Retention Rules Research Articles

Ion-pair chromatography-indirect ultraviolet detection for determination of tetraethyl ammonium using a monolithic column and a packed column

Two methods were developed for the determination of tetraethyl ammonium by ion-pair chromatography-indirect ultraviolet detection using a monolithic column and a packed column with ionic liquid as additive in mobile phase. Chromatographic separations were performed on a monolithic column and a packed column both on reversed phase using imidazolium ionic liquid aqueous solution-ion-pair reagent-organic solvent as mobile phase. The effects of the background ultraviolet absorption reagent, detection wavelength, ion-pair reagent, organic solvent, column temperature and flow rate on the determination of tetraethyl ammonium were investigated. The difference between the two chromatographic columns was compared and the retention rules were discussed. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, for tetraethyl ammonium on monolithic column and packed column, the retention times were 2.40 and 3.02 min; the detection limits (S/N=3), 0.04 and 0.07 mg/L; the RSDs (n = 5) for peak areas, 0.16% and 0.11%; and the RSDs (n=5) for retention times, 0.02% and 0.01%, respectively. The two methods have been successfully applied to the determination of tetraethyl ammonium ionic liquids synthesized by laboratory. The recoveries of the tetraethyl ammonium after spiking were 98.2% and 99.1%, respectively. The two methods can meet the requirements for the quantitative analysis of tetraethyl ammonium.

Exploratory factor analysis in Rehabilitation Psychology: a content analysis.

Our objective was to examine the use and quality of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in articles published in Rehabilitation Psychology. Trained raters examined 66 separate exploratory factor analyses in 47 articles published between 1999 and April 2014. The raters recorded the aim of the EFAs, the distributional statistics, sample size, factor retention method(s), extraction and rotation method(s), and whether the pattern coefficients, structure coefficients, and the matrix of association were reported. The primary use of the EFAs was scale development, but the most widely used extraction and rotation method was principle component analysis, with varimax rotation. When determining how many factors to retain, multiple methods (e.g., scree plot, parallel analysis) were used most often. Many articles did not report enough information to allow for the duplication of their results. EFA relies on authors' choices (e.g., factor retention rules extraction, rotation methods), and few articles adhered to all of the best practices. The current findings are compared to other empirical investigations into the use of EFA in published research. Recommendations for improving EFA reporting practices in rehabilitation psychology research are provided.

The Global Environment for Securitization: An International Regulatory Overview

The panel moderator asked the speakers questions concerning global regulatory developments affecting the global securitization market since the 2008 financial crisis. Although senior policy makers are starting to realize the importance of securitization as a global product, an increasing disconnect is emerging among jurisdictions in terms of policy responses. The securitization market is very international. Inconsistency across regulations in different large securitization markets causes difficulties for issuers and investors. Rather than consistency, many regulators appear to be trying to achieve “equivalency.” Regulators are trying to differentiate between high-quality and other securitizations. There are still elements of “punishment” that are coming through in regulation, such as limits on the types of assets that should be included in a bank’s liquidity coverage ratio. Other near-term challenges include the risk retention rule and the Volcker Rule. The second round of the Basel proposals took a lot of positive steps from the first consultative paper, but the new proposal still comes with a bias that securitization needs to have more capital.

ABCP 101

This panel was intended to provide an introductory overview of asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) programs and structures, as well as information regarding recent developments in the market for this type of securitization. Traditional ABCP programs provide committed financing to originators that is collateralized by receivables, loans, leases, securities, and repurchase agreements. Money market funds are the most important investors in ABCP. Structured investment vehicles (SIVs), a structure no longer welcome, drove outstandings to a peak in 1977; since then, the market has contracted to traditional ABCP programs. Issuances by multi-seller ABCP conduits make the largest percentage of total market outstandings today, with portfolios concentrated with core consumer and customer assets. ABCP is affected by many regulatory issues, including rules pertaining to consolidation of ABCP conduits under GAAP, permissible money market fund investments under the Investment Company Act of 1940, the liquidity coverage ratio under Basel III, risk retention rules, and the Volcker Rule. <b>TOPICS:</b>Asset-backed securities (ABS), legal and regulatory issues for structured finance

Proposed Risk Retention Rules Trouble Abcp Market

As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other federal regulators are moving forward with plans to require risk retention in most securitizations and are likely to approve final risk retention rules in early 2014. Although in developing the rules the regulators have endeavored to take into account the unique features of different securitization markets, the retention rules that those regulators have proposed for asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) conduits fail to recognize the substantial differences that exist between ABCP programs and other securitization structures. The proposed rules would impose operating restrictions and disclosure obligations on ABCP conduits and their sponsors that could have a significant adverse impact on the ABCP market. In particular, those rules would require conduit sponsors to retain horizontal or vertical credit risk in their conduits or to comply with a narrow safe harbor that would (among other issues) limit the categories of assets that the conduits could finance. This article describes the risk retention rules that the regulators have proposed for ABCP conduits and discusses the compliance options available to conduit sponsors and the practical difficulties that each option would create. <b>TOPICS:</b>Fixed income and structured finance, legal/regulatory/public policy, credit risk management

CLOs and Regulation: A Risk Retention Case Study

Open market collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) have been the unintended victim of many forms of post-financial-crisis regulation, including the proposed risk retention rules. Although the sentiment of the risk retention rules might be noble, their application to open-market CLOs has been disastrous. The Dodd-Frank definition of securitizer simply does not correspond to open market CLOs, and therefore the federal agencies charged with writing the rules have tagged the CLO manager—i.e., the buyer rather than the seller—for the purpose of the risk retention rules. The reality is that CLO managers are thinly capitalized asset managers, and therefore risk retention, as currently written, would shutter the open market CLO business. A reproposal of the risk retention rule for CLOs by the federal agencies and an industry response have resulted in only possible mitigants. Industry participants hope that the agencies will continue to work on a solution that does not decimate a market that worked admirably through the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.

Determination of piperidinium ionic liquid cations by ion-pair chromatography-indirect ultraviolet detection

A method was developed for the determination of piperidinium cations by ion-pair chromatography with indirect ultraviolet detection. Chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column using background ultraviolet absorption reagent-ion-pair reagent/organic solvent as mobile phase. The effects of the background ultraviolet absorption reagent, detection wavelength, ion-pair reagent, organic solvent, column temperature and flow rate on the determination of piperidinium cations were investigated and the retention rules were studied. The optimized chromatographic conditions for the determination of piperidinium cations were as follows: mobile phase, 0.5 mmol/L 4-aminophenol hydrochloride-0.1 mmol/L 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium aqueous solution/methanol (80:20, v/v); detection wavelength, 210 nm; column temperature, 30 degrees C; flow rate, 1.0 mL/min. Under these conditions, the three piperidinium cations were baseline separated within 4 min. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of the piperidinium cations were 0.137-0.545 mg/L. The relative standard deviations (n = 5) for peak area and retention time were 0.72% and 0.37% respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of piperidinium cations in ionic liquids synthesized by chemistry laboratory. The recoveries of piperidinium cations after spiking were 97.0%-98.4%. The method is simple, rapid, reproducible, linear, and can meet the quantitative analysis requirement for the determination of piperidinium cations.

Simultaneous analysis of iodate, iodide, bromate and bromide by ion chromatography with ultraviolet detection

An analytical method of ion chromatography with ultraviolet detection has been developed and applied for the simultaneous determination of iodate, iodide, bromate and bromide. The separation was performed on a quaternary ammonium type anion exchange column with citric acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The effects of the detection wavelength, the kind and concentration of the mobile phase and other parameters on separation and detection of the four ions were investigated. The retention rules were studied and the chromatographic conditions were optimized. Under the conditions of 210 nm as detection wavelength, 0.9 mL/min as flow rate, 40 degrees C as column temperature, and 1.0 mmol/L citric acid-acetonitrile (85:15, v/ v; pH 5.0) as mobile phase, the four ions were completely separated and the system peaks and other common anions didn't interfere with the determination. The detection limits of the four ions (S/N = 3) were 0.07-0.16 mg/L. The relative standard deviations of the retention times and peak areas obtained by determining samples five times continuously were below 1%. The spiked recoveries of the four anions were from 98.0% to 102%. This method has been successfully used to determine ionic liquids synthesized by chemistry laboratory and underground water samples. The results were accurate and reliable.

Determination of tetraethyl ammonium by ion-pair chromatography with indirect ultraviolet detection using 4-aminophenol hydrochloride as background ultraviolet absorbing reagent

Abstract A method was developed for the determination of tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography with indirect ultraviolet detection. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase C18 column using background ultraviolet absorbing reagent – ion-pair reagent – organic solvent as mobile phase. The effects of the background ultraviolet absorbing reagents, detection wavelength, ion-pair reagents, organic solvents and column temperature on the determination method were investigated and the retention rules discussed. Results found that TEA could be successfully analyzed by using 0.7 mmol/L 4-aminophenol hydrochloride and 0.15 mmol/L 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium mixed with 20% (v/v) methanol as mobile phase at a UV detection wavelength of 230 nm. Under these conditions, the retention time of tetraethyl ammonium was 2.85 min. The detection limit (S/N = 3) for TEA was 0.06 mg/L. The relative standard deviations (n = 5) for peak area and retention time were 0.35% and 0.02%, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of synthesized tetraethyl ammonium bromide. Recovery of tetraethyl ammonium after spiking was 99.1%.

RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF HOMOLOGUE IMIDAZOLIUM IONIC LIQUID CATIONS BY ION-PAIR CHROMATOGRAPHY USING A MONOLITHIC COLUMN

A fast and gradient ion-pair chromatographic method was developed for determination of five homologue imidazolium ionic liquid cations using a silica-based monolithic column and ultraviolet detection. Chromatographic separations were performed on a Chromolith Speed ROD RP-18e column with 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium aqueous solution (pH adjusted by citric acid)–acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The effects of chromatographic column, mobile phase, flow rate, and column temperature on retention and separation of the cations were investigated. The retention rules of homologue imidazolium cations were discussed. The results showed that the analysis time could be significantly reduced owing to the application of monolithic column. Simultaneous and fast separation of five imidazolium cations was achieved under the optimum chromatographic conditions. Detection limits (S/N = 3) for the cations were 0.26–1.61 mg/L. Relative standard deviations (n = 5) for peak areas and retention times were less than 0.8%. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of two ionic liquids synthesized by chemistry lab. Recoveries of the cations after spiking were 96.8–101.9%.

Is harmonization of retention of title necessary and feasible?

I chose to look at four different legal systems; The Netherlands, Germany, France and England. I will look at the rules for retention of title, transfer of ownership, a bona fide purchaser and retention of title, specificatio and retention of title, accessio and retention of title and the legal systems of the Member States. The Bona fide purchaser is dealt with in another section then specificatio and accessio, because acquiring ownership in this way is a form of derivative acquisition of ownership and specificatio and accessio are two forms of original acquisition of ownership. These terms will be discussed in the sections dealing with these subjects. After this I will answer how 3 different cases would be solved according to the different legal systems. These cases will be about; a bona fide purchaser, specificatio and accessio. After answering these cases I will compare the outcomes and on the basis of the outcomes I will determine whether harmonization of retention of title in the European Union is needed. Then I will look at the legal regimes of the four Member States. After this I will determine whether harmonization of retention of title is feasible. My two main questions will be: 1. Is harmonization of retention of title in the European Union needed? 2. Is harmonization of retention of title feasible in the European Union?

Separation and determination of pyrrolidinium ionic liquid cations by ion chromatography with direct conductivity detection

Abstract A method for rapid and simultaneous determination of multiple pyrrolidinium ionic liquid cations by ion chromatography with direct conductivity detection was developed. Chromatographic separations were performed on a cation exchange column using ethylenediamine-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The effects of chromatographic column and the mobile phase, as well as the column temperature on the retention of the cations were investigated. The retention rules of the cations under different chromatographic conditions were formulated. The retention of the cations followed the carbon number rule. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of three ionic liquids synthesized by a chemical laboratory.

Impact of different conditions on accuracy of five rules for principal components retention

Polemics about criteria for nontrivial principal components are still present in the literature. Finding of a lot of papers, is that the most frequently used Guttman Kaiser?s criterion has very poor performance. In the last three years some new criteria were proposed. In this Monte Carlo experiment we aimed to investigate the impact that sample size, number of analyzed variables, number of supposed factors and proportion of error variance have on the accuracy of analyzed criteria for principal components retention. We compared the following criteria: Bartlett?s ?2 test, Horn?s Parallel Analysis, Guttman-Kaiser?s eigenvalue over one, Velicer?s MAP and CHull originally proposed by Ceulemans &amp; Kiers. Factors were systematically combined resulting in 690 different combinations. A total of 138,000 simulations were performed. Novelty in this research is systematic variation of the error variance. Performed simulations showed that, in favorable research conditions, all analyzed criteria work properly. Bartlett?s and Horns criterion expressed the robustness in most of analyzed situations. Velicer?s MAP had the best accuracy in situations with small number of subjects and high number of variables. Results confirm earlier findings of Guttman-Kaiser?s criterion having the worse performance.

Fast separation of triterpenoids by supercritical fluid chromatography/evaporative light scattering detector

The screening of plant material, the chemical composition, the abundance and the biological activity of triterpenoids are of a major economical importance. The classical analytical methods, such as TLC, GC, and HPLC are either little resolutive, or require derivatization steps, or fail in sensitivity. The supercritical fluid chromatography/evaporative light scattering detector (SFC/ELSD) coupling provides high resolution, fast analysis and higher responses for the analysis of triterpenoids. After the initial screening of seven stationary phases to select the well suited one, analytical conditions (modifier percentage, from 10 to 3%; backpressure (from 12 to 18MPa) and temperature (from 15 to 25°C) were studied to improve the separation, and ELSD detection of a standard mixture composed of 8 triterpenoids (oleanolic acid, erythrodiol, β-amyrin, ursolic acid, uvaol, betulinic acid, betulin, lupeol). Applied to apple pomace extracts, this method allows the separation of about 15 triterpenoid compounds, in less than 20min, with isocratic conditions. Moreover, the ELSD response is dramatically higher than the one provided by UV detection, and avoids derivatization steps. An attempt to identify some compounds was done by collecting chromatographic peaks and further analyzing them with mass spectrometry. Complete identification or molecular formula could be proposed for 11 compounds. However, due to the presence of position and orientation isomers the absolute identification remains difficult, despite some retention rules deduced from the standard analysis.

Global Regulatory Initiatives and the Broader Impact on U.S. Securitization Practices

This panel covers the content, likely effective date, and likely practical effects of Basel 2.5, Basel III, Dodd–Frank Section 939A, and other proposals such as the Risk Retention Rule, the Franken Amendment, the Conflict of Interest Rule, and the Volcker Rule. Unlike the more principlesbased E.U. rules, these U.S. rules are longer and more detailed, with attempts to micro-manage often leading to unintended consequences.

Risk Retention: The Journey Thus Far

In late March 2011, the Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (collectively, the “U.S.Regulatory Agencies”) issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (“NPR”) with respect to the risk retention rules required to be promulgated under Section 941 of the Dodd-FrankWall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. To appreciate the significance of the NPR, it is important to understand the risk retention regulatory landscape into which the NPR has been cast. This article explains the background of proposals for rules on risk retention, or so-called “skin in the game,” and recent efforts at risk retention legislation and regulations, including SEC Regulation AB II and European Union Article 122A. The authors conclude although the U.S.Regulatory Agencies have come a long way since their initial Regulation AB II risk retention proposal, they and securitization sponsors still have a difficult journey ahead of them in order to achieve the balance between a risk retention regime that aligns incentives and one that encourages the formation of capital. <b>TOPICS:</b>Credit risk management, CLOs, CDOs, and other structured credit

A Challenge for the Future: Issuing ABCP in the New Regulatory Environment

Asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) programs fully supported by bank sponsors have been used to finance a myriad of asset classes. In recent years, offerings of many different types of partially supported structured short-term notes also have come to be considered ABCP. The rapidly changing regulatory landscape for asset-backed securities, including ABCP, poses a threat to even the most traditional multiseller ABCP conduits. This article explains the most significant issues facing the traditional ABCP market, including accounting consolidation, enhanced capital requirements, removal of rating requirements from regulations, proposed liquidity coverage requirements, FDIC assessments, changes in money market fund regulation, proposed changes in disclosure requirements (Regulation AB II and repurchase activity), disclosure of due diligence reports, the Volcker Rule, changes to the Federal Reserve Act, risk retention rules, conflicts of interest, investment adviser registration, and other regulatory changes. <b>TOPICS:</b>Asset-backed securities (ABS), legal and regulatory issues for structured finance

Prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices of organophosphorus compounds by holographic QSRR

A new molecular structure representation, molecular hologram, is employed to investigate the quantitative relationship between gas chromatographic retention indices and molecular structures for 41 methyl-esterified organophosphorus compounds (OPs). The quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model has been constructed for GC-RI of the selected OPs through partial least squares regression, which shows high statistical quality and predictive value with non-cross validation correlation coefficient r 2 of 0.994, and cross validation correlation coefficient q LOO 2 values of 0.984. In order to verify the robustness and prediction capacity of the model, 30 OPs were randomly selected from the database as the training set, while the rest were used as the testing set. The result of PLS regressive analysis of the training set yields r 2 of 0.995 and q LOO 2 of 0.982, suggesting the excellent ability to predict the GC-RIs of OPs in the testing set. Furthermore, the retention behavior of the compounds in GC stationary phase is discussed, and the effects of different groups on the OP side-chain in the interaction between OPs and the stationary phase are explored using HQSAR color code, which provides useful guideline for the retention rules of OPs and related compounds.

Vernard Irvine Adams: Guidelines for Reports by Autopsy Pathologists

The production of an autopsy report is a skill that pathologists usually learn by reading autopsy reports generated by others and adapting the general format of those reports by including their own ideas and utilizing any inherent writing skills they might have. As the years pass, the report may be improved and adapted, but any changes are based on personal preference rather than any set of standard guidelines. Finally, a set of guidelines has been produced by Dr. Vernard Adams. However, Dr. Adams goes beyond a simple set of guidelines and describes how an autopsy report should be organized, what should be included and excluded, how to describe the external and internal examinations, including the proper way to describe wounds and disease states of individual organs, and how to formulate opinions. Dr. Adams also includes a thorough discussion of death certificates, cause and manner of death, and problems related to insurance companies and manner of death determinations. He even includes a few lessons in the basics of English grammar and word usage. Although the rules for record retention may vary among jurisdictions, this book includes a section on general rules of good laboratory practice pertaining to records, record retention, and record disposal. This book would logically seem to be intended for the beginning pathologist, pathology resident, or medical student, but should also be included in the library of any autopsy pathologist as a valuable reference.

Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests

In production forests in the moist tropics, trees are selected for felling or retention primarily by species and size. Tree regeneration requirements and forest stand responses to harvesting are often ignored, and consequently, the regeneration of the residual forest is not ensured. We developed and tested an alternative approach to tree selection, where seed trees were retained as a proportion of harvestable trees, with the proportion defined as a function of species’ ecological attributes and local abundance (100 ha), in contrast to the conventional approach which retained 10% of harvestable trees, uniformly across commercial species at the compartmental scale (1000 ha). The study was conducted in Democracia Project, a forest management operation in Amazonas, Brazil. The conventional approach failed to retain any seed trees at the 100 ha block scale for 7 of 37 commercial species, whereas the alternative approach retained a minimum number of seed trees per 100 ha block for all commercial species. The conventional approach resulted in the retention of relatively high proportions of potential seed trees for common species (e.g., 22% for Eperua oleifera and 36% for Maquira sclerophila) that are shade bearers and recruit readily at the site; alternately, for species with constraints to regeneration, it retained relatively low proportions (e.g., 2% for Dinizia excelsa and Hymenolobium nitidum). The alternative approach effectively retained lower proportions of common species (e.g., 10% for E. oleifera and 13% for M. sclerophila) and relatively high proportions of species with regeneration constraints (e.g., 20% for D. excelsa and 16% for H. nitidum). Our study demonstrates that it is feasible to implement at an operational scale, species-specific retention rules that take into account local abundance when inventory data are digitised and spatially explicit. Monitoring regeneration in the residual stands over time will provide the evidence to assess the ecological benefits of the adoption of our alternative approach.