Reverse Reading Research Articles

Semicocycle discontinuities for substitutions and reverse-reading automata

In this article we define the semigroup associated to a primitive substitution. We use it to construct a minimal automaton which generates a substitution sequence u in reverse reading. We show, in the case where the substitution has a coincidence, that this automaton completely describes the semicocycle discontinuities of u.

The Place of De magistro in Augustine’s Theology of Words and the Word

This article investigates the place of De magistro within Augustine’s developing theology of words and the Word through a reverse chronological reading. This is necessary because, despite its emphasis on words, De magistro never refers to Christ as the “Word.” It would be easy, therefore, to see it as unrelated to the theological emphasis on that title in later works such as De trinitate. A reverse chronological reading, however, establishes Augustine’s developing understanding of the relationship between words and the Word in a way that moves us from a full-throated theology of divine and human speech backward into more exploratory engagements with nascent ideas. When this reverse trail is traced, we can begin to see De magistro as one key starting point for it by providing warrant for seeing the inner Christ as necessarily the Word of God, even if not explicitly named as such. Such a reading adds deeper theological significance to a text often read only in terms of its contribution to semiotics and epistemology. In this reading, De magistro is an essential text for understanding Augustine’s fuller theology of language not only because of its early sign theory but because it sets the soteriological stage for our growth into the likeness of Christ the Word.

Progress of Eye Movement Research in Bilingual Reading of Ethnic Minorities

At present, there are few eye movement studies on Bilingual Reading of ethnic minorities. This paper combs the eye movement studies of Tibetan, Mongolian, and Uygur reading mother tongue and Chinese, and puts forward the future research ideas: To investigate the reverse reading of Chinese texts by Uygur native speakers, and the reading perceptual span of Mongolian reading of Mongolian primary school students.

Polysomally protected viruses

It is conceivable that an RNA virus could use a polysome, that is, a string of ribosomes covering the RNA strand, to protect the genetic material from degradation inside a host cell. This paper discusses how such a virus might operate, and how its presence might be detected by ribosome profiling. There are two possible forms for such a polysomally protected virus, depending upon whether just the forward strand or both the forward and complementary strands can be encased by ribosomes (these will be termed type 1 and type 2, respectively). It is argued that in the type 2 case the viral RNA would evolve an ambigrammatic property, whereby the viral genes are free of stop codons in a reverse reading frame (with forward and reverse codons aligned). Recent observations of ribosome profiles of ambigrammatic narnavirus sequences are consistent with our predictions for the type 2 case.

Polymorphism of genetic ambigrams.

Double synonyms in the genetic code can be used as a tool to test competing hypotheses regarding ambigrammatic narnavirus genomes. Applying the analysis to recent observations of Culex narnavirus 1 and Zhejiang mosquito virus 3 ambigrammatic viruses indicates that the open reading frame on the complementary strand of the segment coding for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase does not code for a functional protein. Culex narnavirus 1 has been shown to possess a second segment, also ambigrammatic, termed ‘Robin’. We find a comparable segment for Zhejiang mosquito virus 3, a moderately diverged relative of Culex narnavirus 1. Our analysis of Robin polymorphisms suggests that its reverse open reading frame also does not code for a functional protein. We make a hypothesis about its role.

The many readings of many: POS in the reverse proportional reading

Besides their ordinary cardinal and proportional meanings, many and few have been argued to allow for a ‘reverse proportional’ reading (Westerstahl in Linguist and Philos 8:387–413, 1985). This reading has later been characterised in two opposite directions: Cohen’s (Nat Lang Semant 69:41–67, 2001) reading where the proportion $$|P\cap Q|:|P|$$ matters and Herburger’s (Nat Lang Semant 5:53–78, 1997) where it does not. We develop a compositional analysis that derives the correct truth conditions for both characterisations of Westerstahl-style sentences while (i) maintaining conservativity, (ii) assuming a standard syntax/semantics mapping and (iii) reducing their context-dependence to mechanisms independently needed for degree constructions in general. In a nutshell, mirroring the decomposition of other degree expressions like tall, many is decomposed into the parametrized determiner many and the operator POS, where POS combines with a contextually salient comparison class C matching the alternatives triggered by some element X $$_{\text {ALT}}$$ in the sentence. Non-reverse readings obtain when X $$_{\text {ALT}}$$ is external to the original host NP and reverse readings when X $$_{\text {ALT}}$$ is internal to the host NP. Cohen’s (2001) (amended) truth conditions for Westerstahl-style sentences are derived as a (true) reverse proportional reading and Herburger’s (1997) interpretation as a sub-case of the non-reverse cardinal reading.

Proportional readings of many and few: the case for an underspecified measure function

In the so-called reverse proportional reading (Herburger in Nat Lang Semant 5(1):53, 1997), the truth conditions of statements of the form many/few $$\phi $$ $$\psi $$ appear to make reference to the ratio of the individuals that are in the extensions of both $$\phi $$ and $$\psi $$ to the individuals that are in the extension of $$\psi $$ . The analysis of such readings is controversial. One prominent approach assumes they are a symptom of many and few making reference to a context dependent standard of comparison. We observe that this initially attractive approach systematically undergenerates, failing to capture pervasive reverse proportionality in environments that remove context dependency of the standard. Instead, we propose that reverse proportionality in such cases can arise from the underspecification of the measure function underlying the meanings of many and few.

Şəxs adlarında üslubi xüsusiyyətlər

Anthroponyms used in Azerbaijani fiction have various stylistic features. The pronunciation of proper names from board orthophonic side takes one of the main places. For certain stylistic purposes proper names are shortened or reduced for caressing aims. The problem of similarity of sounds in borrowed and national names, use of borrowed and national names replacing each other, reverse reading of proper names, creation of comic misunderstanding and the problem of dual use of anthroponyms are stylistic features of important research.

Ренесанс на дългото четене: новият мултимодален формат за разказване „лонгрийд”

The goal of this study is to specify nature, the heart and soul of a process referred to as a reading, to indentify reasons for the interest in the so-called longread narrative formats, unexpectedly going up in times of obviously reverse trends, such as, for example, short and speed reading techniques. The cyclic recurrence registered in case of ‘lengthy twist’ in the reading matters demonstrates that each transfer to shorter-size books gives a chance, probability, to become a step to long books. The key research findings indicate that longread formats are increasingly more and more popular, as these texts enable readers to keep out of the information pollution. The outcomes and conclusions are focusing on expanding the conceptional fields towards new policies stimulating reading and to more creative methods producing reading effects into the sphere of quality online journalism, education, publishing industries and popularization of science, at large. Funding: This article is the result of a collaboration made possible by the COST Action IS 1404 E-READ (Evolution of Reading in the Age of Digitisation), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), and the research project DCOST 01/13 - 04.08.2017 of the National Scientific Fund of Bulgaria.

The Conservativity of Many: Split Scope and Most

Besides their cardinal and proportional readings, many and few have been argued to allow for a ‘reverse’ proportional reading that defies the conservativity universal (Westerstahl in Ling Philos 8:387−413, 1985). Recently, an analysis has been developed that derives the correct truth conditions for this reading while preserving conservativity (Romero, in Proceedings of the 20th Amsterdam Colloquium, ILLC, Amsterdam, 2015; Romero, On the reverse proportional reading of many, 2016a, submitted). The present paper investigates two predictions of this analysis, based on two key ingredients. First, many is decomposed into a determiner stem many and the degree operator POS. This predicts that other elements may scopally intervene between the two parts. Second, non-reverse and reverse readings arise from the versatile association possibilities of POS, as independently witnessed in the grammar. In languages in which the same versatile association profile is granted to the superlative degree operator -est, reverse readings are expected to arise for most as well. Both predictions are borne out.

PENOLAKAN TERHADAP NARASI BESAR DALAM NOVEL NEGARA KELIMA KARYA E.S. ITO (TINJAUAN DEKONSTRUKSI JACQUES DERRIDA)

Abstract. “The rejection on Big narration in Negara kelima’ s novel by E.S. Ito (Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction analysis)”. The aim of this research is to describe the rejection of big naration text in Negara Kelima novel by E.S. Ito by using Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction analysis. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The source of the data is the Negara Kelima novel by E.S. Ito which is published by Serambi Ilmu Semesta. Then, the data is gained from the text in Negara Kelima novel by E.S. Ito which is a rejection on Big Narration according to Jacquess Derrida. The instrument of the research is self-research under the idea and knowledge about research by using Library research, the researcher understand, identify, analyze, then, describe based on the deconstruction theory from Jacques Derrida. The result of the research shows to us that E.S. Ito conducted a rejection on three big narration, the first one about science narration in terms of reading maps (Cartograf), in reading modern map, decosntruction allow the reader to do reverse reading in finding Ancient history. The second is about Religion narration (Islam), E.S Ito deconstruct the moeslem’s society paradigm about the existence of heaven, and the third is about history narration.

Evaluation of the factors influencing brain language laterality in presurgical planning

Brain lesions cause functional deficits, and one treatment for this condition is lesion resection. In most cases, presurgical planning (PSP) and the information from laterality indices are necessary for maximum preservation of the critical functions after surgery. Language laterality index (LI) is reliably estimated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); however, this measure is under the influence of some external factors. In this study, we investigated the influence of a number of factors on language LI, using data from 120 patients (mean age=35.65 (±13.4) years) who underwent fMRI for PSP. Using two proposed language tasks from our previous works, brain left hemisphere was showed to be dominant for the language function, although a higher LI was obtained using the “Word Generation” task, compared to the “Reverse Word Reading”. In addition, decline of LIs with age, and lower LI when the lesion invaded brain language area were observed. Meanwhile, gender, lesion side (affected hemisphere), LI calculation strategy, and fMRI analysis Z-values did not statistically show any influences on the LIs. Although fMRI is widely used to estimate language LI, it is shown here that in order to present a reliable language LI and to correctly select the dominant hemisphere of the brain, the influence of external factors should be carefully considered.

Gated twin-bit silicon–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon NAND flash memory for high-density nonvolatile memory

In this paper, we report the fabrication and analysis of the gated twin-bit NAND flash memory with a nitride charge-trapping layer. This device is based on the recessed channel structure, and it has an additional cut-off gate that enables 2-bit operation. Therefore, the density of the array can be doubled without any difficulty in patterning. The fabrication method for gated twin-bit (GTB) silicon–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon (SONOS) memories and their electrical characteristics are described in this paper. Program/erase characteristics are observed and the 2-bit operation is verified by the forward–reverse reading scheme.

Selection pressure in alternative reading frames.

Overlapping genes are two protein-coding sequences sharing a significant part of the same DNA locus in different reading frames. Although in recent times an increasing number of examples have been found in bacteria the underlying mechanisms of their evolution are unknown. In this work we explore how selective pressure in a protein-coding sequence influences its overlapping genes in alternative reading frames. We model evolution using a time-continuous Markov process and derive the corresponding model for the remaining frames to quantify selection pressure and genetic noise. Our findings lead to the presumption that, once information is embedded in the reverse reading frame −2 (relative to the mother gene in +1) purifying selection in the protein-coding reading frame automatically protects the sequences in both frames. We also found that this coincides with the fact that the genetic noise measured using the conditional entropy is minimal in frame −2 under selection in the coding frame.

Drain-induced Schottky barrier source-side hot carriers and its application to program local bits of nanowire charge-trapping memories

A new mechanism of drain-induced Schottky barrier lowering is reported experimentally for Schottky barrier nanowire devices. The strong drain-induced barrier lowering and associated source-side hot electrons were employed to program the localized bits of nanowire charge-trapping memory cells. For Schottky barrier nanowire devices, two different mechanisms of Schottky barrier lowering are classified: 1) gate-controlled and 2) drain-induced. In the drain-mode conduction, the lowering of Schottky source barrier relies on the drain voltage. The smaller gate voltage and the larger drain voltage are, the higher drain current is attained. The pure drain-induced current can locally program the nanowire charge-trapping cells at a drain voltage of 5–6 V. The decoupled forward and reverse reading curves confirm the trap charges are sorely programmed at the source-side region. This new drain-induced lowering mechanism provides a practical approach to program the multi-bit/cell NOR-type nanowire charge-trapping memories, and the drain-mode programming preserves excellent thermal retention and cycling endurance.

Hepatitis E and Lymphocytic Leukemia in Man, Italy

Hepatitis E and Lymphocytic Leukemia in Man, Italy

The Three-Step-Test Revisited: How to Use the Testts Flexibility in National Copyright Law

The first version of the three-step test emerged at the 1967 Stockholm Conference for the Revision of the Berne Convention. With the inclusion of versions of the test in the TRIPS Agreement of April 1994, the two WIPO “Internet” treaties of December 1996, the more recent Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances of June 24, 2012, and the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled (VIP Treaty) of June 27, 2013, the test has taken on the central function of allowing and enabling tailor-made solutions at the national level.The three rather abstract criteria of the test offer room for different interpretations. Various alternative approaches have been developed in the legal literature and applied by national courts, including an understanding of the test’s factors as elements of a global balancing exercise; and a reverse reading of the test starting with the last, most flexible criterion. There are also parallels between factors in Anglo-American fair use and fair dealing legislation and the three step test.The study herein concludes that the three-step test in international copyright law does not preclude flexible national legislation allowing the courts to identify individual use privileges case-by-case and that the three-step test can serve as a source of inspiration for national law makers seeking to institute flexible exceptions and limitations at the domestic level.

Prevalence of Pre-Existing Corneal Astigmatism in Age Related Cataract Patient

Cataract surgery is no more a blind rehabilitation surgery, it absolutely gives normal vision. In the era of modern cataract surgery patients expectations are also high about visual outcome. This prospective study was carried out to investigate the magnitude and pattern of pre-existing corneal astigmatism in age related cataract patient at Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur and Agha Yusuf Adhunik Hospital, Kustia, from July 2009 to June 2012. We examined 850 eyes of 730 patients who underwent cataract surgery. The mean age at the time of surgery was 61.9±8.1 (40 to 70) years. Corneal astigmatism was measured by Auto Refracto Keratometer at least two times for each patient. Astigmatism was calculated from diopteric difference of vertical reading from horizontal reading. With the rule (WTR) astigmatism was considered when steep meridian at 90°± 20°. Against the rule (ATR) astigmatism was considered when steep meridian at 180°±20°. Astigmatism is in other direction is defined as oblique. On keratometry, when vertical reading (k1) was found greater than horizontal (k2) was considered WTR astigmatism and the reverse reading for ATR astigmatism. The percentage of corneal astigmatism was 1D or less was 69.6%, more than 1D and less than 1.5D, 27.6% and more than 1.5D and less then 2D 2.8%. Prevalence of ATR astigmatism was more than WTR astigmatism and prevalence of ATR astigmatism increases significantly with age. Approximately two third of pre-operative patient had 1D or less astigmatism and one third had more than 1D corneal astigmatism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v8i1.16887 Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2013;8(1): 02-04

Reading Operation and Cell Scalability of Nonvolatile Schottky barrier Multibit Charge-Trapping Memory Cells

Using unique ambipolar conduction, a Schottky barrier multibit cell can be programmed using source-side electron injection and can be erased reversely using drain-side hole compensation. This paper numerically discusses the particular reading operation and cell scalability of the Schottky barrier multibit cell resulting from the presence of Schottky source/drain barriers. Forward and reverse reading schemes were examined to determine the multibit-cell state. Critical cell factors, such as channel length, Schottky barrier height, and electrode voltage, were examined to select appropriate structural parameters and operational conditions. Because of the unique Schottky source/drain barriers, the scaled Schottky barrier cell exhibits excellent short-channel immunity and retains the nature of cell reading, source-side programming, and drain-side erasing in a nanoscale regime. Preserving a compact stack-gate architecture and a thorough CMOS process, the Schottky barrier multibit cell serves as a promising candidate for use in nonvolatile embedded and commodity memory devices.

Developing optimized fMRI protocol for clinical use: Comparison of different language paradigms

To compare the potential of five functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language paradigms in activating language areas in Persian-speaking volunteers in order to optimize these tasks for clinically useful protocol. 16 healthy right-handed Persian-speaking volunteers were studied. Each individual performed five tasks during the fMRI scan: word generation (WG), object naming (ON), word reading (WR), word production (WP), and reverse word reading (RWR). The ability of each task to activate classical language areas was assessed using group analysis. In addition, the lateralization index (LI) for each subject-task was calculated and compared. We found that WP, RWR, and WG robustly activated language-related areas in the dominant hemisphere. ON and WR failed to sufficiently delineate these activation areas. Highest activation intensities in the frontal lobe (including Broca's area) were seen with WP, whereas RWR showed the highest LI among all examined tasks. Our results demonstrated that the Persian version of WG and newly presented WP and RWR tasks can be reliably used for localization of language-related areas in Persian speakers. This type of language evaluation may be used in presurgical planning of neurosurgical procedures in the Persian population. We recommend application of WP and RWR in future researches establishing the optimized protocol for other language speakers.