Design Review Research Articles

Soft Ankle-Foot Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of Actuation, Sensing, Mechanical Design, and Control Strategy

Soft Ankle-Foot Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of Actuation, Sensing, Mechanical Design, and Control Strategy

Adult and pediatric relapsing multiple sclerosis phase II and phase III trial design and their primary end points: Asystematic review.

No systematic review of trial designs in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) was reported. This systematic review was conducted on the trial designs and primary end points (PEs) of phase II and III trials intended to modify the natural course of the disease in patients with RMS. The purpose of the study is to explore trends/topics and discussion points in clinical trial design and PE, comparing them to regulatory guidelines and expert recommendations. Three trial registration systems, ClinicalTrials.gov, the EU Clinical Trials Register, and the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, were used and 60 trials were evaluated. The dominant clinical trial design was a randomized controlled parallel-arms trial and other details were as follows: in adult phase III confirmatory trials (n = 32), active-controlled double-blind trial (DBT) (53%) and active-controlled open-label assessor-masking trial (16%); in adult phase II dose-finding trials (n = 9), placebo- and active-controlled DBT (44%), placebo-controlled DBT (22%), and placebo-controlled add-on DBT (22%); and in pediatric phase III confirmatory trials (n = 8), active-controlled DBT (38%) and active-controlled open-label non-masking trial (25%). The most common PEs were as follows: in adult confirmatory trials, annual relapse rate (ARR) (56%) and no evidence of disease activity-3 (NEDA-3) (13%); in adult dose-finding trials, the cumulative number of T1 gadolinium-enhancing lesions (56%), combined unique active lesions (22%), and overall disability response score (22%); and in pediatric confirmatory trials, ARR (38%) and time to first relapse (25%). It was suggested that some parts of the regulatory guidelines and expert recommendations need to be revised.

Questionnaires assessing knowledge and beliefs about musculoskeletal conditions are potentially suitable for use, but further research is needed: a systematic review

ObjectivesTo evaluate the measurement properties of Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for knowledge and/or beliefs about musculoskeletal conditions. Study Design and SettingA systematic review was performed according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines. This review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO – ID: CRD42022303111. Electronic databases, reference lists, forward citation tracking, and contact with experts were used to identify studies. Eligible studies were reports developing or assessing a measurement property of a PROM measuring musculoskeletal condition specific-knowledge and/or beliefs. We assessed the methodological quality and measurement properties of included studies. A modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation approach was used to rate the quality of evidence for each PROM. ResultsThe literature search was performed from inception to 11th September 2023. Sixty records were included, reporting 290 individual studies, and provided information on 25 PROMs. Five PROMs presented sufficient structural validity, three presented sufficient cross-cultural validity, ten presented sufficient reliability, three presented sufficient criterion validity, six presented sufficient hypothesis-testing, and four presented sufficient responsiveness. No PROM presented sufficient evidence for content validity, internal consistency, and measurement error. Based on the available evidence, no PROM was classified as suitable for use according to the COSMIN recommendations. Twenty-four PROMs are potentially suitable for use, and one PROM is not recommended for use. ConclusionNo PROM designed to assess knowledge and/or beliefs about musculoskeletal conditions meets the COSMIN criteria of suitable for use. Most PROMs identified in this systematic review were considered as potentially suitable for use and need further high-quality research to assess their measurement properties.

Zero Tolerance for Bias

From gambling to military conscription, randomization makes crucial real-world decisions. With blood and treasure at stake, fairness is not negotiable. Unfortunately, bad advice and biased methods abound. We'll learn how to navigate around misinformation, develop sound methods, and compile checklists for design and code reviews.

Dampak Marketplace Layout Design, Sales Promotion dan Customer Review Terhadap Impulse Buying

The Shopee marketplace continues to show its existence as the marketplace with the most visitors. The distinctive color combination and well-arranged navigation menu can provide a different feel when visiting the maketplace. Information about various products can be seen very clearly on the main homepage, and shopping promo offers are also clearly visible on the slider screen on the main marketplace screen. The marketplace layout is also supported by the existence of a customer review navigation feature as a window for customer reviews of products and services that have been received. Shopee seems to understand how urgent the role of product information and customer reviews is in minimizing risks and supporting unplanned purchasing decisions. Therefore, this research aims to determine the impact of marketplace layout design, sales promotions and customer reviews to increase impulse buying. Research was conducted among Y generation in Kendari City who shopped at the Shopee marketplace. The total sample is 160 respondents. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was used as a data collection tool. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression using SPSS software. The results of data analysis show that marketplace layout design does not have a significant influence on impulse buying. Meanwhile, sales promotion and customer reviews have a significant positive influence on impulse buying. These findings provide information to marketplace managers and sellers about the urgency of the role of sales promotion as a short-term strategy in accelerating impulse buying. Apart from that, the existence of a customer review feature on the marketplace website can contribute to impulse buying. So it becomes urgent to provide stimulus, such as giving rewards or incentives to customers who have purchased to be able to provide reviews of the products and services they receive.

Mechanical design of ITER radial neutron camera Ex-Port system

The Radial Neutron Camera is an ITER diagnostic designed to measure the un-collided 14 MeV and 2.5 MeV neutrons from deuterium-tritium (DT) and deuterium-deuterium (DD) fusion reactions, through an array of detectors covering a poloidal plasma section along collimated Lines Of Sight (LOS). It is composed by two fan-shaped collimating structures viewing the plasma radially through vertical slots in the diagnostic shielding module of ITER Equatorial Port 1: the In-Port RNC, devoted to plasma edge coverage, and the Ex-Port RNC, devoted to the plasma core coverage. This paper presents an overview of the mechanical design of the Ex-Port RNC at the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) stage. The Ex-Port RNC is located in the Port Interspace and consists of a massive shielding structure hosting the detector units and two sets of collimators lying on different toroidal planes. The Ex-Port RNC design is presented both from the point of view of functional requirements (e.g. LOS positions and angles, radiation shielding, weight limitations) and of manufacturability. Finally, the Ex-port RNC structural integrity is assessed, and its design validated against the main loads and load combinations.

From Conventional to Programmable Matter Systems: A Review of Design, Materials, and Technologies

Programmable matter represents a system of elements whose interactions can be programmed for a certain behavior to emerge (e.g., color, shape) upon suitable commands (e.g., instruction, stimuli) by altering its physical characteristics. Even though its appellation may refer to a morphable physical material, programmable matter has been represented through several approaches from different perspectives (e.g., robots, smart materials) that seek the same objective: controllable behavior such as smart shape alteration. Researchers, engineers, and artists have expressed interest in the development of smart modeling clay as a novel alternative to conventional matter and classical means of prototyping. Henceforth, users will be able to do/undo/redo forms based on computed data (CAD) or interactions (sensors), which will help them unlock more features and increase the usefulness of their products. However, with such a promising technology, many challenges need to be addressed, as programmable matter relies on energy consumption, data transmission, stimuli control, and shape formation mechanisms. Furthermore, numerous devices and technologies are created under the name of programmable matter, which may pose ambiguity to the control strategies. In this study, we determine the basic operations required to form a shape, then review different realizations using the shape shifting ability of programmable matter and their fitting classifications, and finally discuss potential challenges.

Evaluating supply chain performance measurement system (SCPMS) lifecycle during unexpected events

ABSTRACT Supply chain management is recognized as a crucial element in boosting organizational performance and competitiveness. However, the COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated that many corporations were unprepared and lacked a recovery strategy, which led to significant supply chain disruptions. Hence, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the Supply Chain Performance Measurement System (SCPMS) lifetime under unforeseen situations, particularly in developing nations like Egypt, and its relevance during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. A systematic questionnaire was used to gather data from 100 manufacturing firms (supply chain and retailers) with large business volume who provided a total of 562 questionnaires. The findings indicated that there were four main measurement systems: SCPMS Design, SCPMS Implementation, SCPMS Use, and SCPMS Review. The results of the AHP method found that the SCPMS implementation was the most important system, while the least important was SCPMS design.

Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Katalog Keanekaragaman Serangga Polinator Nanas Untuk Materi Keanekaragaman Hayati Siswa SMA

One way to develop learning media is create a catalog based on the local potential of pineapple plantations in Blitar. The aim of this work is to find out the usability of the compiled catalog as a teaching tool for biodiversity material. This study uses the Research and Development (RnD) research method referred to Sugiyono (2017), starting with potential problem analysis, data collection, product design, design validation, and then design review. The tools used by the researchers consisted of validation surveys of media, materials and language experts. The data collected by the researchers were analyzed using quantitative descriptive data analysis techniques. Based on the results of validity tests by media experts, 93% feasibility was achieved with highly feasible criteria, 94% with material experts, and 89% with language experts. The conclusion is the catalog of pineapple pollinator diversity in Blitar feasibility was achieved as a teaching tool.

Common challenges and suggestions for risk of bias tool development: a systematic review of methodological studies

ObjectivesTo review the findings of studies that have evaluated the design and/or usability of key risk of bias (RoB) tools for the assessment of RoB in primary studies, as categorized by the Library of Assessment Tools and InsTruments Used to assess Data validity in Evidence Synthesis Network (a searchable library of RoB tools for evidence synthesis): Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASessment Tool (PROBAST) , Risk of Bias-2 (RoB2), Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2), Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-Comparative (QUADAS-C), Quality Assessment of Prognostic Accuracy Studies (QUAPAS), Risk Of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Exposures (ROBINS-E), and the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) RoB checklist. Study Design and SettingSystematic review of methodological studies. We conducted a forward citation search from the primary report of each tool, to identify primary studies that aimed to evaluate the design and/or usability of the tool. Two reviewers assessed studies for inclusion. We extracted tool features into Microsoft Word and used NVivo for document analysis, comprising a mix of deductive and inductive approaches. We summarized findings within each tool and explored common findings across tools. ResultsWe identified 13 tool evaluations meeting our inclusion criteria: PROBAST (3), RoB2 (3), ROBINS-I (4), and QUADAS-2 (3). We identified no evaluations for the other tools. Evaluations varied in clinical topic area, methodology, approach to bias assessment, and tool user background. Some had limitations affecting generalizability. We identified common findings across tools for 6/14 themes: (1) challenging items (eg, RoB2/ROBINS-I “deviations from intended interventions” domain), (2) overall RoB judgment (concerns with overall risk calculation in PROBAST/ROBINS-I), (3) tool usability (concerns about complexity), (4) time to complete tool (varying demands on time, eg, depending on number of outcomes assessed), (5) user agreement (varied across tools), and (6) recommendations for future use (eg, piloting) and development (add intermediate domain answer to QUADAS-2/PROBAST; provide clearer guidance for all tools). Of the other eight themes, seven only had findings for the QUADAS-2 tool, limiting comparison across tools, and one (“reorganization of questions”) had no findings. ConclusionEvaluations of key RoB tools have posited common challenges and recommendations for tool use and development. These findings may be helpful to people who use or develop RoB tools. Guidance is necessary to support the design and implementation of future RoB tool evaluations.

Impact of pharmaceutical care for asthma patients on health-related outcomes: An umbrella review.

Recent systematic reviews suggest that pharmacists' interventions in asthma patients have a positive impact on health-related outcomes. Nevertheless, the association is not well established, and the role of clinical pharmacists is poorly represented. The aim of this overview of systematic reviews is to identify published systematic reviews assessing the impact of pharmacists' interventions on health-related outcomes measured in asthma patients. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to December 2022. Systematic reviews of all study designs and settings were included. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2. Two investigators performed study selection, quality assessment and data collection independently. Nine systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was rated as high in one, low in two, and critically low in six. Reviews included 51 primary studies reporting mainly quality of life, asthma control, lung capacity, and therapeutic adherence. Only four studies were carried out in a hospital setting and only two reviews stated the inclusion of severe asthma patients. The quality of the systematic reviews was generally low, and this was the major limitation of this overview of systematic reviews. However, solid evidence supports that pharmaceutical care improves health-related outcomes in asthma patients.

Statistical techniques to assess publication integrity in groups of randomized trials: a narrative review

ObjectivesTo describe statistical tools available for assessing publication integrity of groups of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Study Design and SettingNarrative review. ResultsFreely available statistical tools have been developed that compare the observed distributions of baseline variables with the expected distributions that would occur if successful randomization occurred. For continuous variables, the tools assess baseline means, baseline P values, and the occurrence of identical means and/or standard deviation. For categorical variables, they assess baseline P values, frequency counts for individual or all variables, numbers of trial participants randomized or withdrawing, and compare reported with independently calculated P values. The tools have been used to identify publication integrity concerns in RCTs from individual groups, and performed at an acceptable level in discriminating intentionally fabricated baseline summary data from genuine RCTs. The tools can be used when concerns have been raised about RCT(s) from an individual/group and when the whole body of their work is being examined, when conducting systematic reviews, and could be adapted to aid screening of RCTs at journal submission. ConclusionStatistical tools are useful for the assessment of publication integrity of groups of RCTs.

A Systematic Review of Sustainable Supply Chain Network Design: Optimization Approaches and Research Trends

In response to the ever-increasing pursuit of competitiveness among organizations in today’s global business landscape, the subject of supply chain management has become a vital domain encompassing a wide range of sectors and industries across the economy. The growing concern about sustainable development has prompted public and private supply chain players to incorporate the three pillars of sustainability, namely, economic, environmental, and social, into the design of their supply chain networks. This study reviews and examines the content of 102 relevant papers to discuss the mathematical models, modeling approaches, and solutions that have been explored in the existing literature on forward sustainable supply chain network design. This paper also investigates the sustainability elements and supply chain network peculiarities including design factors and decision levels. In this review, several limitations in the current literature on sustainable supply chain network design optimization models are highlighted. According to the analysis, it was found that a better understanding of the industry and its sustainability requirements and priorities is essential for designing sustainable supply chain networks that are tailored to the needs of a specific industry rather than achieving general sustainability objectives. In addition, integrating strategic, tactical, and operational decision levels in the design of supply chain networks is critical for evaluating their impact on each other in terms of sustainability. More sophisticated mathematical solution methods for dealing with real-life scenarios including nonlinearity and uncertainty sources are required. The paper concludes with new prospects of research to promote a better integration of sustainability into supply chain networks.

Fine-grained effect sizes.

To make transparent individuals' responses to intervention over time in the systematic review of single-case experimental designs, we developed a method of estimating and graphing fine-grained effect sizes. Fine-grained effect sizes are both case- and time-specific and thus provide more nuanced information than effect size estimates that average effects across time, across cases, or both. We demonstrate the method for estimating fine-grained effect sizes under three different baseline stability assumptions: outcome stability, level stability, and trend stability. We then use the method to graph individual effect trajectories from three single-case experimental design studies that examined the impact of self-management interventions on students identified with autism. We conclude by discussing limitations associated with estimating and graphing fine-grained effect sizes and directions for further development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

In-vehicle displays for driving automation: a scoping review of display design and evaluation using driver gaze measures

ABSTRACT Recent research has extensively examined in-vehicle display designs for supporting the operation of driving automation. As automation relieves drivers from various driving tasks including vehicle control (e.g. steering, accelerating, and braking), driving performance measures (e.g. speed, lane deviations) may not be informative indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of in-vehicle displays. Gaze-based measures are a better alternative given their link to driver visual attention, an indication of driver engagement. A scoping review was conducted to review the literature on the design of displays for supporting the operation of driving automation and the evaluation of these displays using gaze-based measures. Forty-three articles were included in the review. Most of the studies investigated visual (and mixed visual-auditory) displays that provide alerts to the driver for when to intervene automation classified as Level 3. The adopted gaze measures mostly relied on static areas of interest (AOIs), with fewer studies looking at more fine-grained, context dependent AOIs. The paper summarises the findings of the review, including research trends and gaps, as well as recommendations for future research.

A Regulatory Perspective: Have We Done Enough on Grasping Automation Failure?

This paper responds to Skraaning and Jamieson’s target paper “The Failure to Grasp Automation Failure.” We acknowledge that the target paper made important contributions to automation research in the human factors community. It analyzed automation failure events in complex operational systems in contrast to the vast majority of laboratory research on human-automation interaction. The paper presented a taxonomy of automation failure. The analysis and taxonomy demonstrate the integration of approaches to grasping automation failures from system instrumentation and controls, human factors engineering, and human reliability analysis. We reviewed the regulatory framework related to use of automation in nuclear power plants and examined whether the framework elements adequately address “Failure to Grasp Automation Failure” using the taxonomy in the target paper. Overall, we believe that the target paper could enhance the consideration for potential automation failures in the design and regulatory review process of automation technologies.

An Architectural Solution to a Biological Problem: A Systematic Review of Lighting Designs in Healthcare Environments

Neuroscience and biological evidence emphasizes the profound influence of natural light on human health, offering benefits such as reducing fatigue, heightened alertness in healthcare providers, and improving patient outcomes. The objective of this review is to identify scientific studies and research to evaluate and report evidence of indoor lighting conditions’ influence on health outcomes, which can be used to develop lighting designs that align circadian rhythms in healthcare settings. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify rigorous empirical studies focused on the link between interior lighting conditions with health outcomes in the healthcare environment. For a comprehensive review of the existing literature, a four-phased methodology was employed including literature search, screening, and selection. Literature appraisals were conducted to determine the relevance and quality of evidence for each study identified. In addition, using a thematic analysis, patterns were identified, analyzed, and interpreted within the literature review. Accordingly, the results were organized into two main groups interventional human subjects and simulation-based studies. Despite evidence that natural light influences human health and happiness, a synthesis of reviewed studies suggests that the evidence for the benefits of artificial lighting in healthcare settings is less conclusive, with potential factors including variations in lighting design, inconsistent implementation of lighting interventions, and differing sample populations across studies. We conclude with an executive summary suggesting that future research should use standardized metrics and methods to focus on bridging the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application in lighting design for healthcare environments. Collaboration among architects, designers, lighting experts, and healthcare professionals can address these factors contributing to building a stronger evidence-based design for the benefits of artificial lighting in healthcare settings.

Degenerated High-Energy Piping Supports of Thermal Power Plants

High-energy piping systems of power plants, such as Main Steam (MS) pipes or Hot Reheat (HR) pipes, operate at high temperatures and high pressure at base and cyclic loads. In the event of transient conditions, a pipe can be deflected dramatically and cause high stress in the pipe, leading to the failure of the piping system. Pipe hangers/supports are vital in maintaining the forces and stresses of the piping system within the allowable limits by allowing sufficient pipe movement from cold to hot conditions and protecting the piping system from operation transient loads such as steam hammer and water hammer events. Thus, the pipe hangers and supports shall be inspected regularly to ensure their functionality. This paper presents examples of common issues found in degenerated pipe hangers/supports in power plants. The pipe support site inspection generally found deviations in pipe travel, which were not as expected by design. Design reviews have shown that the design travel of pipe support can differ from those found on pipe support nameplates, and the deviation can be as much as 74%. The actual load of pipe support can deviate as much as 18% from the design load and requires rectification as undesirable high stresses can be developed over time if it is left unattended. Pipe hanger/support inspection data can be used in further assessment, such as piping structural analysis. Deteriorated or degenerated pipe supports shall be identified, prioritised for further assessment, and monitored regularly as part of a strategy and initiative to ensure total plant safety management, with the aim to minimise the risk of premature and catastrophic failures.Keywords: degenerated, inspection, pipe hanger/support, piping systems, power plant, walk-down

A comprehensive review of energy-efficient design in satellite communication systems

Satellite communication systems play a pivotal role in enabling global connectivity, but their energy consumption presents significant challenges in terms of sustainability and operational costs. This comprehensive review explores various aspects of energy-efficient design in satellite communication systems to address these challenges. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of energy efficiency in satellite communications, including key metrics and parameters, the review delves into the analysis of energy consumption across different subsystems. Strategies for optimizing energy efficiency in transmission protocols, modulation schemes, power management, and control are examined, along with case studies showcasing successful implementations. Emerging technologies and trends in satellite communication are explored for their potential to enhance energy efficiency. Regulatory and environmental considerations are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of aligning energy-efficient design with regulatory frameworks and addressing environmental impacts. Ultimately, this review highlights the importance of prioritizing energy efficiency in satellite communication system design to mitigate environmental impact, reduce operational costs, and ensure sustainability in an increasingly interconnected world.

Considerations for the use of biochemical laboratory registry data in clinical and public health research

ObjectivesTo inform researchers of central considerations and limitations when applying biochemical laboratory-generated registry data in clinical and public health research. Study Design and SettingAfter review of literature on registry-based studies and the utilization of clinical laboratory registry data, relevant paragraphs and their applicability toward the creation of considerations for the use of biochemical registry data in research were evaluated. This led to the creation of an initial ten considerations. These were elaborated, edited, and merged after several read-throughs by all authors and discussed thoroughly under influence by the authors’ personal experiences with laboratory databases and research registries in Denmark, leading to the formulation of five central considerations with corresponding items and illustrative examples. ResultsWe recommend that the following considerations should be addressed in studies relying on biochemical laboratory-generated registry data: why are biochemical laboratory data relevant to examine the hypothesis, and how were the variable(s) utilized in the study? What were the primary indications for specimen collection in the study population of interest? Were there any pre-analytical circumstances that could influence the test results? Are data comparable between producing laboratories and within the single laboratory over time? Is the database representative in terms of completeness of study populations and key variables? ConclusionIt is crucial to address key errors in laboratory registry data and acknowledge potential limitations.