enhance its position in global value chains (GVCs). Recently Turkey has further aligned its import–export regimes and trade negotiations with these strategic goals, increasing its Most Favoured Nation tariffs and adopting localisation strategies to support key sectors. Turkey navigated the pandemic effectively, bolstering its role in global supply chains, as indicated by its increased trade‐to‐GDP ratio. This underscores its economic resilience and strategic location. However, Turkey's trade policies are increasingly diverging from those of the EU, its main trade and supply chain partner and Customs Union ally. Turkey's new Regional Trade Agreements aim for deeper sectoral integration with partners other than the EU.

La Robótica Educativa: Potenciando el pensamiento matemático y habilidades sociales en el aprendizaje

In educational environments, trends are addressed that allow learning to be acquired in various ways, among these is educational robotics, which has become a versatile tool capable of enhancing student performance at various stages of their learning. The purpose of this document is to explore the aspects related to educational robotics that contribute to the development of social skills and mathematical thinking in students. To achieve this objective, an exhaustive search was carried out that includes articles and publications related to the topic, classification and documentary analysis. This research allowed us to identify the possible contributions of educational robotics to social skills and mathematical thinking, in addition to establishing that it is a growing trend in different educational and social areas. The analysis carried out highlights that educational robotics is an effective tool to promote mathematical thinking. The literature supports the idea that students involved in the manipulation and use of robots experience significant improvements in their understanding of mathematics. In addition, it has been observed that this practice also enhances socio-emotional skills, such as empathy, cooperation, communication and collaboration among students. The period for the documentary review was established between 2015 and 2023, consulting a total of 50 articles from the databases of Dialnet, Redalyc, SciELO, Latindex, Google Scholar and institutional repositories, 28 studies were related to this work

Pregnancy-Related-Acute Kidney Injury in Jigawa, Nigeria

Introduction: Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PR-AKI) is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Objective: This study aimed to determine the causes and outcomes of PR-AKI management. Methods: This was a two-year retrospective review of patients managed for PR-AKI between 1 October 2021 and 31 September 2023 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital Dutse. Patients’ data were obtained from their case files. Results: One hundred and three women were diagnosed with PR-AKI out of 1,647 admissions during the review period. The mean age of the patients was 27 7.5 years, with an age range of 15 to 48 years. The mean parity was 4.513.2 and most (47.6%) patients were grand-multipara. The majority (70.7%) booked for antenatal care in primary healthcare centres, and only 2(3.1%) booked in tertiary hospitals. The commonest cause of PRAKI was obstetric haemorrhage (48.5%), with postpartum haemorrhage and antepartum haemorrhage accounting for 72% and 28%, respectively. Seventy-five (72.8%) patients received a blood transfusion, while 28 (27.2%) had haemodialysis. Thirty-five (33.9%) deaths were recorded. Conclusion: This study revealed that PRAKI was common, and obstetric haemorrhage, hypertensive disorders and sepsis were the leading causes.

Trend of Foreign Direct Investment in Tanzania's Real Estate Industry From 2000 - 2020: A Systematic Review

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an area of concern to many developing nations due to the economic benefits it presents to the host nation. Despite the notable growth and potential of the Tanzanian real estate market, there is lack of comprehensive, empirical studies that analyze the specific patterns of FDI inflows in the real estate industry in Tanzania over an extended period and their contributions to national GDP and other economic indicators. This systematic review aims to examine the trend of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Tanzania’s real estate industry from 2000 – 2020. Further, this review helps to determine the contribution of FDI to growth of GDP and other economic indicators in the country. Result shows that there was an irregular trend of FDI inflows in Tanzania’s real estate activities with various asymmetrical decrease and increase throughout the period from 2000 – 2020. However, the FDI inflows in real estate activities is not significantly associated with national GDP, national GDP growth rate, total FDI inflows in the country or contribution of the real estate activities in national GDP. There was a higher growth rate (between 4.2% - 7.5%) of real estate activities from 2000 – 2010, but was followed by a sharp decline to less than 2% in 2011 and then a steady growth rate of above 4% from 2015 – 2020. The percentage shares of GDP by real estate activities was relatively higher and steady from 2000 – 2010, followed by sharp decline from 2010 – 2011 and further decrease towards 2020. Further analysis indicated that there was a general increase in contribution of real estate activities in national GDP from 2000 – 2020. It is concluded that, FDI inflows in Tanzania’s real estate activities show an irregular trend with various asymmetrical decrease and increase throughout the period. The annual growth rate (%) of real estate activities in national GDP displays an irregular trend from 2000 – 2020. Further, there is a general increase in contribution of real estate activities in national GDP during the review period.

Incidence of venous thromboembolism in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and associated risk factors: A retrospective chart review.

e14040 Background: Patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are recognized as a population at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) (1,2). A retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with GBM at the Juravinski Cancer Centre (JCC) was performed with the primary objective to assess the incidence of the development of VTE in newly diagnosed GBM. The secondary objective was to identify patients who were at higher risk and who could benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation. Methods: This was a single-centre, retrospective cohort study. We reviewed the charts of 528 patients diagnosed with GBM at the JCC from an 8-year period from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020. Information on the following factors was collected: Body-mass index (BMI), comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking history), performance status, location and size of tumour, degree of resection, presence of and location of weakness, baseline blood counts, treatments administered, date of diagnosis and time to death or last follow-up. Results: Over the period of review, a total of 528 patients were identified. 111 patients (21%) were diagnosed with VTE. The location of VTE was as follows: 39 patients (35%) unilateral lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 8 (7%) unilateral upper extremity DVT, 8 (7%) bilateral lower extremity DVT, 30 (27%) pulmonary embolism (PE), and 25 (23%) DVT and PE. Most VTE (87%) occurred within 12 months of diagnosis of GBM. On univariate and multivariate analysis, no factors were identified that contributed to an increased risk of VTE. Conclusions: Newly diagnosed patients with GBM have been shown to have a significant risk of developing VTE. The AVERT study (3) demonstrated the preventive benefit of administering a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) to cancer patients, including those with GBM, at high risk of developing VTE (3). Thus consideration should be given to treating patients with GBM with a DOAC at the time of diagnosis. The benefit of preventive treatment will need to be balanced against the risk of bleeding in these patients.

Ten-year incidence of keratoconus in relation to sex, age, and thyroid gland dysfunction: a nationwide population-based cohort study (2009-2018).

Keratoconus is a corneal ectatic disorder that often leads to visual impairment and may require corneal transplantation. However, its age and gender-based incidence and potential association with thyroid gland dysfunction (TGD) remain poorly understood. This study aims to clarify these aspects and investigate the possible connection between keratoconus and TGD. We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 4,059,021 patients aged over 20 without underlying corneal diseases in 2009. The end of the review period was at ten years, or until the onset of keratoconus. To evaluate the association with TGD, multivariate Cox regression analysis was used with adjustment of confounding variables such as sex and age. During the review period, 2,334 patients developed keratoconus before the 10-year mark. Females exhibited a higher keratoconus incidence (7.101 per 100,000 person-years) compared to males (5.559) (P<0.001). After adjusting for age, the hazard ratio (HR) for keratoconus was 1.295 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.193-1.406] in females compared to males. Age groups were stratified in 10-year intervals. The highest incidence of keratoconus was observed in the 20 to 29-year age group (10.695 per 100,000 person-years). All other age groups had significantly lower HR values, with the lowest at 50-59 years (0.508, 95% CI: 0.447-0.577). Keratoconus incidence per 100,000 person-years was 6.227 in subjects without TGD, 6.019 in the hypothyroidism group and 8.287 in the hyperthyroidism group, respectively. Although not statistically significant, individuals with hyperthyroidism showed a higher HR (1.290, 95% CI: 0.939-1.771) for keratoconus when compared to those without TGD, after adjusting for age and sex. This study emphasizes a female predominance in keratoconus incidence and suggests a possible connection between hyperthyroidism and keratoconus. Furthermore, it affirms a higher incidence of keratoconus among young individuals.

Assessment of professional competencies of Peruvian physicians: A scoping review of published studies.

Evaluating the professional competencies of Peruvian doctors is crucial for proposing necessary improvements. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the specific characteristics and competencies that are assessed in these studies. The objective of this study is to characterize published studies focusing on the assessment of professional competencies among physicians in Peru. A comprehensive scoping review was conducted, encompassing scientific journal publications that evaluated the professional competencies of physicians in Peru. The search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and SciELO, with the review period extending until 2022. The identified competencies were classified using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the Ministry of Health of Peru (MINSA) frameworks. The findings were presented using absolute and relative frequency measures. A total of forty-nine studies focused on the assessment of professional competencies among physicians were identified, indicating an upward trend over the years. The primary focus of these studies was on evaluating competencies related to medical knowledge (79.6% according to ACGME classification) and the treatment of health problems (57.1% according to MINSA classification). However, there was a noticeable lack of emphasis on assessing behavioral competencies such as ethics, professionalism, and communication. Most of the included studies (65.3%) were exclusively conducted in Lima. Among the studies that disclosed their funding sources, 61% were self-funded. Most studies primarily concentrated on evaluating knowledge-based competencies, specifically in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. There is a scarcity of studies assessing other important competencies. Additionally, centralization and limited funding appear to be areas that require improvement in the evaluation of professional competencies among Peruvian physicians.

Usability evaluation of the educational website "understanding my diabetes" for Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes education is an integral part of the treatment for the metabolic control of patients with diabetes. The use of the Internet as a tool for diabetes education, as well as its acceptance, is still under study. To assess the usability of the educational website "I understand my diabetes" designed for patients with type 2 diabetes attending primary care clinics. A cross-sectional study was done in 110 patients with type 2 diabetes from two family medicine clinics, each of whom was assigned a user account on the educational website "Entiendo mi diabetes." The web site assigned a user name and password to each patient. They were able to access the educational website at home. After a 15-day review period, participants were asked to evaluate usability using the Computer System Usability Questionnaire. Additionally, we developed an eight-item questionnaire usability focusing on diabetes care. Sociodemographic data, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Glucose levels and lipid profiles were also measured. The patients with diabetes had a mean age of 52.7 years and a median of 5 years since they were diagnosed with diabetes. The website received a good usability rating from 89.1% of participants, with favorable assessments in all three dimensions: 87.3% for information, 85.5% for quality, and 88.2% for interface. Regarding usability specifically for diabetes care, 98.2% rated it as having good usability. The website for education about the disease in patients "I understand my diabetes" had an adequate usability evaluation by patients, so they also considered it very useful for diabetes care. The diabetes care instrument had adequate usability and reliability.

Progression, reliability, predicting parameters and sample size calculations for quantitative fundus autofluorescence measures in ABCA4-related retinopathy

Background/aimsTo investigate the progression of quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) measures and the potential as clinical trial endpoint in ABCA4-related retinopathy.MethodsIn this longitudinal monocentre study, 64 patients with ABCA4-related retinopathy (age (mean±SD),...

Non-Compliance of Fresh Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) Fisheries Products from Uganda

This study aimed to assess official monitoring data for fresh Nile perch fisheries products in Uganda. This review focuses on identifying patterns of non-compliance with food safety standards and understanding hazards associated with the Nile perch value chain. The results will serve as a basis for updating/improving pertinent Uganda Standards and regulations. An in-depth analysis was conducted utilizing secondary data for 14 factories encompassing official laboratory results spanning twelve years (2010-2022), sourced from the Department of Fisheries Resources records. Frequency distribution tables were employed to determine trends in non-compliance, emphasizing both the frequency and parameters contributing to deviations from safety standards. Examination of non-compliance trends, done using the Mann-Kendall test, revealed a compliance rate of approximately 80% for fresh Nile perch products across the majority (10) of the studied factories. Four factories experienced non-compliance, exceeding 20% of the total monitoring samples at least once during the study period. Among these, only one factory consistently demonstrated non-compliance exceeding 20% throughout the entire review period. There was a correlation between the factories exhibiting the highest non-compliance rates and their history of frequent changes in ownership and/or management over the past two decades. Microbial analysis results highlighted Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliforms (TC), and Enterobacteriaceae as the predominant contributors to non-compliance. In addition, heavy metals, particularly lead and cadmium, emerged as prevalent chemical hazards associated with non-compliance in the fresh Nile perch value chain in Uganda. It is recommended that efforts be concentrated on addressing the prevalence of the identified microbiological parameters. Furthermore, a formal review of national standards is advised, with consideration for the removal of parameters such as Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium perfringens, which showed negligible occurrence. Instead, emphasis should be placed on incorporating Enterobacteriaceae, consistently prevalent in fresh Nile perch products across most factories throughout the entire review period.

The paediatric liver transplant experience in Johannesburg, South Africa: A broad overview and update.

The Wits Transplant Unit performed its first paediatric liver transplant in 2005. Initial experiences from the unit were published in 2012 and 2014. Since then, significant progress has been made in capacity-building the unit, improving outcomes and enhancing service delivery. This paper presents a broad overview and update of the unit's 17-year experience. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all paediatric liver transplants performed in Johannesburg from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2021 with a minimum one-year follow-up. Data were accessed from the Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre Paediatric Liver Transplant Research Database (University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics approval: M190749). The following data were collected: donor and recipient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, details of transplant procedures, donor grafts and recipient outcomes (post-operative complications, graft and recipient survival). Results: A total of 270 transplants were performed during the review period. Two thirds of recipients (n=180, 67%) were younger than 5 years at time of transplant and half (n=135, 50%) received a living donor graft. The most common indication for liver transplant was biliary atresia, followed by acute liver failure. Unadjusted recipient survival was 80% (95% CI: 75-85%) at one year, and 68% (95% CI: 59-75%) at five years. Waiting list mortality decreased from 27.3% in 2017 to 5.9% in 2021. One hundred and fifty-four (57.0%) recipients experienced at least one type of intervention requiring surgical complication - the most common being biliary in nature (n = 91; 33.7%). Conclusion: Over last seventeen years, a sustainable paediatric liver transplantation service has been established in Johannesburg. Living donor, split and ABO incompatible liver transplants have been incorporated in response to the severe organ shortage in South Africa. However, our outcomes can be improved. Additionally, a national transplant initiative to coordinate timeous referrals and expand access to liver transplantation for children with severe acute and chronic liver failure is advised.

A CASE REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SULCUS VOCALIS WITH REFER-ENCE TO SWARASADA

1Sulcus vocalis is a condition characterized by a groove or infolding of the mucosa along the surface of the vocal fold, disrupting the normal physiology of vocal fold vibration and impacting voice production. Common symptoms include hoarseness, vocal fatigue, voice weakness, and increased effort, particularly concerning working professionals who rely on speech for communication and quality of life. While treatment options like phono surgery and speech therapy exist, phono surgery often yields disappointing results, typically limited to increased voice loudness. In Ayurveda, this condition aligns with Swarasada, attributed to factors such as 2Athyucha bhasana(loud speaking) and abhighata(trauma), leading to dosha invasion in sabdhavahi siras and causing speech difficulties. Presented here is a case report involving a 33-year-old IT professional experiencing hoarseness, vocal fatigue, and weakness. Upon bronchoscopy, the diagnosis initially indicated muscle tension dysphonia, later revealing bilateral sulcus vocalis with GERD. The patient underwent Nasya, Gandusha, and Sneha Sweda procedures alongside internal medication. Following a one-month review, the patient exhibited marked improvement in voice clarity. Notably, modern treatments provided only temporary relief. This case report underscores the effective management of sulcus vocalis through Panchakarma treatments and internal medications, showcasing consistent relief over a three-month review period.

Local government in Northern Ireland: partnerships, minimalism and marginalisation

ABSTRACT In 2015, a reformed local government system was introduced in Northern Ireland following a lengthy period of review. In the new dispensation, great emphasis is placed on the concept of partnership, vertically between the regional institutions and government departments, and horizontally between local councils and statutory organisations, through a process of community planning. Despite the importance placed on partnerships, they have received little attention in the governance of Northern Ireland. This article assesses recent changes in local government in comparison to Great Britain, Ireland or elsewhere. Through a theoretical framework on partnerships within the New Public Governance literature, the article evaluates the significance of local government reforms and possible further enhancement of powers. In illustrating the fundamental imbalance in the regional-local nexus, resulting in continued over-centralisation and a fragmented model of sub-regional governance, the article concludes that the system remains characterised by marginalised local government, with aspirations for partnership unfulfilled.

Extraocular muscle electromyographic recordings for intraoperative monitoring of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI: a single-center experience with intraorbital electrodes.

The objective of this study was to describe the quantitative features of intraoperative electromyographic recordings obtained from cranial nerve III, IV, and VI neuromonitoring using 25-mm intraorbital electrodes, in the larger context of demonstrating the practicality of this technique during neurosurgical cases. A 25-mm-long shaft-insulated intraorbital needle electrode is routinely used at the authors' institution for extraocular muscle (EOM) electromyographic monitoring of the inferior rectus, superior oblique, and/or lateral rectus muscles when their function is at risk. Cases monitored between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022, were reviewed for patient demographics, tumor location and pathology, EOMs monitored, pre- and postoperative examination, and complications from electrode placement. Compound muscle action potentials on triggered electromyography, as well as neurotonic discharges on free-run electromyography, were described quantitatively. There were 141 cases in 139 patients reviewed during the 24-month time span, with 278 EOMs monitored (inferior rectus/superior oblique/lateral rectus muscles 68/68/142). Triggered electromyography yielded biphasic or triphasic compound muscle action potentials from EOMs with a mean onset latency of 1.51 msec (range 0.94-3.22 msec), mean maximal peak-to-trough amplitude of 1073.93 μV (range 76.75-7796.29 μV), and high specificity for the channel in nearly all cases. Neurotonic discharges were recorded in 30 of the 278 EOMs (with all 3 muscles represented) and associated with a greater incidence of new or worsened ophthalmoparesis (OR 4.62, 95% CI 1.3-16.4). There were 2 cases of small periorbital ecchymosis attributed to needle placement; additionally, 1 case of needle-related intraorbital hematoma occurred after the review period. The 25-mm shaft-insulated intraorbital electrode facilitates robust and consistent electromyographic recordings of EOMs that are advantageous over existing techniques. Combined with the relative ease of needle placement and low rate of complications, the technique is practical for neuromonitoring during craniotomies.

Political Influencers on Social Media: Language Used and Content of Communication Strategy of Indonesian Politicians’ Twitter Accounts

Technology plays an essential role in all the worldwide media industries. Developments in the field of media have led to the existence of new mediums in communication. New mediums through mass media channels have given the public many options, including politicians, to share. This study examined how the language used by politicians and communication strategies through selected mediums influence society in the face of elections. This study focused on the messages conveyed through social media, namely Twitter. The study used a content analysis method that examined as many as six Twitter accounts of influential politicians in the community in Indonesia. The review period for selected Twitter accounts is from 10 September 2022 until 20 November 2022. The findings found that most Twitter account owners chose social and economic issues to write on Twitter accounts rather than political issues. This differs from the previous study’s results; most researchers stated that most politicians prioritize politics-related issues. This difference may be due to differences in terms of cultural, economic background, and political trends. While the language used is more of a common language, i.e., informal, than formal or provocative. The choice of language, neither formal nor "Layman language," makes what is presented accessible for the community to understand from different backgrounds. This means that politicians are making social media a medium for dealing with issues related to political matters. Keywords: Communication strategy, political influencer, public channel, Twitter, politic language.

The Culture of Research: A Systematic Scoping Review

Introduction: Research culture is the core of many processes in science. It is a broad concept presumably entailing practices, traditions, norms, etc. that prevail among researchers and other stakeholders in the field. Its definition, architecture, and taxonomy are essential in generating and pursuing scientific policies at universities and countries. As there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on research culture, the present publication aspires to fill the existing gap in the knowledge. This review aims to define research culture and build an architecture of research culture based on the relevant literature indexed in the Scopus database. Method: The problem, concept, and context (PCC) framework was applied to establish an effective search strategy and word the research questions corresponding to the aim. Based on Arksey and O'Malley's methodology (2005) and PRISMA checklist (2020) for systematic reviews, the authors sorted out 56 relevant publications for systematic scoping review. In addition, a bibliometric analysis was applied to examine the field. Results: Using a bibliometric analysis, the 56 publications were distributed by year, country, most prolific authors, sources, research fields, affiliation, and type of publication. With the help of VOSviewer, the authors singled out four thematic clusters (research culture; medical and biomedical research, methodology and research ethics, and clinical studies and human experiments). After synthesizing the data extracted from the documents under review, research culture was defined; components of research culture were singled out and summed up; and a framework of research culture was made up. The authors analysed the review findings in contrast with other research, offering their own comprehensive definition of research culture, its taxonomy, and an architecture of research culture. Conclusion: The current review adds to the understanding of research culture, its gist, component classification. The limitation related to the period of review (2019-2024) may be overcome by further reviews of relevant publications from a historic perspective that would broaden perceptions of the origin of modern research culture and its negative aspects.

Health Outcome and Economic Growth: The Case of Malaria in Nigeria

This study has examined the influence of health outcome on economic growth in Nigeria: the case of malaria. The purpose of the study is to investigate the efforts of government on health care system in Nigeria as it influences real gross domestic product within the period of review. Econometrics analyses were employed to carry out the investigation using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The findings revealed that current health expenditure has an unfavourable effect on economic growth, while gross capital formation and secondary school enrolment have positive influence on economic growth in Nigeria. It is, therefore, recommended that the government should endeavour to double her investment in health care system in Nigeria. There are lots of capital outflows as a result of poor expenditure on health care system in Nigeria. The only way to curb this is for the government to be deliberate in her will to invest in this particular sector of the economic which will stimulate improvement in economic growth in general.

Five-Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Induced Angioedema: An Underdiagnosed Condition.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used primarily in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Lisinopril [N2-[(1S)-1-car-boxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl-L-proline], enalapril [(S)-1-[N-[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]-L-alanyl]-L-proline] and ramipril [2-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octane-3-carboxylic acid] are all five-membered heterocycles and three of the most prevalent ACE inhibitors in clinical use worldwide. ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema (AE) is clinically characterized by self-limited edema of the dermis and subcutaneous lipid tissue, localized on face skin, oral mucosa and tongue in most cases. However, severe episodes of intestinal AE misdiagnosed as acute appendicitis and laryngeal AE requiring incubation have been reported. The pathophysiology of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema is attributed to the accumulation of bradykinin, which is a potent vasodilator with proinflammatory activity that is normally degraded by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and aminopeptidase P; however, a small proportion of treated patients is affected. Given that patients do not respond to anti-H1 antihistamines and steroids, early clinical recognition and discontinuation of the ACE inhibitors are the treatments of choice for the long-term management of ACE inhibitor- induced angioedema. The search period of the present review was set up until November 2023, and its aim is to shed light on the broader context of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema, exploring aspects such as clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and therapeutic considerations in this potentially life-threatening condition. The exploration of alternative drug options such as angiotensin II receptor blockers, the potential association of coadministration of DPP-4 inhibitors with ACE inhibitors, the presentation of angioedema and the significant clinical importance of this condition are also discussed. By focusing on the chemical structure of ACE inhibitors, specifically their nitrogen-based heterocycles-an attribute shared by over 880 drugs approved by the FDA within the pharmaceutical industry-this review emphasizes the pivotal role of nitrogen scaffolds in drug design and underscores their relevance in ACE inhibitor pharmacology.