Review Of Technical Literature Research Articles

Processing the Nitrocellulose-containing Waste from the Chemical Industry to Obtain Mineral Soil Additives

A review of scientific and technical literature devoted to the issues of recycling industrial waste from condensed energy systems, which is wastewater sludge from sludge reservoirs of the production facilities, containing cellulose nitrates, has been carried out. Waste sampling was carried out at one of the industry facilities. Using X-ray fluorescence analysis and IR spectroscopy, the chemical composition of the waste has been determined and its environmental hazard class was calculated. Reagents for the destruction of the main component of the waste, as well as the conditions for its recycling, were experimentally selected. Nine compositions of mineral additives based on waste sludge have been obtained, their hazard class and their chemical composition were determined, as well as their effectiveness when applied to podzolic soils.

Imperfections for the calculation of steel structures by the finite element method. Part 1

It is well known that imperfections are always present in structural elements. Imperfections can significantly affect the behavior and bearing capacity of steel structures, especially in the case of stability-related tasks. Therefore, inconsistencies must be taken into account in the loadbearing capacity model and their correct application (setting the shape and value) is a key point in the numerical analysis process. In recent decades, much attention has been paid in the domestic scientific space to updating imperfection models for use in numerical models, including taking into account modern more accurate manufacturing and installation technologies for steel structures. The purpose of this study is an analytical review and analysis of scientific research and technical literature, followed by synthesis and elaboration of recommendations on imperfections in relation to the calculation of steel structures using computer modeling technology, including the finite element method. The results of the study contain instructions on how to set the shapes and values of imperfections for different groups of imperfections. The article consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to the study of geometric imperfections, residual stresses and rules for the combination of imperfections, the second part of the article is devoted to equivalent imperfections.

Transformable Fire Barriers for Filling Openings

The review of scientific and technical literature on the problem of ensuring fire safety of public and industrial buildings by dividing rooms into fire compartments using transformable fire barriers (TFB), as well as by protecting openings with transformable fire fillings is presented. The general classification of TFB is presented, the requirements for TFB are described, the use cases of various types of TFB and their design features are considered. Engineering solutions for transformable fire shelters, as well as mobile fire barriers, are presented. It has been established that the fire resistance limit of TFB is higher when used in combination with water irrigation, but the disadvantage of the system is the high consumption of coolant (from 0.12 liters/s of water per 1 linear meter of opening width), which, in addition to material costs, also has a destructive effect on finishing materials and building structures. A possible way to solve these problems is to use various fillers in the working cloth that emit inert or extinguishing gases, but this method needs additional verification in the form of modeling and physical experiments.

Суперконденсаторы, выпускаемые промышленными компаниями

The review of modern scientific and technical literature on supercapacitors produced by industrial companies is presented. The advantages of supercapacitors compared to batteries are: high power density, high cycleability, the ability to operate at extreme temperatures from –50 to +60°C, energy efficiency up to 100% and the ability to charge in a very short time. The review examines the characteristics of supercapacitors manufactured by the following companies: Maxwell Technologies (California, USA), NessCap (Republic of Korea), ApowerCap (California, USA), Skeleton Technologies (Germany, Estonia), EPCOS (Munich, Germany), Panasonic (Osaka, Japan), Fuji Heavy (Shibuya, Japan), Asahi Glass (Tokyo, Japan), ESMA (Moscow region, Russian Federation). The characteristics considered in the article include specific energy, power density, full discharge time, full charge time, discharge efficiency, the number of full cycles, rated voltage and temperature range.

Polymer composite materials and technologies used in sports industry: a review

The article provides a review of scientific and technical literature, including Russian and foreign periodicals, patents for inventions in the field of creating products for the sports industry from polymer composite materials. The technologies and technical solutions used to achieve the assigned tasks, the advantages and disadvantages of using the methods are considered. It is shown that the use of modern achievements in materials science, a new generation of materials and advanced technologies can contribute to the achievement of high sports results.

Studying the problem of constructing an automated control system to ensure the safe passage of unmanned vessels through shipping locks

The option of introducing an automated control system to ensure the safe passage of unmanned vessels on inland waterways has been explored. An analysis of domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature was carried out to determine conceptual provisions that allow choosing a rational way of interaction of this system with known ones. It is noted that the automated ships locking control system should provide the necessary level of navigation safety, and the implementation of this system should not affect the operation of other subsystems and metasystems. Currently, cases of constructing such systems for automated mooring of unmanned vessels at navigational hydraulic structures are unknown. Therefore, based on the engineering-cybernetic approach, a list of provisions that contribute to the successful organization of research of a conceptual and operational nature has been formulated. Conceptual provisions for the synthesis of structure and factors that allow you to develop a rational version of the system structure to obtain the greatest efficiency and safety of its operation are proposed. In addition to the development of locking control systems, an equally important task is the creation of technical means in the lock chamber, the operation of which can ensure the required level of security. Therefore, the process of mooring an unmanned vessel to an automated mooring ring, for a utility model of which the authors of this study had received a patent, is theoretically described. To achieve the goal of formulating the problems of developing and constructing an automated locking control system, an analysis of mooring devices used at shipping locks, including abroad, which confirms that fixed and movable mooring devices with vacuum grips are currently used, is carried out. A review of scientific and technical literature on the use of automatic and automated mooring systems makes it possible to develop proposals for organizing an auto-mooring system of a shipping lock to ensure the unmanned vessels passage, as well as to formulate the main problems and tasks that must be solved to ensure the passage of both unmanned and ordinary vessels.

A review of toxicity assessment procedures of solar photovoltaic modules

Environmental management of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules is attracting attention as a growing number of field-operated PV modules approach end of life (EoL). PV modules may contain small amounts of toxic metals, and the procedures for assessing and regulating the toxic metal content and release of such materials at EoL differ widely across nations. This paper provides an overview of the metal composition of PV modules and common procedures for toxicity assessment through extensive research and review of technical literature and legislative documents. This review focuses on three primary aspects: first, it explores the distribution of toxic elements within current and emerging PV module designs, with a specific focus on obtaining representative samples for proportional toxicity testing within different module laminate areas. Second, it examines a sampling standard and the diverse toxicity testing methods and regulations employed in various regions, encompassing standards like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Test Method 1311 (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, TCLP) in the U.S., Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in Europe, and the Waste Extraction Test (WET) in California. Third, the review examines the sources of variability in toxicity testing outcomes, including techniques for securing homogeneous samples from non-uniform PV modules, selecting particle sizes representative of landfill conditions in extracted samples, determining appropriate leachate characteristics such as leaching agents and pH levels, and considering factors like test duration and temperatures. In summary, this review summarizes relevant regulations and offers a comprehensive overview of the strengths and limitations associated with several toxicity assessment procedures currently in practice.

Presenting a Wind Turbine Model for Climate Change Education and Action

This article introduces and evaluates a climate change education model - the wind turbine model. Developed through an extensive review of technical literature, this model extracts essential facets of climate change education. The wind turbine model serves as a comprehensive educational tool for addressing climate change, highlighting the significance of various elements: knowledge acquisition, critical thinking abilities, awareness of values, identity formation, worldview, practical actions, motivation, participation, future orientation, hope, emotions, and identification of operational barriers. In this study, wind is conceptualized as one of the manifestations of climate change, and the turbine is portrayed not as a tool for production but as a mechanism to combat climate change. Each component of the turbine, including the generator, gearbox, and transformer, is integral to this system aiming to augment knowledge, foster environmental perspectives, and influence family behavior. Lastly, this model is proposed for implementation in environmental education via social networks within families. Following the presentation of the aforementioned action plan to address climate change, prioritization is conducted. Ultimately, this article delves into prospects for the future development of this model.

Feed resources used for small ruminant nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: a case study of Uganda.

Small ruminants are of great importance to the livelihoods of many people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since they act as a source of meat, income, hides and skins and for cultural identity. Despite their great importance, especially to rural smallholder farmers, their production in Africa is hindered by poor nutrition. The first stage of establishing development strategies to increase feed quality and quantity is to conduct a comprehensive inventory of the feed resources that are currently available, especially in SSA. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the availability and nature of the common feed resources that are used in the feeding of small ruminants in Uganda. This study involved a comprehensive review of various scientific, technical and economic literature that has been published up to date. Our results show that the available feed resources in Uganda can be grouped mainly into:- crop wastes and residues, agro-industrial by-products, conserved feeds, natural pastures and browse. The main feed resources for small ruminants in Uganda have been identified as natural pastures, which are generally characterised by a low nutritive value. However, browses are seen to have a high crude protein content and could be used as a supplement to grass forages and crop residues. It has been noted thatfarmers lack knowledge related to feed processing and management, in addition to a lack of policy governing feed quality. Therefore, there is a need to train farmers on how to process and utilise crop residues, in addition to proper feed management practices like pasture cultivation and conservation. It is also necessary to introduce widely new pasture species with better nutritional values that are suitable for the local production systems.

Dependence of starting characteristics on the shape of rotor slots

At present, induction motors with a squirrel-cage rotor drive based on them are widely used. The breadth of the field of use of induction electric motors is so great due to the large power range, simple design, reliability and high technical and economic indicators, the possibility of producing these machines with various degrees of protection, which allows them to be used both under normal operating conditions and under harsh environmental conditions. The review of technical literature was carried out and various forms of stator and rotor slots were considered. The calculations of an induction electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor are considered in two different ways: using the technique presented in [1], and using the ANSYS finite element analysis program Maxwell.

ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕШЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ НАСОСНЫХ АГРЕГАТОВ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УСТАНОВОК НЕФТЕГАЗОВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ПРИ ПРОВАЛАХ НАПРЯЖЕНИЯ

Relevance Electrical receivers in the oil refining and petrochemical industries require high quality electrical energy. Since these industries are the support point for the growth of the state’s economy, and, as a consequence, its positive dynamics in general, it is necessary to ensure the reliable operation of the executive bodies of the technological production of this industry - machines and apparatus, automation equipment operating on electrical energy. Aim of research Search and analysis technical solutions to protect electrical receivers critical in the technological process from voltage dips. Research methods Analytical review of technical means, scientific and technical literature. Results The optimal technical solution to improve the reliability of power supply to critical mechanisms has been identified and justified.

ОБЗОР ПЕРСПЕКТИВ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ МЯГКОГО ПАРОВОГО РИФОРМИНГА ЛЕГКИХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ НА НЕФТЯНЫХ И ГАЗОКОНДЕНСАТНЫХ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯХ

Soft steam reforming (SSR) of hydrocarbons to produce methane can be used to process associated petroleum gas and condensate stabilization gas into 90% methane. The article provides a review of scientific and technical literature devoted to various aspects of the SSR technology development: reactor design, process modes and general technological design, catalysts and mathematical modeling. Catalysts and process modes to provide 100 % conversion of raw materials are determined. A review of ways to inhibit coke formation by promoting metal oxides and optimizing of size of nickel metal centers is carried out. Mathematical models for accurate calculation of the SSR process with two- and three-stage kinetic scheme are described. The problems of conducting the process in an industrial reactor are characterized. Directions of improvement of the SSR technology in order to implement it at hydrocarbon fields are proposed

Инновационные технологии переработки комбинированного рыбного и растительного сырья

The article considers the innovative techniques of processing the agro-food raw materials. There has been analyzed a structural scheme of processing plant and animal raw materials using modern technologies. The review of scientific, technical and patent literature was done, which allowed to define the main directions of further research in the field of complex processing of fish and vegetable raw materials. The stages of transition from traditional agro-food technologies to energy-saving ones have been formulated. Methods of enriching fish and vegetable products with protein hydrolysates obtained from low-value fish meat have been described. It is proposed to use CO2 extracts from spicy-aromatic and medicinal herbal raw materials as antioxidant enriching agents. To remove the excess moisture from fish and vegetable raw materials, it is recommended to use heated inert gases as drying agents under the influence of a low-frequency electromagnetic field. High-tech techniques include using the light water products with a reduced deuterium content in formulations, enriching the chemical composition of products with CO2 extracts of spices, processing the raw materials with argon and a low-frequency electromagnetic field, using the biodegradable packaging materials.

Application of sawdust concrete in construction

Sawdust concrete is a type of lightweight concrete in which some of the mineral aggregate is replaced by sawdust - a by-product of wood processing. It is not a new material, but its potential is not utilised to its full degree. Taking into account the most important advantages of sawdust concrete - lower density and greater thermal and acoustic insulation than ordinary concrete - it is worth to consider the possibilities of its usage in construction wider than currently . In order to present the properties of sawdust concrete, the review of contemporary technical literature has been performed.
 For the production of sawdust concretes mineralized sawdust from various types of trees, ordinary cements, mineral aggregates and water, are used. The usage of additives and admixtures is also allowed. The properties of the finished sawdust concrete are mainly influenced by the proportion of its components, especially the amount of fine aggregates replaced by sawdust. The construction products made of sawdust concrete are characterized by a low coefficient of thermal conductivity λ and soundproofing properties. In bending tests, a simply supported sawdust concrete beam behaves similar to a regular concrete beam, cracks first appear in the tension zone. Tensile strength, compressive strength and Young's modulus of sawdust concrete products depend on the proportion of components and the method of sawdust preparation before applying in the sawdust concrete-mix. Compared to ordinary concrete, the obtained values for sawdust concrete are lower, but partially fall within the ranges for the lower classes of ordinary concrete.
 There are several possible applications of sawdust concrete in construction. One of the perspectives is to use it to build walls in buildings that require soundproofing between rooms, or to replace wood with it when renovating old buildings. However, further tests of sawdust concrete are needed in terms of the most favourable composition for its mechanical properties, and to define the standards according to which sawdust concrete elements should be produced.

FORMATION OF THE RANGE OF MEN’S SHOES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SHAPE AND COLOR ON THE BASIS OF MARKETING RESEARCH

Colorism and constructivism in the products of the fashion industry, and in particular in shoes, is not a new phenomenon, but it appears more and more often in the works of modern designers, it increasingly affects fashion and the consciousness of consumers thanks to the opportunity to travel and contemplate the world, to study the peculiarities of different cultures subconsciously trying them on. Interesting color and design solutions in shoes give the products functional completeness and expressiveness, and the wearer unique feelings and pleasant impressions. The use of non-standard color and design solutions in the development of shoe models attracts the attention of fashion industry specialists, is traced by a chain of specific actions in the “birth” of an idea, creation of a creative source, sketching, selection of materials and color palette, and in the detailed development of object structures. Development of an assortment of men’s shoes taking into account the features of shape and color due to the use of color accents, compositional and structural elements of shoes. The research used a theoretical-analytical approach to the review and analysis of scientific and technical literature by direction. Marketing research was experimentally conducted to determine the most important forms, functions and color solutions of products in the opinion of consumers, which will make it possible to analyze the results of research and predict a successful and profitable assortment of men’s shoes. The classic designs of men’s shoes have been studied and analyzed. The peculiarities of the technology of manufacturing products, materials, color solutions, innovative techniques, technologies and tools for applying color to materials, individual parts and finished products have been studied. Factors influencing the formation of the assortment of men’s shoes were studied experimentally. The results of marketing research on the possibility of using bold constructive ideas and color solutions in men’s shoes are given. A line of sketches of men’s shoes of various designs using modern constructive and color solutions has been developed, which includes an assessment by experts regarding the relevance of its use in the formation of the assortment and production of products. Samples of shoes were produced and tested. The use of classic and modern non-standard accent color techniques on the finished product for the production of shoes of this segment is predicted, the increase in the manufacturability of the model due to the successful shapes of the parts of the workpiece, the quality of the products as a whole and the increase in demand for shoes by creative Ukrainian designers.

Petroleum coking additive is a raw material for production of metallurgical coke. Part 1. Formation of sintering properties of petroleum coking additive (review)

A significant proportion of the entire mass of waste from the oil refining industry is accounted for heavy sour oil residues, and one of the most common solutions in the world is the recycling of these wastes to obtain petroleum cokes. However, the high sulfur content often does not allow to find a qualified application and a market for the obtained sulfide carbon materials. In this work, a review of the scientific and technical literature on the industrial use of petroleum coking additive (PCA) - petroleum coke with a volatile matter yield of 15 to 25%, as a partial replacement for scarce coking coals in the charge in the metallurgical coke production. As a result of the review and analysis of scientific and technical literature, indicators were established that affect the formation of sintering properties of PCA and the boundary conditions for its use as part of a coal charge. It is shown that the use of petroleum coke with a volatile matter yield of less than 15% (wt.) worsens the quality of the obtained metallurgical coke, reducing its strength characteristics CSR and increasing its reactivity CRI, and the introduction into the coal charge from 5 to 50% (wt.) PCA with a content of volatile substances of 15–25% (wt.) provides an improvement in the quality of the resulting metallurgical coke. It is noted that, along with an important indicator, as the yield of volatile substances, which affects the formation of sintering properties of PCA, its group chemical composition, determined by solubility in various solvents (α-, β- and γ-fractions), plays an equally decisive role.The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on NIR 0792-2020-0010 "Development of scientific foundations for innovative technologies for processing heavy hydrocarbon raw materials into environmentally friendly motor fuels and new carbon materials with controlled macro- and microstructural organization of the mesophase."

Development of new composition for sHSS steel used for hot rolling mill rolls at Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works

The paper presents the results of the complex scientific and research work directed on development of the new composition of sHSS steel for rolling mill rolls together with Magnito-gorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK) and Magnitogorsk Mill Rolls Plant (MZPV). The first part includes the review of technical literature in the field of the results of roll steel examination by domestic and foreign researchers, investigation of structure and determination of properties of foreign rolling rolls, which were operated at the MMK hot rolling mill. The minimal level od sHSS steel properties for the working layer of a rolling roll, providing its operation reliability, is also determined. Laboratorial experiments were conducted at the second stage. The formed massif of ex-perimental data was processed using neural net, and as a result, the optimal chemical composition of the roll steel with high wear resistance and hardness was obtained. After processing of the re-sults of the planned experiment, the regression equation was obtained; it describes influence of the alloy chemical composition on wear resistance and hardness coefficients. Optimized composition of the alloy was developed at Magnitogorsk Mill Rolls Plant; it wad resulted in manufacture of the pilot roll sleeve in centrifugal machine. This roll sleeve was subjected to heat treatment according to the standard plant procedure. The final step included laboratorial testing of the pilot roll sleeve which was manufac-tured from steel with optimized chemical composition. It was determined that the developed composition is characterized by wear resistance increased by 27 % in comparison with the re-searched foreign analogue, as well as by similar qualitative parameters of the alloy microstructure.

Hemispherical Photographs: A Review of Acquisition Methods and Applications in the Context of Urban Energy and Environment Assessments

Abstract From the use of a pinhole camera placed under a water tank, which was proposed almost 100 years ago, to the application of modern digital cameras mounted with sophisticated fisheye lenses, acquisition methods for capturing hemispherical photographs undergone vigorous research and development. Over the past few decades, such photographs have been extensively used in evaluating energy and environmental aspects in urban contexts. In this review article, the advantages, limitations, and challenges of the various methods of acquiring photographs are described and compared. This involves both the devices themselves and the software tools. Several methods of direct acquisition of hemispheric photographs involving digital cameras, smartphones, the use of drones for photographs at elevations, and the application of thermal imaging technologies are discussed in detail. Indirect methods for generating hemispheric photographs are also discussed, highlighting the use of images from applications such as Google Street View (GSV). Based on a review of technical literature, several applications in energy and the environment that use information from hemispheric photographs as an analysis tool are presented and discussed. Among others, the following are discussed: the quantification of solar radiation potential; the assessment of indicators of local temperature and level of thermal comfort for pedestrians in urban areas; indoor and outdoor daylighting; and air and light pollution. Finally, several potential future research directions for the use of hemispherical photographs in built environments are discussed. These include advances in image processing, use of thermal imaging, solar potential assessment of solar-powered vehicles, applications of drone-mounted hemispherical photography, and fisheye videos.

ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЕ МЕТАЛЛОМАТРИЧНЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ АДДИТИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ (обзор)

A review of scientific and technical literature in the field of obtaining metal-matrix composite materials (MMCM) reinforced with ceramic particles using additive technologies is presented. The structure, basic physical and mechanical properties and morphology of MMCM are briefly described. The structure and properties of MMCM reinforced with micro- and nano-sized ceramic particles are briefly described. The use of additive technologies for the manufacture of MMKM will make it possible to manufacture parts of a more complex shape, providing high adhesion between powder layers.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ И АДАПТИВНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ СПОСОБОМ 3D-ПЕЧАТИ (обзор)

Based on a review of scientific and technical literature, the main directions of using functional materials obtained by the FDM printing method in the development of sensors for various purposes and polymer actuators are identified. It is shown that to date, significant progress has been achieved in the field of printing sensors for various purposes: materials have been selected, a conceptual appearance of products has been developed, their characteristics have been investigated. The possibilities of using polymeric materials with shape memory for the manufacture of actuators obtained by the 3D printing method are demonstrated. It is noted that the uniqueness of this method of manufacturing actuators is associated with the ability to lay the stress diagram necessary for the operation of the device during the printing process.