Retro-orbital Plexus Research Articles

Hesperidin & Apigenin Attenuates Diabetes & Lipid Levels in Experimentally Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Rats.

The aim of the present investigation is to study the antidiabetic potential of Hesperidin and Apigenin in Diabetic rats. Wistar Albino rats of either sex (150 to 200 g) were purchased from the CPCSEA approved vendor New Delhi. A total of three animals were used, which received a single oral dose in 500 mg/kg, body weight of different flavonoids. Doses equivalent to 25 mg and 50 mg per kilogram body weight were calculated, and suspended in 1% w/v Tween 80 solutions for the experiment. For OGTT, Different doses of both flavonoids i.e. Hesperidin & Apigenin were administered 60 min prior to oral glucose load (2.0 g/kg). Diabetes was induced in overnight fasted rats by Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), 15 min. after the i.p. administration of Nicotinamide (120mg/kg). Streptozotocin was dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5) & nicotinamide was dissolved in normal saline. During the study period of 21 days, animals was weighed at 0, 7, 14 and 21 day and effect of vehicle, standard drug and all solvent fractions on body weight was determined. Blood samples was collected by cardiac puncture and retroorbital plexus method into EDTA sprinkled tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min. Serum was separated as supernatant and stored at -20°C until analysis performed. The biochemical parameters, namely hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL determined. The other biochemical tests were performed using kits from Erba Diagnostics. Hesperidin and Apigenin significantly prevented the increase in blood glucose levels after 60 min. of glucose administration at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. After 21 days blood samples were collected by retro-orbital plexus under mild anesthesia. Diabetic control group with no drug treatment showed no significant difference in the fasting serum glucose level after 21 days treatment as compared to the initial day treatment. Hesperidin & Apigenin (25 mg/kg & 50 mg/kg) treated diabetic rat showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in body weight. The diabetic rat treated with glibenclaimide (10mg/kg) showed gradual and consistent increase in body weight. Treated diabetic rat with Hesperidin & Apigenin showed significant fall in total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C level at dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg. The Hesperidin and Apigenin had the antidiabetic activity with effects on lipids and other kidney markers..

Ameliorative extract Syzygium cumini seed extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar albino rats

Aim: This study intends to examine the protective effects of an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini seed on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Methodology: A single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg kg-1 b.wt of alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes in rats. Syzygium cumini group rats were later administered 300 mg kg-1 of Syzygium cumini seed extract by oral gavage for 21 days. On 22nd day, the animals were given general anaesthesia, blood was drawn through the retroorbital plexus, and the kidneys were promptly removed. Lipid peroxidation levels were assessed in the blood (serum) and kidney tissues by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as GST, GPX, SOD and CAT were examined in the blood and kidneys. Results: The acute toxicity experiments revealed that Syzygium cumini did not cause any obvious toxicity indications or mortality at a dosage of 300 mg kg-1, proving the safety of this extract with a broad therapeutic index. The results obtained showed that using aqueous Syzygium cumini seed extract for 21 days considerably (P <0.05) increased the antioxidant enzyme activity for GST, GPx, SOD and CAT, while significantly (P <0.01) decreasing the TBARS levels. Interpretation: Conclusively, the seed extract of Syzygium cumini might be a possible treatment for controlling hyperglycemic oxidative stress complications owing to its antioxidant properties. Key words: Albino rats, Antioxidant enzymes, Lipid peroxidation, Syzygium cumini, Seed extract

Anti-diarrheal effects of ethanol leaf extract of Eleusine Indica in Castor Oil induced diarrhea using mice model

Ancient civilizations employed medicinal herbs to treat ailments. Medicinal herbs are essential for treating chronic disorders. Different medicinal plants can treat comparable ailments, depending on the country. In many rural communities in developing countries, particularly in Africa, therapeutic medicines and remedies derived from indigenous plants are almost invariably the only readily available and cost-effective alternatives to traditional diarrhea medicines. The study aims to evaluate the anti-diarrheal activity of the Eleusine indica ethanol extract in mice. The study used fresh Eleusine indica leaves. The extracts were administered at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. On the 29th, the rats were induced with diarrhea, and blood samples were collected through the retro-orbital plexus before being sacrificed. The serum from the collected blood was used to run hematological and electrolyte tests. The liver and kidney function tests were analyzed using standard methods. The determination of antidiarrheal activity was done using the following models: Castor oil (CO) induced diarrhea, CO induced enteropooling activity, and CO induced gastrointestinal motility. The 80% ethanol extract produced significant (p<0.001) antidiarrheal activity in all three models tested. The hematological, renal, hepatic, and electrolyte parameters of extract-treated mice were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from those of the control group. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate levels of the extract-treated groups when compared to the control group. The findings of the studies demonstrated the antidiarrheal activities of Eleusine indica leaves, which could be a therapeutic option against diarrhea.

Research on the Protective Effects of Different Chinese Medicine Compounds on Gefitinib-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Abstract Objective Our objective was to screen drugs with good protective effects on gefitinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods Fifty-four specific pathogen-free-grade male mice of the Institute of Cancer Research were randomly divided into a normal group, gefitinib group, glutathione group, ligustrazine group, silymarin group, glycyrrhizic acid group, baicalin group, paeoniflorin group, and matrine group, with six mice in each group. Except for the normal group, the remaining groups of mice were intragastrically administered 400 mg·kg−1 of gefitinib for 16 days to induce liver injury. Mice in each treatment group were intragastrically administered 100 mg·kg−1 of the corresponding drug 30 minutes after gefitinib administration each day. The normal group and model group mice were intragastrically administered with an equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na), and the administration volume was 10 mg·kg−1. Then, 30 minutes after the last administration, blood was collected from the retro-orbital venous plexus, and the mice were killed by cervical dislocation to obtain liver weight and calculate the liver index. Liver pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining; the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum were detected using biochemical kits. AML12 cells were cultured in a medium containing drugs for 30 minutes. Except for the normal group, the remaining groups were induced cell damage with 20 μmoL·L−1 gefitinib for 24 hours. Cell viability was detected using a cell counting kit-8, and the levels of ALT, AST, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell culture supernatant were measured using biochemical kits. Results Animal experiments showed that compared with the gefitinib group, glycyrrhizic acid and baicalin significantly increased the body weight of mice (p < 0.01) and decreased the liver index and levels of ALT and AST (p < 0.05); ligustrazine and silymarin significantly increased the body weight of mice (p < 0.01) and decreased the level of AST (p < 0.05); paeoniflorin and matrine significantly decreased the levels of ALT and AST (p < 0.01). HE staining showed that the liver tissue of mice in the gefitinib group presented a large number of inflammatory cell infiltrations and disordered arrangement of hepatic cords; glutathione, glycyrrhizic acid, baicalin, paeoniflorin, and matrine significantly alleviated pathological damage to mouse liver tissue. Cell experiments showed that all drugs could alleviate gefitinib-induced damage to AML12 cells to varying degrees, among which glycyrrhizic acid, baicalin, and paeoniflorin had better protective effects, with cell survival rates increased to 96.4, 81.1, and 78.2%, respectively. Compared with the gefitinib group, glycyrrhizic acid significantly reduced the levels of ALT, AST, and LDH (p < 0.05); silymarin, baicalin, and paeoniflorin significantly reduced the levels of ALT and LDH (p < 0.05). Conclusion Glycyrrhizic acid, baicalin, and paeoniflorin all have good protective effects against gefitinib-induced hepatotoxicity, among which glycyrrhizic acid has the best effect.

Lipid Profile and Blood Glucose Levels of Wistar Rats Fed a Non-High Fat Nutriment Supplemented with Black Garlic Extract

Many studies related to the therapeutic effect of black garlic (BG) have been carried out on cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, dyslipidemia and other diseases. This investigation was conducted to examine the effect of BG supplements on the lipid profile and blood glucose of rats fed a customary diet (non-high fat diet). A fermented black garlic product was extracted by a maceration method and its phytochemical components were analyzed using LCMS. Black garlic extract was given to healthy rats with a normal feed for 14 days. Twenty-four rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats. As a control, group A was given aquadest (placebo), and groups B, C, and D were given BG extract at a dose of 15 mg/kg BW, 30 mg/kg BW, and 45 mg/kg BW, respectively. On day 15, blood was taken from the retro-orbital plexus of the rats to measure the total levels of cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglyceride (TG), Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) and glucose. Black garlic made by fermentation at 80°C for 8 days contained more monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides than fresh garlic. Black garlic contained 32 types of organosulfur compounds, and the 5 most abundant compounds were allicin (5.813%), allin (4.993%), isoallin (3.77%), cycloalliin (3.163%) and (-) S-allyl-L-cysteine (2.022%). Black garlic extract administration was able to maintain blood glucose homeostasis in rats fed a normal diet (non-high fat diet). Levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C were significantly decreased in groups administered black garlic compared to the control group, whilst the level of HDL-C increased significantly in groups administered black garlic compared to the control group.

Atopic biomarker changes after exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide: a small experimental study in Wistar rats

Background IgE and IgG4 are implicated in atopic development and clinically utilized as major biomarkers. Atopic responses following certain pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), are currently an area of interest for further research. The aim of this study is to measure the level of IgE, IgG4, and IgG4/IgE ratio periodically after exposure of periodontal pathogen Pg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods We used 16 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) randomly subdivided into four groups: Group 1, injected with placebo; Group 2, injected with 0.3 µg/mL of Pg LPS; Group 3, injected with 1 µg/mL of Pg LPS; and Group 4, injected with 3 µg/mL of Pg LPS. Sera from all groups were taken from retro-orbital plexus before and after exposure. Results Levels of IgE and IgG4 increased significantly following exposure of Pg LPS at day-4 and day-11. Greater increase of IgE rather than IgG4 contributed to rapid decline of IgG4/IgE ratio, detected in the peripheral blood at day-4 and day-11. Conclusion Modulation of atopic responses following exposure to Pg is reflected by a decrease in IgG4/IgE ratio that accompanies an increase of IgE. Therefore, Pg, a keystone pathogen during periodontal disease, may have a tendency to disrupt atopic biomarkers.

Effectiveness of bay leaf extract in reducing malondialdehyde levels

Excessive physical activity can lead to oxidative stress, resulting in elevated levels of free radicals in the human body. Oxidative stress is believed to be a precursor of various degenerative and chronic disorders, including arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Malondialdehyde serves as a biomarker for oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Hence, the use of antioxidants is imperative to restore the balance in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bay leaf administration on malondialdehyde levels in male Wistar rats. A pre-test–post-test design with a control group was employed in this study. Bay leaf extract was prepared using a maceration method with 70% ethanol. The rats were divided into four groups, including one control group and three treatment groups based on the dosage. Technical terms were explained when first used, and concise objective language was employed throughout the report. The study adhered to the conventional structure with standard citations and was free from grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Blood samples were collected from the retro orbital plexus on days 1 (pretest) and 15 (posttest). Blood MDA levels were measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) method, which involves reacting blood plasma with 20% TCA, 1% TBA, and 50% glacial acetic acid. To determine the significance of differences between the test groups, one-way ANOVA was used at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Post Hoc Test with LSD technique was conducted for additional analysis or testing. Phytochemical test results indicated the presence of flavonoids, steroids, and tannins as secondary metabolites in the bay leaf extract. Administering bay leaf extract significantly lowered the MDA levels. The group receiving a 5 ml dose demonstrated greater effectiveness in reducing MDA levels in male white Wistar rats induced with excessive physical activity, based on average MDA levels.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Ameliorates Ineffective Hematopoiesis of Myelodysplasia Syndrome (MDS)

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a gallate ester obtained by condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin, extracted from green tea, exhibiting beneficial effects as an apoptosis and cell differentiation inducer helping counteract uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation characteristic of leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clinical trials in patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia, low grade B-lymphomas and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia related changes were carried out showing positive results. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effect of EGCG in a mice model of myelodysplastic syndrome (NHD13 mice). B6.SJL-PtprcaPep3b/BoyJ mice (PepBoy) received 9,5Gy irradiation followed by transplantation of bone marrow cells from NUP98-HOXD13 mice by i.v. caudal vein injection; disease establishment was confirmed at day 15 by blood cytopenia. To assess the EGCG effects on MDS, 10-week-old female NUP98-HOXD13 mice (NHD13 +) and their littermate WT mice (NHD13 -) were treated for 4 weeks with EGCG (50mg/Kg/day 5x/week i.p.) or vehicle. The animals were then sacrificed, and bone marrow and spleen were obtained for flow cytometry and histology analyses. Automated hematological counts and clinical biochemistry parameter analysis were done. After signing the written informed consent, a 71-year-old man diagnosed with high-risk MDS, with 9% blasts in the bone marrow, underwent a daily oral 800mg EGCG treatment. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of University of Campinas and by the National Research Ethics Committee ( CAAE: 40656720.5.0000.5404). During this period, the patient underwent weekly clinical assessments and laboratory studies to monitor any potential toxicity. Peripheral blood samples were obtained before and after treatment to observe any alteration in cell counts and immune cell composition. Before treatment, NDH13 + exhibited a reduction in number of leukocytes, platelets, and hemoglobin levels, in accordance with the literature. EGCG treatment ameliorated hematological parameters, showed by increased leukocyte numbers (monocytes and neutrophils) and platelets with no signals of liver and kidney toxicity detected by histology and serum biochemistry. Untreated mice showed increased osteoprogenitor, osteoblast and endothelial cells in the bone marrow, corroborating the literature. EGCG treatment did not alter the frequency of these cells, HSC or immature cells (CD34 + or CD117 +). However, EGCG induced extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and no changes in the percentage/frequency of Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (CD4 +CD25 + and/or CD4 +FOXP3 +). Additionally, the patient treated by ECGC for one month exhibited reduction of regulatory T cells CD4 +CD25 + and CD4 +FOXP3 +, and increased CD8 + T cells (CD3 +CD8 +) and natural killer cells (CD16 +CD56 +) accompanied by increased mature leukocytes (monocytes and neutrophils), with no changes in hemoglobin and platelet number. Our initial findings indicate that EGCG induces improved hematological parameters in MDS and might shift immune cells to a more cytotoxic phenotype. The extramedullary hematopoiesis observed in mice may be due to reduction of CXCR4 in bone marrow cells, as previously described by our group. In summary, EGCG might be a promising adjuvant in the treatment of MDS. Further research and clinical studies are warranted to validate and fully explore EGCG therapeutic benefits. Fig1a EGCG ameliorates NHD13 and transplanted mice hematological parameters. At the end of the EGCG treatment (50mg/kg/day i.p) or vehicle (Ctrl), NHD13 + and transplanted (PepBoy) mice were bled from the retro-orbital plexus. EGCG induced an increased the number of leukocytes ( A), monocytes ( B), neutrophils ( C) and the number of platelets ( D) using the CELL-DYN Emerald Hematology System counter. EGCG represented by the green column, and the vehicle by the gray color. Statistical significance ( Mann-Whitney test) is indicated; n=6 per group. Fig1b. EGCG improved the immune system of HR-SMD patient. A 71-years-old man with HR-SMD received EGCG treatment (800 mg/Kg/day) for 30 days. Peripheral blood counts were evaluated at day 0 and day 30. EGCG ameliorated hematological parameters - increased mature leukocytes (A) - monocytes (B) and neutrophils (C), with no changes in hemoglobin (D) and platelets

Explicit mechanistic insights of Prosopis juliflora extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at the molecular level

BackgroundThe Ancient system of medicine showed the limelight on the use of herbal remedies and was found to possess minimal side effects and acceptable therapeutic outcomes. In this context, Prosopis juliflora gained importance in managing chronic diseases such as cancer, dermatological diseases, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Hence, P. juliflora was selected for further investigation associated with diabetes and inflammation. AimThe present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity in chemically induced experimental rats and explore the nature of phytocomponents that may produce this activity. MethodsExperimentally, diabetes was induced by a single administration of streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally in Wistar rats. The animals were treated orally with P. juliflora at low and high doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 10 days. Blood collected from the retro-orbital plexus was analyzed for parameters like blood glucose levels, insulin, adiponectin, Keap1 and Nrf2. PPAR-γ, AMPK and GLUT 2 levels were analyzed in the pancreatic tissue. Besides, at the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and the pancreatic tissue sections were subjected for histopathological, morphometrical and immune histochemical exploration. The phytochemical composition of the plant was investigated by GC–MS. ResultsThe administration of P. juliflora higher dose showed a significant decrease (**p< 0.001) in blood glucose levels with a rise in adiponectin, PPARγ, Keap1, Nrf2, Glut 2, and AMPK significantly (**p< 0.001). The inflammatory cytokine TNFα was also estimated and was found to be lowered significantly (**p< 0.001) in test drug-treated animals. Furthermore, in the pancreatic tissue, the number of Islets, the area, and the number of β-cells were improved significantly with the sub-chronic treatment of P. juliflora extract. The structure and function of β-cells were also revamped. ConclusionThe study results demonstrated a significant effect of P. juliflora on glycemic status, inflammatory condition, and the architecture of pancreatic tissue. In the identification and isolation process by GC MS, it was noticed that P. juliflora contained few phytochemical constituents from which it might be considered a promising drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY OF ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS LEAVES AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON PLATELET COUNT IN DRUG-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN ALBINO RATS

Objectives of Study: (1) To determine the platelet augmenting effect on drug-induced thrombocytopenia in rats. (2) To observe any adverse effects and mortality in the animals. Methods: Albino rats of either sex of average weight 150–200 g are used. A total of 36 (n=36) rats were divided into VI groups of 6 each. Groups I, II, III received cyclophosphamide 25 mg/kg body weight and group IV, V, VI received 50 mg/kg body weight for 3 consecutive days respectively. Blood was withdrawn from the retro-orbital plexus on the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 11th day of study after subjecting the animals to light anesthesia using ether and platelet count determined by making peripheral smear [8]. Results: Platelet count: Alternanthera sessilis leaves aqueous extract at concentrations of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were found to significantly increase the platelet count in cyclophosphamide-induced rat model. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the platelet augmenting effect of A. sessilis leaves aqueous extract. Further detailed studies are required to establish its usefulness.

Toxicological Effect of Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) on Haematological Parameters in Wistar Rats

Introduction: Green tea, derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, has gained significant attention due to its potential health benefits. It contains various bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Despite its widespread consumption and positive reputation, limited information is available regarding the potential toxicological effects of green tea. In this study, the toxicological impact of green tea extract on haematological parameters was investigated using Wistar rats as an animal model.&#x0D; Method: Forty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=12 per group). The control group received a vehicle solution, while the treatment groups were orally administered different doses of green tea extract (low dose: 100 mg/kg, moderate dose: 200 mg/kg, high dose: 400 mg/kg) once daily for 28 consecutive days. Haematological analysis was performed at baseline (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the study. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus under light isoflurane anaesthesia, and various haematological parameters were assessed using automated Hematology analyzers.&#x0D; Results: The results of the haematological analysis showed that the administration of green tea extract did not significantly affect haemoglobin levels, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, eosinophil count, lymphocyte count, and neutrophil count compared to the control group throughout the study period. However, the white blood cell (WBC) count and its differential count exhibited some variations among the treatment groups. The low and moderate doses of green tea extract resulted in a slight increase in the WBC count compared to the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, the high dose of green tea extract led to a slight decrease in the WBC count compared to the control group. Regarding platelet count, the low and moderate doses of green tea extract resulted in a significant increase compared to the control group. In contrast, the high dose of green tea extract caused a significant decrease in platelet count.&#x0D; Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the administration of green tea extract did not have significant adverse effects on the assessed haematological parameters in Wistar rats, except for some minor variations in the WBC count and platelet count at higher doses. These results suggest that green tea consumption may not cause significant haematological toxicity in rats. However, further studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term effects and safety of green tea consumption in humans.

Annona muricata Leaf Extract Modulates Chloramphenicol-Induced Lymphoma in Female Wistar Rats

Chloramphenicol, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, is also implicated in severalconditions, including aplastic anaemia that progresses to leukaemia. The modulatory potential ofleaf extract of Annona muricata on chloramphenicol-induced lymphoma (CIL) in female Wistarrats was investigated. Forty-eight adult female rats with an average weight of 186 g wererandomized into 6 groups of 8 rats each. Rats in Group 1 served as the positive control. Each ratin Groups 2-6 was orally administered with 250 mg/kg bodyweight chloramphenicol once dailyfor 28 days. The rats were given access to basal diet and water. After 28 days, blood-film analyseswere carried out from each of the groups. The presence of blast and lymphoproliferative cells inGroups 2-6 confirmed CIL. Groups 1 and 2 rats received distilled water, while Groups 3-6received 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/kg, respectively, of A. muricata for another 28 days. Theanimals were anesthetized, blood was collected from the retro-orbital venous plexus fordetermination of haematological indices; oxidative stress markers; lactate dehydrogenase,superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, cardiac markers; Troponin-1,myoglobin, cancer indices; C-reactive protein, carcinoembryonic antigen, Alpha-fetoprotein.There was significant (p&lt;0.05) amelioration of impaired haematological indices in the treatedgroups when compared to Group 2. Troponin-I and myoglobin were significantly (p&lt;0.05)lowered in the treated groups when compared to Group 2. Oxidative stress markers and cancerindices were increased in Group 2, but significantly (p&lt;0.05) ameliorated in Groups 3-6.Therefore, A. muricata has the potential to modulate adverse effects of CIL.

Effect of bark extract of Prunus domestica in experimental prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of prostate resulting in urinary obstruction, along with irritant urinary tract symptoms. The present pharmacological management of above condition although successful has some limitations due to adverse effects of drugs. Aims and Objectives: Phytotherapeutic agents are used in different countries for treatment of BPH. In this study, attempts have been made to find out the effect of bark extract of Prunus domestica in testosterone induced benign hyperplasia of prostate in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into different groups, each containing six animals. Group I (control) received Arachis oil S/C for 21 days followed by distilled water orally for another 21 days. Group II animals were treated with testosterone (2 mg/kg) S/C for 21 days followed by distilled water orally for another 21 days (positive control). Group III (standard treatment group) was given testosterone (2 mg/kg) S/C for 21 days followed by Finasteride (1 mg/kg) orally for another 21 days. Group IV and Group V animals were treated with testosterone (2 mg/kg) S/C for 21 days followed by aqueous extract of bark of P. domestica (200 and 400 mg/kg) orally for another 21 days. After the 21st day of treatment, blood collection was done from retro orbital plexus by applying light ether anesthesia. Finally the animals were sacrificed and prostate glands were dissected and weighed. The parameters such as physical (body weight, prostate weight, and prostatic index [PI]), biochemical (Serum testosterone and Serum prostatic acid phosphatase), and histopathological study were done. Results were evaluated by One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Results: Administration of P. domestica bark extract reduced the size of prostate and the PI significantly (P &lt; 0.001) when compared to positive control. The histopathological examination showed mild glandular proliferation with normal epithelial and stromal component as compared to positive control group. Conclusion: P. domestica extract can be an alternative to conventional drugs for management of BHP. Further detail study with active principles is required to assess the detail mechanism of action.

¿La gemcitabina anticancerígena sistémica compromete la cicatrización de heridas en tejidos blandos orales?

Background: Numerous types of cancer are of substantial medical and social concern, posing a major challenge to modern medicine. Chemotherapeutic drugs include the use of nucleosides, which are composed of nucleic acid and sugar. Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of systemic chemotherapeutic drugs at a therapeutic dose on the wound healing process of the oral mucosa. Material and Methods: 30 healthy rats were randomly divided into two main groups based on the study material, 15 rats in each group. Group A (control) was given a single dose of normal saline (1ml/kg, intraperitoneal), and Group B (study) a single injection of gemcitabine (50 mg /Kg, intraperitoneal). After anesthesia, a full-thickness soft tissue incision (0.5 cm length) on the right side of the buccal mucosa was made in the animals of both groups. Each group was subdivided according to the time of sacrifice into 3, 7, 14 days after surgery, at the end of the experimental periods, specimens were collected for histopathological study, and samples of blood were obtained from retro-orbital venous plexus and collected in microfuge tubes and levels of antioxidant enzymes were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed statistically at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: Gemcitabine delayed the onset of wound cascade (inflammation and re-epithelization) which lead to worsening healing of the oral tissue; it also resulted in a decrease of the antioxidant activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, as well as activated caspase 3, which induces cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Gemcitabine showed negative feedback on oral tissue wound healing through delayed wound healing cascade and by inducing apoptosis.

Promoting Effect of Rat FVIII Light Chain Delivered by Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Serotype 8 on the Activity of Human FVIII Heavy Chain with Different Length

To explore the effects of the rat FVIII light chain (rLC) on the activity of human FVIII heavy chain hHC745 and hHC1690. hHC745, hHC1690, human FVIII light chain (hLC) and rLC were cloned into adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) expression vectors with CB promoter (ubiquitous expression), respectively, and transfected into 293T cells using a dual-chain strategy of co-expression of HC and LC. The cultured cell supernatant was collected at 48 hours after transfection. The plasmids (pAAV8-CB-hHC745, pAAV8-CB-hHC1690, pAAV8-CB-hLC and pAAV8-CB-rLC) were hydrodynamically injected into hemophilia A (HA) mice via lateral tail vein. Forty-eight hours after injection, the peripheral blood of the mice was collected through retroorbital venous plexus and the plasma was obtained by centrifugation. The activity of FVIII was detected by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay, and the antigen expression level of FVIII was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The specific activity of FVIII was calculated based on the activity and the antigen expression level. In 293T cells, the coagulation activity of FVIII was significantly enhanced when hHC745 and hHC1690 combined with rLC compared with them combined with hLC. The FVIII activity of hHC745+rLC was about 4.6 times higher than that of hHC745+hLC, while hHC1690+rLC was about 2.9 times higher than that of hHC1690+hLC. The data from ELISA showed that there was no significant difference in FVIII antigen expression when hHC745 and hHC1690 combined with rLC and hLC. The specific activity of hHC745+rLC increased to about 4.1 times compared with hHC745+hLC, while that of hHC1690+rLC increased to about 2.8 times compared with hHC1690+hLC. In HA mice administrated with hydrodynamic injection, the FVIII activity of hHC745+rLC and hHC1960+rLC was significantly higher than that of hHC745+hLC and hHC1690+hLC at comparable expression level. The FVIII activity of hHC745+rLC was significantly higher than that of hHC745+hLC, increasing to about 5.1 times, while, that of hHC1690+rLC increasing to about 2.1 times than hHC1690+hLC. ELISA results also showed that there was no significant difference in FVIII antigen expression when hHC745 and hHC1690 combined with rLC and hLC. The specific activity of hHC745+rLC increased to about 4.2 times compared with hHC745+hLC, while that of hHC1690+rLC increased to about 1.8 times compared with hHC1690+hLC. In addition, the activity of hHC1690 combined with rLC was significantly higher than that of hHC745 combined with rLC. rLC can significantly enhance the coagulation activity of FVIII when co-expressed with hHC of different length including hHC745 and hHC1690.

RBC Transfusion to Severe Anemic Murine Neonates Leads to Systemic Inflammation

Background: Transfusions of red blood cells (RBCT) are necessary and life-saving in premature and critically ill infants, who experience severe anemia due to physiologic and iatrogenic factors. Recently, we showed that severe anemia was associated with increased intestinal permeability, demonstrated by identifying endotoxin in the bloodstream. The risks of experiencing severe anemia during critical developmental periods must be balanced with the risks of transfusions, which can lead to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). In this study, we investigated the role of severe anemia in endotoxin sensitization of the liver, and of RBCT-triggered cytokine storm, in murine neonates. Methods: C57BL/6 (WT) and TLR4-KO mouse pups were studied in 4 groups (n=6 each): (1) naïve controls; (2) non-anemic RBC transfused; (3) anemic (hematocrit 20-24%); and (4) anemic RBC transfused. Pups in anemic groups underwent facial vein phlebotomy on days P2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Leukoreduced and 7-day refrigerator-stored packed RBCs from allogeneic (FVB) adult donors were transfused intravenously into the retro-orbital plexus (20 mL/kg) of P10 pups. Blood was collected 2, 4, and 6 hours post-transfusion, and plasma was separated for quantifying inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ) using a Luminex assay. Plasma non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) levels were measured at 2 hours post-transfusion. To measure leaky gut associated liver endotoxin sensitization, genetically-modified E. coli, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP; 108 colony-forming units), were administered by gavage; these bacteria were measured in the liver of anemic pups by immunofluorescence using anti-GFP antibody. To investigate the endotoxin-associated monocyte-macrophage system in the liver, single cell suspensions were prepared and flow cytometry was performed by staining with antibodies against CD45, CD11b, F4/80, CD11c, Ly6G and Ly6C. Results: RBC transfusions led to the acute release of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ) within 2 hours, in pups with a normal hematocrit ("transfusion controls"), as well as in pups rendered anemic. However, inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly higher in RBC-transfused anemic pups as compared to transfusion controls, and remained elevated for several hours. We excluded the inflammatory response at 6 hours post-transfusion, because intestinal inflammation was observed after that time by the release of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP). No changes were found in plasma NTBI levels between transfusion control and anemic-transfused pups, indicating that the acute inflammatory response in the anemic-transfused groups is independent of liver iron accumulation due to stored RBC clearance. However, severely anemic mouse pups had elevated amounts of orally administered E. coli-GFP in the liver relative to control mice, indicating that anemia allows endotoxin delivery and sensitizes the liver by bacterial translocation across the anemic intestine. The TLR4-KO mice study showed that overall plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ) were reduced, as compared to anemic-transfused WT pups, but remained elevated in the plasma of anemic-transfused TLR4-KO pups, as compared to TLR4-KO transfused-control pups, indicating that this acute inflammatory response does not depend on TLR4. By flow cytometry, anemic (P10) pups showed an increased number of CD11bhiF4/80loLy6C+ hepatic monocytes as compared to control, but no changes in CD11bhiF4/80hi hepatic macrophages (i.e., Kupffer cells); qRT-PCR studies confirm that these anemic hepatic monocytes contained mRNA transcripts of IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL-1, IL-6, and IFN-γ. In addition, the anemic mouse pups that were treated with recombinant haptoglobin (rHp, 100µg/kg) showed reduced plasma levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL-1, IL-6, and IFN-γ at 2-6 hours post-transfusion of packed-stored RBCs. Conclusions: In this mouse model, the severe anemia-associated low-grade inflammatory state in the liver leads to increased numbers of hepatic monocytes with inflammatory cytokines mRNA; in this condition, RBC transfusions activate these monocytes and cause systemic inflammation. Pre-treatment of rHp was reduce the RBCT-associated systemic inflammatory response.

THE EFFECT OF GIVING PLANTAIN PEEL EXTRACT (Musa paradisiaca) ON MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVELS IN WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO FILTER CIGARETTE SMOKE

Background: Free radicals from filter cigarettes can contribute to the body's oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde is a substance that the body produces in response to oxidative stress. Antioxidants found in plantain peel extract can be used to counteract oxidative damage.Aim: This study sought to determine whether Wistar rats exposed to filtered cigarette smoke could have their MDA levels reduced by a plantain peel extract.Methods: On Wistar rats, this study used an actual experimental design with a post-test-only control group. Twenty-eight rats from the research sample were split into 4 separate groups. K+ received exposure to cigarette smoke, P1 received exposure to cigarette smoke and extracted at a dose of 200mg/kg BW, and P2 received exposure to cigarette smoke and extracted at a dose of 400mg/kg BW. K- serves as the negative control. K+ received exposure to cigarette smoke. The retroorbital plexus vein was used to draw blood from the dead rats afterward. MDA levels in the plasma were measured using the TBARS technique.Results: The average output of MDA levels in the K1, K2, P1, and P2 groups was 1.695 ppm, 2.430 ppm, 1.791 ppm, and 3.115 ppm, respectively. The K- and K+ groups showed a significant difference in the Mann-Whitney test (p=0.037), as did the K+ and P1 group (p=0.010), K+ and P2 group (p=0.025), and P1 and P2 group (p=0.004).Conclusion: MDA levels in Wistar rats exposed to filter cigarette smoke could be decreased by administering plantain peel extract.

Cellular immune response of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in Balb/c mice through intranasal infection.

Background and Aim:Staphylococcus aureus produces various superantigen exotoxins, including staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). It causes fatal anaphylactic reactions and toxic shock. This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of leukocytes and histopathological changes in the respiratory organs of Balb/c mice after intranasal infection with enterotoxigenic S. aureus (SEB).Materials and Methods:The presence of the seb gene in S. aureus was established in this study using polymerase chain reaction-specific primer. Two groups of 8-week-old male Balb-c mice consist of six mice in each group. The treated group was infected with 50 μL and 100 μL of SEB intranasal on days 1 and 14, respectively. NaCl was administered in the second group and was considered as a control group. Blood samples were collected through the retro-orbital plexus on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 22 after infections. Total cell counts were analyzed with an independent sample t-test and compared using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (IBM Corp., NY, USA). The infected tissues of the respiratory organ were observed descriptively and compared to the control group.Results:The seb gene with a molecular size of 478 bp, indicating the SEB strain, is present in S. aureus used in this study. Intranasal administration of SEB showed increased leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils on day 22 post-infection. Significant leukocytosis was seen on days 6 and 14; lymphocytosis on days 1, 4, 6, and 16; and eosinophilia on days 6, 14, and 22 compared with the control group (p > 0.05). In contrast, the neutrophil decreased after an increase of immature band cells compared to the control group, indicating a severe acute infection with SEB. The lungs and trachea of the test group had an inflammatory cell accumulation in the respiratory organ.Conclusion:Intranasal route infection of S. aureus containing seb gene significantly induced the cellular immune response and caused pathological changes in the respiratory tissues of the Balb/c mice model. The hematological changes were aligned with marked pathological changes in the respiratory tract. Balb/c mice could be an excellent experimental model to study toxic and anaphylactic shock against SEB to define the future therapeutic agents.

Anti-diabetic activity and Phytochemicals Screening of C. revoluta rachis on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The objective of this study is to examine the control of hastily increasing diabetes mellitus which has become a serious problem all over the world. Traditionally antidiabetic plants help to treat diabetes with no side effect. So, an effort has been made to study the helpful properties of Cycas revoluta rachis extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rat’s protocol. The preliminary phytochemicals analysis has revealed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids which might be contributing to antidiabetic activity. The doses of crude extract from 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg have shown that the plant is non-toxic in nature under observable conditions. The ~ 70% ethanolic extract of C. revoluta has been administrated at doses level of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg b.w. orally. The blood samples have been collected from the retro-orbital plexus to examine blood glucose level and biological parameters such as serum cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL respectively. At the dose level 300 mg/kg, the reduction in blood glucose level by 289.5 ± 24.57 to 98.33 ± 7.89 has been observed at 14th day’s protocol. The serum lipid profile has also been reversed to normal as compared with standard drug.

Tropolone derivative hinokitiol ameliorates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice

Hinokitiol is a natural bio-active tropolone derivative with promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effects of hinokitiol against acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein. Mice were pre-treated with hinokitiol intraperitoneally for 7 days (50 and 100 mg/kg), and on the final day of study, cerulein (6 × 50 μg/kg) was injected every hour for six times. Six hours after the last dose of cerulein, blood was collected from the mice through retro-orbital plexus for biochemical analysis. After blood collection, mice were euthanized and the pancreas was harvested for studying effects on oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunohistochemistry and histopathology of tissue sections. Hinokitiol treatment significantly reduced edema of the pancreas and reduced the plasma levels of lipase and amylase in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. It also attenuated the oxidative and nitrosative stress related damage as evident from the reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels, which were significantly increased in the mice with acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, hinokitiol administration significantly reduced the pancreatitis-evoked decrease in the activity of catalase, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the pancreatic tissue. Pre-treatment with hinokitiol significantly reduced the elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the pancreatic tissue of mice with acute pancreatitis. The immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and TNF-α were significantly decreased by hinokitiol in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that hinokitiol has significant potential to prevent cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.