Reverse Phenomenon Research Articles

Inverse thermodiffusion of active matter in temperature gradient systems

We have revealed an inverse thermodiffusion phenomenon for active particles under temperature gradient in one-species systems. This counterintuitive behavior is supported by numerical calculations as well as theoretical analyses. It is presented that the active particles flow from high-temperature to low-temperature regions when the self-driving force is small. On the contrary, the active particles can flow from low-temperature to high-temperature regions as long as the self-driving force is large enough. The mass current reversal phenomenon can be explained analytically from the special swimming pressures of the active particles. The P é clet numbers defined in our work indicate a potential application in separating the particles with different activities. The findings may bring a new understanding of the physical properties of active matter and provide enlightenment for the study of the non-equilibrium collective transport of active particles.

Investigation of the lithiation mechanism of tin phosphite SnHPO3 as anode for Lithium-ion batteries

Phosphite-based anodes are attracting increasing attention in energy storage, especially for lithium-ion technology, due to their distinctive structures and their good electrochemical performances. Herein, the lithiation mechanism of tin phosphite SnHPO3 as lithium anode was examined for the first time. SnHPO3 has been synthesized through a soft hydrothermal route. Its structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy techniques. The reaction mechanisms of lithiation-delithiation of SnHPO3 anode was conducted using operando X-ray diffraction, ex-situ X-ray and ex-situ Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy techniques at room temperature. Both in-situ and ex-situ measurements show that SnHPO3 undergoes a conversion mechanism. The lithiation-delithiation of tin phosphite took place in a complex redox reaction sequence, and the reversible electrochemical phenomenon exclusively occurs through the alloying of tin at a low potential. The lithiation of tin phosphite begins by partial degradation of its structure, signifying the start of the conversion process. Then, the phosphite matrix becomes amorphous. The reversible capacity of the system is governed by the lithium‑tin alloying de-alloying process, produced at low potential.

Consequences of variable wall permeability and magnetic field on non-isothermal flow in converging/diverging tubes

The current article is devoted to the development of a theoretical model investigating heat transfer analysis of MHD blood flow through renal tubules. For this purpose, we consider the transport of Newtonian fluid inside a non-uniform tube whose lateral surface is kept at constant temperature. The walls of tube are considered to admit the variable permeation and the flow is actuated by an externally applied magnetic field. The solution of the problem is formulated analytically in terms of axial and radial velocities and temperature distribution under the presumption of lubrication approximation in the inertia free flow field. Implication of Darcy’s law for fluid seepage across the tubular membrane results in an ordinary differential equation having variable coefficients for the unknown pressure, which is successfully computed numerically using RK45 routine. Performance of velocity, pressure and temperature distributions has been investigated for various values of the physical parameters involving in the model. Moreover, flow rate behavior, fluid reabsorption and the leakage flux has been analyzed through graphs and tables. The characteristics of heat transfer in the flow field is also evaluated for various values of Brinkman number. A significant discovery reported in the results of present model reveals that the axial flow exhaustion and radial flow reversal are significantly influenced by the tube converging/diverging parameter and the Hartmann number as well. By employing a strong magnetic field, exhaustion and reversal phenomena in the flow field can be restrained up to a certain limit. Moreover, with an increasing wall permeability, there is a significant exhaustion of axial flow in a divergent tube and a prominent assistance takes place in the radial flow reversal for convergent tube. It is hoped that the present model will bear the potential to study flow in renal tubules and in hemodialyzer.

Significance of tumor size and number of positive nodes in patients with FIGO 2018 stage IIIC1 cervical cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of tumor size and number of positive pelvic lymph nodes (PLN) in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2018 stage IIIC1 cervical cancer patients. Clinical data from 626 women with cervical cancer treated at Osaka International Cancer Center in 2010-2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Using the cutoff value obtained on the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the prognostic significance of tumor size and number of positive PLN in stage IIIC1 patients was first evaluated via uni- and multivariate analyses. Then, the impact of incorporating tumor size and number of positive PLN into the FIGO staging system was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Among 196 women with Stage IIIC1 disease, larger tumors (>4cm) and multiple PLN metastases (≥4) were independent predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with stage IIIC1 cervical cancer. The PFS of patients with stage IIIC1 disease was inversely associated with the number of risk factors. Although patients with stage IIIC1 disease had significantly increased survival rates compared to those with stage IIIA or IIIB disease in the original FIGO 2018 staging system, this reversal phenomenon was resolved by incorporating larger tumors (>4cm) and multiple PLN metastases (≥4) into the revised staging system. Incorporating tumor size and number of metastatic lymph nodes into the FIGO staging system allows additional risk stratification for women with stage IIIC1 cervical cancer and improves survival prediction performance.

Investigation of Reverse Recovery Phenomenon for SiC MOSFETs in High-Temperature Applications

Investigation of Reverse Recovery Phenomenon for SiC MOSFETs in High-Temperature Applications

Demonstration of Pavlov Associative Memory by Implementation of Rate Coding Using Magnetic Tunnel Junction Neurons

In this paper, a fully functioning Pavlov associative memory system, one of the most famous examples of the biological brain function, is implemented by a basis of rate coding. In order to create a neural signal which is capable of emulating the synaptic weight based on rate coding, a neural signal is constructed by utilizing telegraphic switching of the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), a random magnetization reversal phenomenon. Spike rate of the MTJ neuron is controllable by adjusting the STT current bias, creating signals with rate information that is capable of implementing rate coding scheme as a weight update method for the TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> memristor synapse. The proposed neuron creates random spike signals containing rate information, which participates in emulating Pavlov associative memory characteristics such as learning and forgetting, as well as rate controlling characteristics. The suggested structure shows a coding scheme which both input and output neurons participate, which can be expanded to larger neuromorphic neural network applications.

Growth, sex reversal pattern, and reproductive characteristics of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) broodstock candidates reared in floating cages

Sex reversal of male to female is a characteristic of barramundi (Lates calcarifer), which is affected by several factors, thereby changing the broodstock population. A study was conducted in floating cages in Langkawi, Malaysia, to determine the weight point at the onset of the sex reversal phenomena. A total of 75 female and 55 male adult individuals (3–4 weeks of age) were sampled from the fish cultured in cages to ascertain their sex at different weights. The water temperature and salinity values were 29.82 °C and 33.12 ppt, respectively. The specimens were classified into twelve bodyweight classes (2.00–8.00 ± 0.5 kg intervals). Female specimen body weight distribution was highest in the 6.01–6.50 kg class (22.6%), followed by the 5.51–6.00 kg and 4.51–5.00 class (13.3%), while male specimen body weight distribution was highest in the 4.51–5.00 kg class (32.1%), followed by the 4.01–4.50 kg class (30.3%). Length-to-weight relationships for females and males of Asian Seabass indicated positive allometric growth. The correlation between body weight and GSI, using Pearson’s correlation, for both sexes, for the male and female barramundi, there was a weak correlation between body weight and GSI, which was 37 and 30%, respectively. Based on the present study’s findings, it can be concluded that sex reversal from male to female in Barramundi largely occurred at 4.57 kg body weight and 66.8 cm total length.

Analysis of a parallel-channel natural circulation loop in the passive residual heat removal system of the NHR200-II reactor

The passive residual heat removal (PRHR) system of the NHR200-II nuclear heating reactor is a parallel-channel single-phase natural circulation loop. The reverse-flow phenomenon in parallel-channel natural circulation loops will cause insufficient heat removal capacity in the PRHR system. In this study, a simplified mathematical model was established for the PRHR system of NHR200-II. The mechanism of the reverse flow phenomenon in the PRHR system was analyzed using a pressure drop-flow rate diagram, and the effects of cooler elevation and loop resistance on the number of reverse flow branches were discussed. The analysis reveals that the reverse flow phenomenon of the PRHR system can be suppressed by increasing the elevation of the air cooler. Furthermore, there exists a critical elevation of the air cooler. It is not feasible to suppress the reverse flow by changing the friction coefficients of either the PHE branches or the air cooler branch when the air cooler elevation is less than the critical value. Oppositely, the number of reverse flow branches can be reduced or even eliminated by increasing the resistance of the PHE branches or reducing the resistance of the air cooler branch when the air cooler elevation is greater than the critical value.

Deletions within intronic T-DNA lead to reversion of T-DNA mutant phenotypes.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation enables random transfer-DNA (T-DNA) insertion into plant genomes. T-DNA insertion into a gene's exons, introns or untranscribed regions close to the start or stop codon can disrupt gene function. Such T-DNA mutants have been useful for reverse genetics analysis, especially in Arabidopsis thaliana. As T-DNAs are inserted into genomic DNA, they are generally believed to be stably inherited. Here, we report a phenomenon of reversion of intronic T-DNA mutant phenotypes. From a suppressor screen using intronic T-DNA pi4kβ1,2 double mutant, we recovered intragenic mutants of pi4kβ1, which suppressed the autoimmunity of the double mutant. These mutants carried deletions in the intronic T-DNAs, resulting in elevated transcription of normal PI4Kβ1. Such reversion of T-DNA insertional mutant phenotype stresses the need for caution when using intronic T-DNA mutants and reiterates the importance of using irreversible null mutant alleles in genetic analyses.

On the Nature of Post‐Constrained Recovery Residual Stress of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys

In this article, the nature of the post‐constrained recovery residual stress (PCRRS) observed in nickel titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) subjected to constrained recovery and returned to a low‐temperature state while remaining constrained is investigated. After performing the thermomechanical cycling to produce the PCRRS state, four experiments are performed with different deflection profiles applied from the PCRRS state, and the changes in the residual stress is observed. All tests produce a gradual decrease in stress after every load cycle, similar to cyclic softening. However, repetition of the process used to initially generate PCRRS restores the initial magnitude of the PCRRS, indicating that the decrease in residual stress is a stable, repeatable, and reversible phenomenon, and not true material degradation. To better understand the nature of PCRRS, an analysis is performed comparing the modulus relating stress and strain at different points along the thermomechanical loading path. In this analysis, it is shown that NiTi has a combination of twinned and detwinned martensite in the PCRRS state. Understanding the nature of PCRRS, properties and its stability have the potential for advanced engineering applications such as self‐healing and fatigue‐resistant materials by generating stresses without continuous actuation over a long period of time.

Concentration mediated structural modulation in a family of mixed-ligand coordination polymers: Structure, sorption and luminescence study

A series of mixed-ligands Zn(II) coordination polymers (CPs) have contracted by varying the relative ratio of two ligands. A linear N,N′-donor ligand, trans 4,4′-azobispyridine (azbpy) and a sodium salt of tri carboxylic acid, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (Na3btc) have been used in different ratio, along with Zn(II) salt to synthesize three different mixed ligands multifunctional hydroxy bridged CPs, namely {[Zn2(μ2-OH)(azbpy)(btc)(H2O)]. (H2O)(MeOH)}n (1), {[Zn2(μ3-OH)(azbpy)1.5(btc)(H2O)].(azbpy)0.5(H2O)4}n (2), and {[Zn2.5(azbpy)(Hbtc)2(μ2-OH)(H2O)3].(H2O)3.5(MeOH)}n (3). All these CPs 1, 2 and 3 have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, UV–visible spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The desolvated frameworks of 1 and 2 adsorb CO2 better, over N2, whereas, complex 3 shows reverse phenomenon. Solid state luminescence studies of these CPs display attentive fluorescence emission at room temperature. Change in those properties has been observed, which has been discussed here with structural correlation.

Reversed charge transfer induced by nickel in Fe-Ni/Mo2C@nitrogen-doped carbon nanobox for promoted reversible oxygen electrocatalysis

The interaction between metal and support is critical in oxygen catalysis as it governs the charge transfer between these two entities, influences the electronic structures of the supported metal, affects the adsorption energies of reaction intermediates, and ultimately impacts the catalytic performance. In this study, we discovered a unique charge transfer reversal phenomenon in a metal/carbon nanohybrid system. Specifically, electrons were transferred from the metal-based species to N-doped carbon, while the carbon support reciprocally donated electrons to the metal domain upon the introduction of nickel. This led to the exceptional electrocatalytic performances of the resulting Ni-Fe/Mo2C@nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst, with a half-wave potential of 0.91 V towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and a low overpotential of 290 mV at 10 mA cm−2 towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline conditions. Additionally, the Fe-Ni/Mo2C@carbon heterojunction catalyst demonstrated high specific capacity (794 mA h gZn−1) and excellent cycling stability (200 h) in a Zn-air battery. Theoretical calculations revealed that Mo2C effectively inhibited charge transfer from Fe to the support, while secondary doping of Ni induced a charge transfer reversal, resulting in electron accumulation in the Fe-Ni alloy region. This local electronic structure modulation significantly reduced energy barriers in the oxygen catalysis process, enhancing the catalytic efficiency of both ORR and OER. Consequently, our findings underscore the potential of manipulating charge transfer reversal between the metal and support as a promising strategy for developing highly-active and durable bi-functional oxygen electrodes.

Not Asian Anymore: Reconstruction of the History, Evolution, and Dispersal of the "Asian" Lineage of CPV-2c.

Variability has been one of the hallmarks of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) since its discovery, and several lineages and antigenic variants have emerged. Among these, a group of viruses commonly called Asian CPV-2c has recently been reported with increasing frequency in different regions. Currently, its global epidemiology and evolution are essentially unknown. The present work deals with this information gap by evaluating, via sequence, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic analyses, all the complete coding sequences of strains classified as Asian CPV-2c based on a combination of amino acid markers and phylogenetic analysis. After its estimated origin around 2008, this lineage circulated undetected in Asia until approximately 2012, when an expansion in viral population size and geographical distribution occurred, involving Africa, Europe, and North America. Asia was predicted to be the main nucleus of viral dispersal, leading to multiple introduction events in other continents/countries, where infection establishment, persistence, and rapid evolution occurred. Although the dog is the main host, other non-canine species were also involved, demonstrating the host plasticity of this lineage. Finally, although most of the strains showed an amino acid motif considered characteristic of this lineage, several exceptions were observed, potentially due to convergent evolution or reversion phenomena.

Advancements in Blood Rheology and Hemodynamics Simulation with a Brief History

Blood rheology is a complex field of study that investigates blood flow behavior, vital for understanding its role in physiological and pathological conditions. This article delves into various rheological models that describe blood behavior, ranging from Generalized Newtonian models to more sophisticated thixotropic and elastoviscoplastic models. One such model, the Horner-Armstrong-Wagner-Beris (HAWB) model, offers valuable insights into the dynamic interplay of reversible and irreversible phenomena in blood flow. Recent advancements, such as the mHAWB framework, provide enhanced accuracy and versatility in modeling blood rheology, holding great potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Moreover, microscopic and mesoscopic simulations have paved the way for deeper insights into blood behavior, bridging the gap between theory and experiment. Multiscale models offer a promising approach to capturing the complexities of blood rheology at various length scales. Finally, we explore the clinical implications of blood rheology, including its significance in conditions like polycythemia, neonatal respiratory distress, and circulatory inadequacy. By understanding blood rheology comprehensively, we can advance our knowledge of complex blood flow dynamics and its potential applications in healthcare.

First-principles study on the magnetic properties in non-metallic co-doped cubic LaNiO3

Using the first principles spin polarized calculations, the electronic structures and magnetic properties of two C atoms and two S atoms doped LaNiO3 (LNO) are investigated. For the double C-doped LNO (C-LNO), C–O–C chain exhibits the ferromagnetic (FM) order arrangement. The introduction of C atoms increases the average magnetic moment of each Ni atom by 0.23 μB/cell and enhances the hybridization between Ni-3d and O-2p states. The C atom generates a weak magnetic moment of 0.07 μB/atom due to the magnetization in the FM ground state. For the case of double S-doped LNO (S-LNO), S–O–S chain exhibits the antiferromagnetic (AFM) order. In the ferromagnetic configuration of S-LNO, each S atom generates a magnetic moment of 0.18 μB/atom due to the Ni–O hybridization. In addition, the interesting phenomenon of magnetic moment reversal of S atoms is observed in both the FM and AFM structures of S-LNO.

The Investigation into the Extent of Investors Irrationality Based on GARCH-M Model

Research in risk preference suggests that, in violation of economic man hypothesis, most investors are economically irrational, which is reflected through the phenomenon of preference reversal. However, there is a scant of study to measure the extent how irrational individuals are. Inspired by the way how efficient market is defined, this paper proposes a measurement of preference reversal and divides irrationality into two types. Furthermore, based on the data of market index and GARCH-M model, this paper finds that risk preference inconsistency always exists and investors in smooth time are weakly irrational.

PIV-based experiments on reverse flow characteristics in an equal-height-difference passive heat removal system for ocean nuclear power plants

The equal-height-difference passive heat removal system (EHDPHRS) has a large potential in floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs) due to its ability to fully utilize the marine environment to achieve residual heat removal. However, the horizontal connection between the heat sink and the heat source could easily lead to the subcooled-water reverses flow and thus trigger serious flow instabilities. In the present paper, a fully visualized experimental set was built, combined with a particle image velocity (PIV) system to investigate the subcooled-water reverses flow in the EHDPHRS. First, PIV observations clearly highlighted five flow stages during a complete natural circulation, including the reverse flow occurred in the single-phase and two-phase flow. Then, it was shown that the single-phase reverse velocity is proportional to heating power and inversely proportional to subcooled-water temperature. While, the two-phase reverse velocity increases first and then decreases with the increase in heating power. Moreover, the two-phase reverse flow phenomenon shows obvious periodicity. Finally, the buoyancy force (Fb) caused by the density contrast, and the pressure difference (FΔP) caused by the direct contact condensation (DCC) are the triggering forces for the reverse flow, while the flow inertia force (Fi) caused by the forward flow represents the restraining force.

Optimization Research on DC Air Circuit Breaker at High Altitudes Based on Arc Root Stagnation and Arc Reverse Movement Phenomena

Optimization Research on DC Air Circuit Breaker at High Altitudes Based on Arc Root Stagnation and Arc Reverse Movement Phenomena

The uncertainty related to the inexactitude of prioritization based on consistent pairwise comparisons.

When the in/consistency in Pairwise Comparisons (PCs) is taken into consideration as the subarea of the Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) scientific field, it has many repercussions in various types of research areas including different modelling scenarios e.g. reduction of inconsistency during PCs, deriving appropriate consistency thresholds for inconsistent Pairwise Comparison Matrices (PCMs), completing of incomplete PCMs, aggregating of individual PCMs in relation to Group Decision Making (GDM) aspects, and PCMs in/consistency relation to credibility of Priority Vectors (PV) derived from PCMs with the application of various Priorities Deriving Methods (PDMs). The examination objective in the latter area of research is the uncertainty related to the inexactitude of prioritization based on derived PVs. However, only few research studies examine this problem from the perspective of PCM applicability for credible designation of decision maker's (DM) priorities in the way that leads to minimization of the prioritization uncertainty related to possible, and sometimes very probable, ranking fluctuations. This problem constitutes the primary area of interest for this research paper as no research study was thus far identified that examines this problem from the perspective of consistent PCMs. Hence, a research gap was identified. Thus, the objective of this research paper is to fill in this scientific gap. The research findings have serious repercussions in relation to prioritization quality with the application of PCs methodology, mostly in relation to the interpretation and reliability evaluation of prioritization results. Firstly, the research study outcome changes the perspective of the rank reversal phenomenon, which shed new light on many research studies that have been presented in the subject's literature for many decades. Secondly, the research study results throw new light on the discussion concerning the fuzziness of AHP's results. Last but not least, the effect of the research opens the unique opportunity to evaluate the prioritization outcome obtained within the process of consistent PCs from the well-known perspective of statistical hypothesis testing i.e. the probability designation of the chance that accepted ranking results which were considered as correct due to low probability of change may be incorrect, hence they should be rejected, and the probability designation of the chance that rejected ranking results which were considered as incorrect due to high probability of change may be correct and should be accepted. The paramount finding of the research is the fact that consistent PCMs provide PVs, which elements cannot be considered as established, but only approximated within certain confidence intervals estimated with a certain level of probability. As problems related to heuristics can be analyzed only via a computer simulation process, because they cannot be mathematically determined, the problem examined in this research paper is examined via Monte Carlo simulations, appropriately coded and executed with the application of Wolfram's Mathematica Software. It is believed that this research findings should be very important and useful for all decision makers and researchers during their problems' examinations that relate to prioritization processes with the application of PCs methodology.

The influence of penetration angle on anti-penetration performance and reverse penetration ricochet phenomenon of UHMWPE laminates

Penetration angle refers to the angle between the normal of laminates and the projectile trajectory. In actual battlefield conditions, projectiles may hit Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene fiber (referred to as UHMWPE) laminates from various angles, resulting in ricochet phenomena and secondary injuries. Currently, research on bullets hitting penetrating laminates at a perpendicular angle is relatively well-developed, while research on the penetration of laminates by bullets at other angles is limited. Therefore, this study combined experiments and numerical calculations to investigate the penetration of 7.62 mm steel core projectiles at different angles on UHMWPE laminates. The study found that UHMWPE laminates enhanced bullet resistance through yawing and bending the penetrating projectiles at different angles. The influence of penetration angle on the impact area of the projectile-facing surface, the height of the bulge on the backside, and the penetration depth, as well as the trajectory and morphology of the projectile, were mastered in this study. Notably, a penetration angle of 50° was the limit condition for projectile to produce reverse penetration ricochet phenomenon of projectiles in UHMWPE laminates with a thickness of 30 mm. These research findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the bulletproof design of UHMWPE laminates.