Retinal Tumor Research Articles

Retinal granular cell tumor: a case report

BackgroundTo report a rare case of granular cell tumor invading the retina.Case presentationA 56-year-old female complained of blurred vision for 2 weeks in her left eye. An irregular-shaped retinal mass in the inferonasal and extending to the optic disc accompanied by dense exudation and extensive serous retinal detachment was observed. Several intravitreal bevacizumab injections were ineffective for stabilizing retinal exudation and intraocular pressure (IOP). Vitrectomy was performed to re-attach the retina and obtain a tumor biopsy specimen. Histopathological analysis revealed that the intraocular mass was a granular cell tumor. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the tumor was positive for S100 and CD68, focal positive for neurofilaments, but negative for ERG and HMB-45. Local recurrence and distant metastasis were not found, but visual acuity had worsened to no light perception at the last visit due to uncontrolled intraocular pressure and retinal exudation after the surgery.ConclusionsGranular cell tumor is a rare benign neoplasm, but it can lead to devastating visual loss if it invades the retina adjacent to the optic nerve head.

Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals intratumoural heterogeneity and malignant progression in retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a childhood retinal tumour that is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumour. However, it has been challenging to identify the cell types associated with genetic complexity. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 14,739 cells from two retinoblastoma samples to delineate the heterogeneity and the underlying mechanism of retinoblastoma progression. Using a multiresolution network-based analysis, we identified two major cell types in human retinoblastoma. Cell trajectory analysis yielded a total of 5 cell states organized into two main branches, and the cell cycle-associated cone precursors were the cells of origin of retinoblastoma that were required for initiating the differentiation and malignancy process of retinoblastoma. Tumour cells differentiation reprogramming trajectory analysis revealed that cell-type components of multiple tumour-related pathways and predominantly expressed UBE2C were associated with an activation state in the malignant progression of the tumour, providing a potential novel “switch gene” marker during early critical stages in human retinoblastoma development. Thus, our findings improve our current understanding of the mechanism of retinoblastoma progression and are potentially valuable in providing novel prognostic markers for retinoblastoma.

Appearance of Tumor Vessels in Patients With Choroidal Osteoma Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography.

ObjectiveTo report the morphologic characteristics of tumor-related vasculatures and their association with secondary choroidal neovascularization (CNV), subretinal fluid (SRF), choroidal thickness, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations, subretinal hemorrhage, and tumor decalcification in eyes with choroidal osteoma (CO), using swept-source optical coherence tomographic angiography (SS-OCTA).DesignCross-sectional observational study.ParticipantsWe included 26 patients recruited from Beijing Tongren Hospital with a diagnosis of CO, based on the presence of yellow-orange mass deep to the RPE under indirect ophthalmoscopy and occupying the choroid with well-defined margins and bone density on ultrasonography or computed tomography and focal hyperfluorescent spots with no homogeneous pattern on fluorescein angiography/indocyanine green angiography (FA/ICGA). Data were collected from April 1, 2020, to April 1, 2021, and analyzed from April 30 through May 30, 2021.MethodsApplying SS-OCTA systems operating at 1,050-nm wavelengths, eyes with CO were imaged.Main Outcome and MeasuresTumor-related vasculature in eyes with CO was characterized using multimodal imaging that included fundus photography, FA/ICGA, SS-OCT, and SS-OCTA, and the images were anatomically aligned. CO thickness was manually measured as the distance between the upper boundary of the tumor and the underlying sclerochoroidal interface on the SS-OCT images. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was manually measured as the distance between the Bruch membrane and the sclerochoroidal interface on the SS-OCT images.ResultsOf the 26 Asian patients, 16 (62%) were women and 10 (38%) were men. The mean age was 26.8 years (median, 23; range, 8–45 years), and the mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40. Thirty-three eyes underwent imaging and were diagnosed with CO. Indocyanine green angiography identified inhomogeneous hyperfluorescence due to tumor-related vasculature, and all corresponded to the structures that appeared as sea-fan vascular networks (SFVNs) combined with clusters of tangled vessels on SS-OCTA images. SFVNs were detected on SS-OCTA imaging in all eyes (100%), terminal tangled vascular structures in 32 of 33 eyes (97%), but not identified on ICGA. Of the 33 tangled vascular structures, 32 (97%) were located at the edge of or inside the tumor, and only 1 (3%) was associated with type 2 neovascularization. In addition, SS-OCT revealed SRF in 33 eyes (100%), 33 (100%) were located at the edge of CO, and only 1 was underlying macular. SRF with retinal edema was seen in 30 of 32 eyes (94%).ConclusionsIn eyes with CO undergoing SS-OCTA imaging, tumor-related vasculature appears as SFVNs combined with tangled vascular structures or few type 2 neovascularization. The identification of actual tumor vasculature in patients with CO as SFVNs with inner or terminal vascular tangles rather than previously described CNV may help facilitate understanding of their pathogenesis, tumor control, and response to treatment.

Retinal tumors in adults: Part2 nonvascular tumors of retina and retinal pigment epithelium

Retinal tumors are aheterogeneous group of congenital and acquired lesions. In the second part of the article retinocytic and glial cell tumors of the retina, tumors of the retinal pigment epithelium, malignant tumors, such as lymphomas and metastases are presented. In benign and malignant tumors visual symptoms, such as exudative retinal detachment occur, which often lead to irreversible visual impairments. Because visual symptoms are often amanifestation of systemic diseases, the ophthalmologist plays an important role in the accurate and early diagnosis of retinal tumors. This article reviews the most important clinical and diagnostic features of retinal tumors in adults, the systemic associations and the literature on currently available treatment strategies.

Retinal tumors in adults-Part 1: vascular tumors of the retina

Retinal tumors are aheterogeneous group of congenital and acquired lesions. In this review series the important retinal tumors are discussed and presented in two articles. In the first part of the article the most important vascular tumors of the retina are presented. Even with benign tumors visual symptoms, such as exudative retinal detachment occur, which often lead to irreversible visual impairments. Because visual symptoms are often amanifestation of systemic diseases, the ophthalmologist plays an important role in the accurate and early diagnosis of retinal tumors. This article reviews the most important clinical and diagnostic features of retinal vascular tumors in adults, their systemic associations and the literature on currently available treatment strategies.

Вазопролиферативные опухоли сетчатки. Современный подход к лечению

Relevance. Vasoproliferative retinal tumor is a rare acquired disease. The exact pathogenesis of vasoproliferative tumors remains completely unknown, and it has long been assumed that their development is a reactive process with the proliferation of glial cells and blood vessels. Despite the widespread use of this term, vasoproliferative tumor cannot be fully attributed to true tumors and it cannot be reliably established that it is vascular in its pathogenesis. The clinical signs of vasoproliferative retinal tumor manifests itself as a yellowish-red, often loose mass with vessels of normal or slightly enlarged caliber, usually small, single and located in the lower-outer or lower part of the fundus. Due to their rarity, there are currently no uniform recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Most of the available methods have limited effectiveness, causing a temporary regression of the process, which makes it necessary to repeatedly re-treat or combine several treatments. In some cases, the use of several therapeutic options leads to complications that can be caused by both therapy and the natural progression of the disease, which together prevents reconvalescence and improvement of visual func tions. Purpose. This article presents for the first time a detailed review of the literature, including generalized data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, histological features, differential diagnosis and modern approaches to the treatment of this pathology. Material and methods. The article uses literary materials of domestic and foreign authors published in the period from 1982 to the present. Conclusion. It is necessary to further study the mechanisms of development of vasoproliferative tumors and related complications. The article uses literary materials of domestic and foreign authors published in the period from 1982 to the present. Keywords: vasoproliferative tumors, retinal vascular tumors, retinal angiomatosis, endoresection, vitrectomy, brachytherapy.

Clinical features of patients with retinocytoma

Objective: To analyze the clinical features and fundus performance of patients with retinocytoma. Methods: Retrospective case series study. Ten patients (12 eyes) diagnosed with retinocytoma were enrolled in Department of Ophthalmology of Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University from January 2006 to December 2019. Clinical data were reviewed, including gender, age, initial symptoms, tumor size and location, fundus manifestations and regression patterns. Results: There were 7 males and 3 females aged from 5 to 39 years, with a median age of 14 years. Eight patients had unilateral retinocytoma, while 2 patients had bilateral retinocytoma. The most common complaints were strabismus (4 patients) and blurred vision (3 patients). The average maximum base diameter of the tumor was 5.70 mm (2.69 to 8.69 mm), and the average thickness was 2.28 mm (0.61 to 3.76 mm). Tumors in 12 eyes were all of a single focus, 5 in the posterior pole, 5 in the midperiphery and 2 in the periphery. Ophthalmoscopic features of retinocytoma included a translucent retinal mass in 10 eyes, a calcification mass in 11 eyes, with well-defined retinal pigment epithelial alteration in 12 eyes and a zone of chorioretinal atrophy in 6 eyes. The regression patterns were type 1 in 2 eyes, type 2 in 1 eye and type 3 in 9 eyes. The gene test showed RB1 mutation in 1 patient. During the average follow-up of 28.7 months, all of the tumors were stable without malignant transformation. Conclusions: Retinocytoma is a rare benign retinal tumor with characteristic fundus manifestations. Patients with retinocytoma should be monitored closely. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 526-530).

Photocoagulation-associated spontaneous release of epiretinal membrane secondary to retinal vascular tumor: case series of 8 cases.

To evaluate the secondary epiretinal membrane (ERM) response after photocoagulation in retinal vascular tumor. This retrospective interventional case series included 8 patients (8 eyes) who were diagnosed with retinal vascular tumor and secondary ERM. All eyes were treated with photocoagulation and underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations at baseline and at each follow-up. Of the 8 eyes with retinal vascular tumor and associated ERM, 4 eyes (50%) were von Hippel and 4 eyes (50%) were vasoproliferative tumor of the retina. The mean follow-up time was 12.63 ± 14.64 (range, 4-51) months. The BCVA in the eyes at baseline was 1.16 ± 1.10 logMAR (range, HM to 20/40). ERM located in the macular region in 100% of the eyes and led to CME with a mean central foveal thickness of 497.6 ± 147.7 μm (range, 294-736 μm) at presentation. After photocoagulation, the ERM spontaneously peeled in 7 of 8 eyes (87.5%), among which one case required surgical treatment due to complicating tractional retinal detachment. After ERM peeling without complications, 6 eyes recovered normal macular structure, with an improved BCVA in 5 eyes and a stable BCVA in 1 eye. Laser photocoagulation is necessary and effective treatment for retinal vascular tumor. After laser photocoagulation, retinal vascular tumor-related ERM spontaneously released in 75% of the cases, without complication and surgical intervention.

Recent Advances and Disputes About Curcumin in Retinal Diseases.

Curcumin belongs to the group of so-called phytocompounds, biologically active molecules produced by plants exerting a beneficial effect on health. Curcumin shows a wide spectrum of different properties, being an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic molecule. The purpose of the review is to examine what literature reported on the characteristics of curcumin, particularly, on the beneficial and controversial aspects of this molecule, aiming for a better therapeutic management of retinal diseases. The retina is a constant target of oxidative stress, this tissue being characterized by cells rich in mitochondria and by vessels and being, obviously, continuously reached from photons affecting its layers. Particularly, the retinal ganglion cells and the photoreceptors are extremely sensitive to oxidative stress damage and it is well known that an imbalance in reactive oxygen species is often involved in several retinal diseases, such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, macular edema, retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, hereditary tapeto-retinal degenerations, and retinal and choroidal tumors. To date, several studies suggest that oral treatment with curcumin is generally well tolerated in humans and, in addition, it seems to have no negative effects: therefore, curcumin is a promising candidate as a retinal disease therapy. Unfortunately, the primary limitation of curcumin is represented by its poor bioavailability, in fact only a minimal fraction of this substance can reach the blood stream in the form of a biologically active compound. However, many steps have been made in several fields. In the future, it is expected that the strategies developed until now to allow curcumin to reach the target tissues in adequate concentrations could be ameliorated and, above all, large in vivo studies on humans are needed to demonstrate the total safety of these compounds and their effectiveness in different eye diseases.

Current concepts on ocular vascular abnormalities in the phakomatoses

ABSTRACT Background: Neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel Lindau disease, and tuberous sclerosis complex are classified under the term phakomatoses. They are characterized by ocular vascular abnormalities such as vascular tortuosity, corkscrew retinal vessel configuration, moyamoya-like aspect, microaneurysms, hemangioblastomas, and focal sheathing of retinal arteries, possibly due to abnormal formation, migration, and differentiation of neural crest cells. These alterations can be the first sign or the hallmark of disease and can be related to vasoproliferative tumors. Purpose: Novel imaging technologies in ophthalmology, such as near-infrared reflectances and spectral domain optical coherence tomography, have improved our knowledge in the diagnosis of these pathologies. Previously undetected macular vascular alterations have been reported in phakomatoses using optical coherence tomography angiography. This review will summarize the ophthalmic vascular abnormalities and novel imaging methods in the phakomatoses. Conclusion: Active research is being led into the ophthalmic management of these conditions and their complications, and owing to elevated vascular endothelial growth factor production from hemangioblastoma, hamartoma, and retinal vascular proliferative tumors, increasing interest in this line of therapy has been conducted although research is still ongoing in this area.

Histopathological analysis of the correlation between uveal melanomas and retinal tissue

AIM: To analyze the impacts of the shape of uveal melanoma on retinal structure. METHODS: Histopathological sections and clinical data from patients with uveal melanoma were retrospectively observed and analyzed, and key indicators including the tumor’s shape, size, height-to-base ratio, retinal thinning and retinal invasion were analyzed. RESULTS: The study included 102 patients (102 eyes) with a mean age of 45.6±12.4y, with 76 (75%) uveal melanomas showing the spindle cell type, 6 (6%) showing the epitheloid cell type, 16 (16%) showing the mixed cell type and 4 (4%) showing predominantly other cell types. Differentiated by tumor locations: 3 cases of ciliary body melanoma (2.9%), 28 cases of ciliary body and choroid melanoma (27.5%), 71 cases of choroid melanoma (69.6%). Retinal thinning was detected in 43 (43%) eyes and retinal invasion by the tumor cells in 86 (84%) eyes. Maximal tumor height ranged between 1.2 and 15.6 (mean: 8.3±3.6) mm, and mean maximal tumor base diameter was 17.3±6.5 (range: 4.8-31.2) mm. Mean R-value as ratio of tumor peak height to maximal tumor base diameter was 0.53±0.32. Mean R-value was significantly higher in the group with retinal thinning (n=43) than in the group without retinal thinning (n=59; 0.69±0.31 vs 0.42±0.27; P<0.01). R-value was slightly, however statistically not significantly (P=0.09) higher in the group with retinal tumor invasion (n=86) than without retinal tumor invasion (n=16) (0.56±0.33 vs 0.41±0.25). CONCLUSION: A high R-value indicating a prominent tumor is associated with tissue thinning in the adjacent retina, and marginally significantly with intra-retinal tumor cell invasion. Shape of uveal melanomas’s corss section is of importance for the secondary involvement of the adjacent retina.

Ultra-wide field retinal imaging: A wider clinical perspective.

The peripheral retina is affected in a variety of retinal disorders. Traditional fundus cameras capture only a part of the fundus even when montaging techniques are used. Ultra-wide field imaging enables us to delve into the retinal periphery in greater detail. It not only facilitates assessing color images of the fundus, but also fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and red and green free images. In this review, a literature search using the keywords “ultra-widefield imaging”, “widefield imaging”, and “peripheral retinal imaging” in English and non-English languages was done and the relevant articles were included. Ultra-wide field imaging has made new observations in the normal population as well as in eyes with retinal disorders including vascular diseases, degenerative diseases, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, retinal and choroidal tumors and hereditary retinal dystrophies. This review aims to describe the utility of ultra-wide field imaging in various retinal disorders.

Living with satisfactory vision and no comorbidity 28 years after bilateral retinoblastoma: a case report and mini literature review

Background: Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children, although it is a rare neural retinal tumor. Improving the quality of life is the next goal after the primary medical goal of life preservation. The genotype-phenotype correlation may vary with the progression of retinoblastoma. Expressivity is determined by different RB1 gene mutations among individuals. Herein, we share our experience on the evaluation of the long-term progression of retinoblastoma, its treatment consequences, its impact on the quality of life, and how the underlying genotypes are related to the phenotypes. We provide a review of the relevant literature and present a case of a sporadic heritable bilateral retinoblastoma.
 Case Presentation: We report the outcomes of a 28-year follow-up of a female diagnosed with an infantile disease. The patient’s best eye, according to the tumor classification and genetic results, was treated conservatively whereas the worst eye was enucleated. On re-examinations, she had complications of the treatment she received. Therefore, another intervention was administered for several years. The patient’s pathogenic variant and RB1 gene mutational inactivation were predispositions to the recurrence of the tumor and non-ocular primary malignancy. Nevertheless, the disease had no progression. The patient is stable despite her type of retinoblastoma, which is the sporadic heritable bilateral form.
 Conclusions: Each phenotype of bilateral retinoblastoma varies in progression. The nature of the genetic mutation may determine its expressivity. It is of great significance to individualize every decision. In each case, the sequelae of the disease and treatment-induced complications may have an impact on the quality of the patient’s life.

A Non-immunogenic Bivalent d-Protein Potently Inhibits Retinal Vascularization and Tumor Growth.

We report a general approach to engineering multivalent d-proteins with antibody-like activities in vivo. Mirror-image phage display and structure-guided design were utilized to create a d-protein that uses receptor mimicry to antagonize vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Selections against the d-protein form of VEGF-A using phage-displayed libraries of two different domain scaffolds yielded two proteins that bound distinct receptor interaction sites on VEGF-A. X-ray crystal structures of the d-protein/VEGF-A complexes were used to guide affinity maturation and to construct a heterodimeric d-protein VEGF-A antagonist with picomolar activity. The d-protein VEGF-A antagonist prevented vascular leakage in a rabbit eye model of wet age-related macular degeneration and slowed tumor growth in the MC38 syngeneic mouse tumor model with efficacies comparable to those of approved antibody drugs, and in contrast with antibodies, the d-protein was non-immunogenic during treatment and following subcutaneous immunizations.

Transretinal biopsy via 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for retinal and choroidal tumors: cytopathological results, surgical complications, and patient outcomes.

To evaluate the cytopathological results, surgical complications, and patient outcomes after transretinal biopsy (TRB) for diagnosis of retinal/choroidal tumors METHODS: Records of40cases who underwent TRB via 23-gauge (23 G) pars plana vitrectomy between March 2011 and March 2020 were reviewed. Retrospective. Twenty-six (65.0%) cases were women and 14 (35.0%) were men. The mean age at diagnosis was 57.2 (range: 18-83) years. The mean tumor base diameter was 12.0×9.8mm and the mean tumor thickness was 4.9mm. According to cytopathological examination, 29 (72.5%) cases had choroidal melanoma, 2 (5.0%) had non-small cell lung cancer metastasis, 1 (2.5%) had adenoma of retinal pigment epithelium, 1 (2.5%) had small cell lung cancer metastasis, 1 (2.5%) had invasive breast cancer metastasis, 1 (2.5%) had retinal astrocytic hamartoma, and 1 (2.5%) had pseudoneoplastic gliosis. Cytopathological examination of 4 (10.0%) cases revealed findings consistent with macular and extramacular degeneration. Postoperative complications were mild vitreous hemorrhage in 16 (40.0%) cases,gradually worsening cataract in 4 (11.8%), retinal detachment in 1 (2.5%), hyphema in 1 (2.5%), glaucoma in 1 (2.5%), and macular hole in 1 (2.5%). During the mean 11.1 (range: 1-55) months follow-up, 1 (3.4%) patient with choroidal melanoma developed liver metastasis. All patients were alive at the end of follow-up. TRB using 23 G pars plana vitrectomycan be used to make the cytopathologic diagnosis of retinal/choroidal tumors whenever the clinicaldiagnosis is not certain or in cases with known diagnosis to obtain information on cell type/cytogenetics. In our series, the most common diagnosis after cytopathologic examination was choroidal melanoma.

A solitary retinal hemangioblastoma

Retinal hemangioblastoma is a rare benign retinal vascular tumor that occurs sporadically or in association with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. If associated with VHL, it can be multiple and/or bilateral. All retinal hemangioblastoma cases should be investigated for the presence of associated tumors such as central nervous system hemangiomas and visceral abdominal tumors. Herewith, we report a case of solitary capillary hemangioma in a young male.

Photodynamic Therapy in Ocular Oncology.

Over the past two decades, we have witnessed the increasing use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the field of ocular oncology. Based on a review of the literature and our own experience, we herein review the role of PDT for the management of intraocular tumors. The discussion includes two main topics. First, we discuss the application of PDT for benign tumors, including circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, choroidal osteoma, retinal astrocytoma, retinal capillary hemangioma (retinal hemangioblastoma), and retinal vasoproliferative tumor. Second, we assess the role of PDT for malignant tumors, including choroidal melanoma and choroidal metastasis.

Z-Ligustilide Ameliorates Diabetic Rat Retinal Dysfunction Through Anti-Apoptosis and an Antioxidation Pathway.

BackgroundDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major causes of vision impairment. Z-ligustilide (3-butylidene-4,5-dihydrophthalide; Z-LIG) is an important volatile oil from the Chinese herb Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. It has been extensively studied and reportedly has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, analgesic, vasodilatory, and neuroprotective effects. Its effects on DR, however, remain obscure. In this study, we attempted to explore the protective effects of Z-LIG on retinal dysfunction and the potential underlying mechanisms.Material/MethodsA diabetic rat model was constructed with streptozotocin injection. Three study groups were constituted: control (CON), diabetic model (DM), and DM+Z-LIG. The DM+Z-LIG group was injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of Z-LIG. The other groups received the same volume of 3% solution of polysorbate 80. After a 12-week intervention, a series of assessments were performed, including tests for retinal function, morphology, and molecular biology.ResultsZ-LIG treatment significantly elevated b-wave and OPs2-wave amplitude and thickened the inner layer of the nucleus of the retina, and the outer plexiform and nuclear layers (INL+OPL+ONL). Moreover, the rate of apoptosis and expression of bcl-2- associated X protein (BAX) and cleaved-Caspase-3 were clearly reduced, and the expression of bcl-2 was raised by Z-LIG in retinas of diabetic mice. In addition, the levels of retinal proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α were downregulated by Z-LIG. Furthermore, Z-LIG inhibited expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGF-α) at the mRNA and protein levels.ConclusionsZ-LIG can inhibit inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in retinas of diabetic rats by repressing the VEGF-α pathway. Therefore, it may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for DR.

GD2-specific CAR T cells encapsulated in an injectable hydrogel control retinoblastoma and preserve vision

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a pediatric retinal tumor that overexpresses the ganglioside GD2. Although it is treatable in patients with early diagnosis, patients may lose one or two eyes. We generated GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor T lymphocytes (GD2.CAR-Ts) and locally delivered them to mice with an in-situ grafting RB. When used in combination with the local release of interleukin (IL)-15 and an injectable hydrogel, we showed that GD2.CAR-Ts successfully eliminate RB tumor cells without impairment of the mouse vision.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in choroidal and retinal tumors.

Toreport the swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) findings in choroidal and retinal tumors. A retrospectivenoncomparative interventional case series of 60 eyes having various choroidal and retinal tumors imaged with SS-OCTA (Topcon DR1 Triton Plus, Tokyo, Japan) between September 2018 and February 2020was conducted. Inclusion criteria were tumor thickness <4 mm, tumor base diameter <10 mm, and tumor location at the posterior pole. Choroidal nevi usually demonstrated well-defined borders, hyperreflective internal structure, and no outer retinal involvement on SS-OCTA. Choroidal melanoma, in contrast to nevi, usually had ill-defined borders (p = 0.018), mixed hyperreflective-hyporeflective or hyperreflectiveinternal structure (p = 0.014), and demonstrated outer retinal involvement (p < 0.001). Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma usually presented with well-defined borders, a hyperreflective internal tumor structure with multiple dilated interconnected tumor vessels intermixed with signal void areas representing connective tissue. Optic disc melanocytomas showeda hyporeflective plexus related to blocking of signal by the pigment and an intact radial peripapillary capillary network. There was flow on the surface and slightly deeper within the lesion on B-scan angiography overlay. Retinal astrocytic hamartomas had well-defined borders and a hyperreflective vascular plexus in the superficial and deep retina. Outer retina and choriocapillaris showed hyporeflective change due to shadowing/masking from calcium or high blood flow in the lesion. Each of the different retinal and choroidal tumors studied in this series presented with different SS-OCTA features to aid in the differential diagnosis of these conditions. Good quality images are obtained in patients with good fixation and tumors <3 mm in thickness located at the posterior pole.