Return On Investment Research Articles

Suitability of Large Cardamom Farming as Business in Eastern Corridor of Nepal

Background: Black gold popularly renounced for Large cardamom which is world’s oldest and third expensive spice following, saffron and vanilla. The study was to assess suitability of large cardamom farming as business in eastern Nepal. Methods: Eastern Nepal, subdivided as Koshi corridor (Sankhuwasaba and Tehrathum) and Mechi corridor (Taplejung and Panchthar), were purposively selected as a research site. About 480 Households were selected randomly. An interview schedule was prepared for cost of production and other expenses incurred along with production and price received by farmers. Result: During the 7-year cycle, the total fixed cost was NRs 115,663. The breakeven point for large cardamom was calculated to be 157.45 kg. The average price per kilogram of large cardamom was NRs 1274.6. The average variable cost per kilogram of large cardamom was NRs 621.01. Financial indicator like net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio (BCR) and internal rate of return (IRR) were 1,536,006, 2.14 and 71.31. The Return on Investment (ROI) and Payback period (PBP) were 138.45 and 5.6 years. Under worse scenario, The NPV declined to 977,115.1, the BCR fell to 1.60, the IRR fell to 50.02 and the ROI fell to 78.84. The PBP has risen to 6.8 years. This scenario demonstrated that simultaneous negative increases in cost and income had a greater impact on the profitability of large cardamom farming. Finally, the study’s findings highlighted the sensitivity of financial indicators in large cardamom farming to changes in production costs, income and delays. This helpful information could be used by stakeholders to make decisions and develop strategies to improve sustainability of large cardamom growing in the research area.

STRATEGIC MARKETING MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS AND NOTIFICATION SYSTEM

The creation, application, and effectiveness of a Strategic Marketing Management Analysis and Notification System (SMMANS) are examined in this research study. In the modern corporate world, where digital transformation is happening at a breakneck pace and data creation is growing at an exponential rate, companies struggle to effectively manage and analyze massive volumes of marketing data in order to make well-informed decisions. SMMANS is a complete solution to this problem by providing an integrated platform that includes real-time alerting features, strategic planning tools, and extensive data analysis capabilities. This study applies a mixed-methods research methodology, including qualitative case studies and quantitative data analysis, to investigate the effect of SMMANS on marketing success in a variety of businesses. The results show that companies using SMMANS saw significant gains in a number of KPIs, including as campaign effectiveness, customer engagement measures, and total marketing return on investment (ROI). In addition to adding to the expanding body of knowledge on data-driven marketing tactics, this study offers practical advice for marketing experts and company executives looking to maximize their marketing efforts in an increasingly data-centric corporate environment.

Profitability differentials between broadcasting and transplanting system of rice production in Southeast, Nigeria

The study examined the profitability differentials between the broadcasting and transplanting systems of rice production in the Southeast, A multi-stage sampling method was used to randomly select 384 (192 broadcasters and 192 transplanters). Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary method, and inferential statistics of paired t-tests. The study found that the mean age of farmers under the broadcasting system and transplanting system were 50yrs and 43yrs respectively. Result on profitability level showed that the Net Returns were ₦1,569,053.11 and ₦5,628,752.33 for farmers under broadcasting and those under transplanting system, the return on investment (ROI) was 0.72 or 72.0% and 1.92 respectively, with a profitability index of 45.5% for broadcasting system and 68.9% for transplanting system respectively. The null hypothesis was rejected because there was a (6.59)*** substantial difference in the profit margin of the production systems. The study identified the following constraints; high cost of labour, poor quality seedlings, climatic changes, inadequate storage facilities and high cost of equipment among others. Policymakers are recommended to proactively address these challenges to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of these farmers.

The economic performance of Italian olive oil companies: a comparative quantitative approach using the Anova and Tukey-Kramer methods

<p>Italian olive oil companies play a significant role in this nation's economy, which is among the top in the world for its geomorphological and meteorological characteristics. This research analyzed the performance of three profitability ratios (return on equity (R.O.E.), return on investment (R.O.I.), and return on sales (R.O.S.)) of 3184 companies from 2013 to 2022. Average ratios for each year and critical descriptive statistics were calculated. Broken lines and interpolating curves, obtained from sixth-degree polynomial equations maximizing R<sup>2</sup>, represent the trends. One-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer methods facilitated statistical comparisons between macro-regions. Despite the regular consumption of olive oil, the profitability of businesses has been erratic and fluctuating, probably due to the varying productivity of raw material crops. The pandemic seems to have had no impact. There are no statistically significant differences between macro-areas. The results are helpful to Italian and foreign entrepreneurs who can relate their situation to the average situation in context, highlighting possible gaps that, if negative, must be bridged with a timely management review. National and supranational political authorities can also use this study to orient the frequent support policies in the agricultural and agro-industrial sectors. So too can the bodies in charge of food education, especially for young people, can encourage the use of olive oil where it is lacking. The main limitation of this study was its focus on a small set of profitability ratios. In the future, the study should consider other profitability and asset ratios and investigate investments in sustainability, keeping in mind that all enterprises should contribute to developing eco-friendly production systems.</p>

Measuring the ROI of paid advertising campaigns in digital marketing and its effect on business profitability

In today's digital age, businesses invest substantial resources in paid advertising campaigns to enhance their online presence and attract customers. This study delves into the critical aspects of measuring the return on investment (ROI) of such campaigns and explores their impact on overall business profitability. Through a comprehensive analysis of data from various industries, this research investigates the effectiveness of paid advertising in generating revenue and its role in shaping a company's bottom line. Key findings indicate that calculating the ROI of paid advertising is a multifaceted challenge, involving factors such as ad spend, conversion rates, and customer lifetime value. The study also underscores the importance of tracking and attributing conversions accurately to assess the true impact of advertising efforts. Ultimately, the research suggests that while paid advertising campaigns can be costly, a well-executed and data-driven approach can yield a substantial positive effect on a company's profitability, making them a valuable component of a comprehensive digital marketing strategy. As businesses navigate the dynamic digital marketing environment, this study provides valuable insights for marketing professionals, business leaders, and decision-makers seeking to enhance their advertising strategies and drive improved financial performance.

Optimizing Real-Time Bidding Strategies: An Experimental Analysis of Reinforcement Learning and Machine Learning Techniques

This research provides an experimental analysis and comparison of several RTB (real-time bidding) methods. These experiments are based on practical validation through the utilization of real-world datasets, with the primary attention being placed on the dynamic and complex nature of the RTB ecosystem. Simulations are run on various real-world advertising campaigns as part of the experimentation. These simulations take into account different campaign budgets, bid request dynamics, and user interaction pattern variations. The efficiency of each algorithm is evaluated based on performance indicators such as click-through rates (CTRs), conversion rates (CR), return on investment (ROI), win rates, cost per mille (CPM), and effective cost per click (E-CPC). The results provide useful insights into the advantages and disadvantages of each technique used, and the experimental analysis indicates the Constrained Markov Decision Process (CMDP)-based model as a promising and superior technique for RTB optimization. It provides valuable information on applications of reinforcement learning in the dynamic RTB ecosystem. Hence, via these comparisons, this paper aims to contribute to the advancement of RTB methodologies and proposes a viable route for future research.

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Pretreatment Simulation with Ammonia Soaking and Ammonia Expansion Method for Levulinic Acid and Furfural Production

OPEFB is a waste product from oil palm mills and is abundant in quantity. OPEFB is a lignocellulosic compound containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The cellulose in OPEFB can be converted into levulinic acid, while hemicellulose can be converted into furfural. The consumption of furfural and levulinic acid in Indonesia is increasing, and so far, the demand has been met through imports. Pretreatment is the first stage in converting OPEFB into valuable products. In this paper, we have simulated furfural and levulinic acid production from OPEFB using two pretreatment methods: ammonia soaking and ammonia expansion. Both process simulations were carried out using Superpro Designer v9.0, with 17,520 metric tons OPEFB/year capacity as input raw material. The simulation of furfural and levulinic acid production using the ammonia expansion pretreatment process resulted in feasibility indicators including a payback period of 2.56 years, an ROI (Return on Investment) of 34.07%, and an IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of 28.62%. On the other hand, using the ammonia-soaking process resulted in an IRR of 22.26%. These parameters indicate that furfural and levulinic acid production is more economically viable using the ammonia expansion pretreatment process than the ammonia soaking pretreatment process.

Analysis of Profit and its Drivers in Broiler Production in Anambra State Nigeria.

Broiler production over the years has seen movement of people in and out of the industry which has continued to interfere with forces of demand and supply. Increasing profit within the broiler industry require a good knowledge of the industry as well as being at home with factors capable of raising every naira invested in the industry which will serve as a yardstick for continuity in the industry. The study analysis of profit and its determinants in Anambra state employed the use of multistage purposive and simple random sampling technique to select 370 broiler farmers. The structured questionnaire administered to 370 broiler farmers used budgetary techniques and multiple regression analysis to ascertain the profit made as well as the factors that are significantly determined the profits realized in broiler production. The study revealed a profit of N3,647,503.36 with profitability value of 30.8% and return on investment (ROI) of 1.57, indicating that the farmers make N1.57 for every N1 invested in broiler production. The study further revealed that the coefficients of cost of day-old chick (DOC), feed cost and drug expenditure are all positive and significant at a 1% probability level. The study concludes that although there is profit in broiler production there still exist opportunities for improving on their current level of production. The study recommends cost management intervention and more training to farmers to enhance profit.

Techno-Economic Study on the Application of Reverse Osmosis Technology in the Process of Boiler Feed Water Demineralization PT Puncak Jaya Power 3x65 MW

The quality of boiler feed water in a Coal Power Plant generation (PLTU) needs to be considered to avoid corrosion and deposits (scale) on process equipment. Decreased water quality causes several disturbances as such disruption of power plant operations and also regeneration of the ion exchange unit is required quite frequently. This study aims to evaluate the performance of boiler feed water demineralization system with the addition of RO unit and the effect of implementing RO system on chemical consumption in demineralizer regeneration process, as well as determine long-term economic benefits. The research was conducted in the demineralization building area of PLTU PT Puncak Jaya Power 3x65 MW, a power plant owned by PT Freeport Indonesia, located in Amamapare Village, Timika, Papua. This research is divided into two phases: technical evaluation based on research data that will be optimized using the Water Application Value Engine® (WAVE) software, and economic evaluation. Good results are obtained by adding an RO unit to the boiler feed water demineralization unit. Its application allows reducing operating costs and implementing higher level water treatment automation. The chosen RO module configuration is 2 stages with 6 vessels, offering several advantages: % recovery = 70%, high average flux = 22.5 Liters/m2/hour, longer membrane life with the additional filter, reduced load in the first stage. The results of the economic evaluation indicate that the reduction in chemical consumption for ion exchange regenerant will yield 218% return on investment (ROI) with an amortization period of two years.

A study of applications in archive management empowered by artificial intelligence

Abstract As a critical component of information management, the development of digital and information archive systems enhances both the efficiency and quality of enterprise operations, thereby increasing economic value. This paper employs the ReLU activation function to augment the non-linear capabilities of the neural network model. Additionally, we introduce the MP-CNN model, designed to extract and recognize textual content from archival images. These images are initially processed using the BP neural network algorithm, followed by grayscale conversion for clarity, and subsequently backed up for analytical purposes. The implementation of intelligent archive management resulted in a more than 35% improvement in efficiency. The distribution interval of the Return on Investment (ROI) values from archival data at the test site ranged between [0,5], displaying a concentrated pattern that aligns with the typical economic value distribution. The integration of AI technology in archive management not only streamlines processes but also maximizes resource utilization and enhances returns.

Economical Assessment of NSPRI Parabolic Shaped Solar Dryer for Cowpea Flour Production

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a crucial staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa, providing essential nutrients but facing challenges in storage and processing. This study presents an economic assessment of the NSPRI Parabolic Shaped Solar Dryer (PSSD) for cowpea flour production, focusing on its potential impact on food processing and economic development. Cowpea, a vital legume in sub-Saharan Africa, offers nutritional benefits but faces challenges in storage and processing due to traditional drying methods. The research explores the utilization of solar drying technology to enhance cowpea preservation and value addition. The study area, Stop Hunger Women Cooperative Investment and Credit Society Limited in Ibadan, Nigeria, served as the research site. The NSPRI PSSD, with its innovative design optimized for solar radiation absorption, provided an efficient drying environment for cowpeas. Economic analysis, including Return on Investment (ROI) of 64%, Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.64, and Payback Period (PBP) of approximately one year and seven months, was determined to assess the viability of bean flour production using the solar dryer. The study underscores the economic viability of adopting solar drying technology for food processing, offering benefits such as reduced post-harvest losses, improved food quality, and potential employment generation. These findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders seeking sustainable solutions to enhance food security and economic growth in agricultural communities.

РОЛЬ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ МЕДІА У ФОРМУВАННІ СПОЖИВЧОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ: СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО SMM-СТРАТЕГІЙ

Recently, the role of social networks has expanded into the marketing field as people spend more and more time online and prefer to shop online. Companies’ approaches to forming SMM strategies significantly impact business development, which, in turn, contributes to economic growth. Studying consumers’ needs and behaviour, which proves the research topic’s relevance and timeliness, is critical for building an effective SMM strategy. The work aims to study the current state of SMM at the global and state levels and the role of social networks in shaping the behaviour of the modern consumer. The study analysed the current state of SMM development at the global and national levels. To do this, trends in the growth of advertising costs in social networks, including forecast indicators, were revealed. Proves the effectiveness of investing in social media promotion by analysing the growth of social media advertising revenue for the US and Europe and the return on investment (ROI) indicators of the leading social networks in 2023. Proposes a roadmap for developing an SMM strategy and highlights the importance of the stage analysis of consumer behaviour. As part of this analysis, special attention was paid to the definition of the most popular social media among women and men of different ages, the factors influencing consumer decisions, and the types of content most attractive to consumers. In addition, the latest SMM trends in 2024 were identified, which include the use of short videos, the involvement of micro- and nano-influencers, the use of artificial intelligence to personalise experiences, the development of social commerce, an emphasis on user-generated content, the use of tools such as direct broadcast and interactive experience, emphasis on the principles of sustainable development and social responsibility, ensuring data security. The impact of the war on the number of Internet and social network users in Ukraine was characterised, which made it possible to confirm the importance of the development of SMM and take into account the behavioural characteristics of consumers in modern conditions.

A Cost-Aware Utility-Maximizing Bidding Strategy for Auction-Based Federated Learning.

Auction-based federated learning (AFL) has emerged as an efficient and fair approach to incentivize data owners (DOs) to contribute to federated model training, garnering extensive interest. However, the important problem of helping data consumers (DCs) bid for DOs in competitive AFL settings remains open. Existing work simply treats that the actual cost paid by a winning DC (i.e., the bid cost) is equal to the bid price offered by that DC itself. However, this assumption is inconsistent with the widely adopted generalized second-price (GSP) auction mechanism used in AFL, including in these existing works. Under a GSP auction, the winning DC does not pay its own proposed bid price. Instead, the bid cost for the winner is determined by the second-highest bid price among all participating DCs. To address this limitation, we propose a first-of-its-kind federated cost-aware bidding strategy () to help DCs maximize their utility under GSP auction-based federated learning (FL). It enables DCs to efficiently bid for DOs in competitive AFL markets, maximizing their utility and improving the resulting FL model accuracy. We first formulate the optimal bidding function under the GSP auction setting, and then demonstrate that it depends on utility estimation and market price modeling, which are interrelated. Based on this analysis, jointly optimizes in a novel end-to-end framework, and then executes the proposed return on investment (ROI)-based method to determine the optimal bid price for each piece of the data resource. Through extensive experiments on six commonly adopted benchmark datasets, we show that outperforms eight state-of-the-art methods, beating the best baseline by 4.39%, 4.56%, 1.33%, and 5.43% on average in terms of the total amount of data obtained, number of data samples per unit cost, total utility, and FL model accuracy, respectively.

Sustainability Reporting and Financial Performance of Oil and Gas Companies Listed in Nigeria

“Financial performance (FP) is a subjective measure of how well a firm can use assets from its primary mode of business and generate revenues. The term is also used as a general measure of a firm’s overall financial health over a given period.” A company’s financial performance refers to its health as a whole and the money it makes from its operations. Allocating resources effectively to meet objectives and boost profits is at the heart of this practice. The integrity of Nigeria’s oil and gas data relies on it completely. The sustainability of oil and gas in Nigeria is becoming questionable due to environmental factors that were not properly accounted for, and this prompted the researcher of this study to zero in on the effect of corporate social responsibility on the bottom lines of Nigeria’s publicly traded oil and gas firms. This study used an ex-post facto method for its research, using data from secondary sources such as annual reports and the Nigerian stock market. Inadequate CSR reporting and a failure to adequately reflect the financial performance of listed oil and gas firms have been noted in numerous works of literature. Using panel data analysis, the research correlated CSR reporting with the profitability indicators return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and return on capital employed (ROCE) of publicly traded oil and gas firms. This study looks at 10 Nigerian oil and gas firms that are traded on public markets. A filter was used with a census sampling strategy. Firms that (1) were permitted to trade before January 1, 2010, or (2) are still listed as of December 31, 2020 are eligible for review. In addition, the organization must publicly disclose yearly reports pertinent to the time under investigation. As a result of not meeting these criteria, four of the original eight firms were eliminated. Secondary sources were consulted to get the data needed. EViews 10, a statistical programme, was used to analyze the data for this research. The regression analysis showed that CSR reporting increases ROA by a small but favourable amount. The return on equity, however, was shown to be positively correlated with environmental sustainability. Finally, a statistically insignificant positive correlation was found between social sustainability and return on investment (ROI). Therefore, this study concludes, based on the data provided, that sustainability reporting significantly affects the company’s financial performance for listed oil and gas businesses in Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, oil and gas companies in Nigeria should make public disclosure of their sustainability efforts a top priority if they want to improve their bottom lines. Compliance in the industry as a whole can be improved if policymakers and standard-setting organizations work together to make it easier for industries to design and execute sector-specific reporting regulations.

Enhancing sustainable facade design: A Belgrade case study

This research examines the potential of widespread facade systems to improve energy performance and enhance user comfort in residential buildings. Utilizing Design Builder software (Version 5.0.3.7), the study specifically aimed to reduce heating energy consumption, a significant concern in the climatic conditions of Serbia. The methodology incorporated both technical performance assessments and economic analyses, evaluating the economic viability through metrics such as Return on Investment (ROI), Net present value (NPV), and Internal rate of return (IRR). The multi-criteria evaluation framework employed allowed for a comprehensive analysis, balancing technical performance with economic and qualitative factors to identify the most favorable facade systems. By addressing both the immediate economic returns and longer-term benefits, this research contributes to a more sustainable and economically feasible building practice.

Technical and Economic Feasibility of Different Urban Sludge Treatment Technologies

Currently, the level of urban sewage treatment technology in China is very mature, but the development of urban sludge technology lags behind. In some cities, sludge has not been effectively treated for a long time, emitting foul odors that seriously affect people’s daily lives. Moreover, heavy metals and pathogens cause corrosion and damage to the land. Therefore, it is particularly important to choose an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to urban sludge treatment. This article lists three routes for urban sludge treatment. The Ebsilon software was used to simulate the co-combustion process of coal and sludge in the sludge incineration route. Based on domestic and international research results, the technical characteristics of sludge pyrolysis and composting were analyzed. The research method of comparative analysis was adopted to comprehensively compare and analyze the technical characteristics and return on investment (ROI) of the three routes. This research method can intuitively demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the three routes, and accurately and quantitatively determine the best route. In conclusion, Route 1: the comprehensive treatment process of drying and incineration is currently the most suitable route for China’s development prospects. It has the most mature technology and the widest range of applications, achieving the highest efficiency in sludge treatment. In the foreseeable future, sludge incineration technology will remain the cornerstone of sludge treatment and disposal in China.

Internationalization Strategy and Profitability of Nigerian Based Multinational Corporations

This research investigates how internationalization strategies relate to the profitability of multinational corporations (MNCs) within the Nigerian context. Utilizing a sample of 9 MNCs listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) spanning an 12-year period (2011-2022), the study delves into the effects of internationalization strategies on key performance indicators. Secondary data from audited financial statements of these MNCs were collected for the years 2012 to 2022. Panel data models, incorporating indirect Export (IEX), direct export (DEX), and foreign ownership (FOW), were employed to assess the relationship between internationalization strategy and profitability. Descriptive statistics and panel regression techniques, including Ordinary Least Squares and Fixed Effects Models, were applied to estimate these relationships. The study specifically examined the revenue growth (REG), return on assets (ROA), and return on investment (ROI) as dependent variables, with IEX, DEX, and FOW as the independent variables. Its aim is to decode how internationalization strategies influence indirect export, direct export, and foreign ownership. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the performance dynamics of MNCs operating in Nigeria, providing insights into how strategic decisions shape their overall performance.

Profitability of Palm Kernel Marketing in Southeast Nigeria: The Intervening Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The actual impact of ICT facilities on the profitability of palm Kernel marketing remains inadequately understood. Thus, this study investigated the intervening role of ICT on the profitability of palm kernel marketing in Southeast Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from 360 palm oil marketers from 30 markets of three randomly selected states of Southeast Nigeria using multistage sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgetary techniques. The result on ICT facilities available for marketing of palm kernel revealed that majority of the palm kernel marketers in Abia (65%), Imo (68.3%) and Anambra (86.6%) used social media marketing platform in the marketing of palm kernel in the study area. The findings on the cost and return in the use of ICT in the marketing of palm kernel revealed that the labour constituted the highest percentage (18.10%) of the total variable. Cost of palm kernel marketing in the study area followed by cost of purchases (18.04%), cost of transportation (13.63%) and the least, cost of packaging (2.59%). The return on investment (ROI) realized by the marketers of palm kernel using ICT to aid the business was ₦0.27 implying that for every ₦1 invested in palm kernel marketing in Southeast, a return of ₦0.27 was realized. Evidence from the findings shows that palm kernel marketing with the use of ICT facilities is a profitable enterprise in Southeast Nigeria. It was recommended that marketers awareness on how usage of ICT facilities could improve their marketing returns should be intensified through enlightens campagna and that marketers utilization of ICT facilities for marketing palm kernel should be intensified through training to acquire requisite skills in using these facilities.

AI Maturity Continuum: A Three Step Framework to Understand Return On Investment (ROI) in AI

AI Maturity Continuum: A Three Step Framework to Understand Return On Investment (ROI) in AI

Human Capital Valuation and Development: Prospects and Challenges in Sri Lanka

Human Capital plays a prominent role as the major factor in the development of individuals, organisations and countries as a whole. Sri Lanka is experiencing a challenging economic and social environment and moving towards changes in economic growth and human capital mobility. The government and all employers need to rethink recognising and providing appropriate value for the human capital in Sri Lanka. This concept paper aims to provide an overview of human capital valuation and development in Sri Lanka and find out the prospects and challenges. Data was collected through secondary data sources using different reports available in Sri Lanka and at the international level and presented using explanations and descriptions. Based on the information, the review revealed several important areas that would directly impact human capital enhancement in the country. More focus should be given to tertiary and vocational education, labour force participation, unemployment, high-skills employment, talent shortage, middle-skills employment, long-term unemployment, public spending on education, employment gender gap, developing more human capital in the areas of health, service and welfare sector to meet the future global job market. At the same time, Sri Lankan organisations should consider valuing their human capital and calculating the Return on Investment (ROI) at the organisational level. Sri Lanka should focus more on catering to the international labour demand related to the professional, skilled, and semi-skilled categories in light of the decline in demand for low-skilled labour in the international labour market.