Retention Of Data Research Articles

Het doel heiligt het middel? Over de noodzaak van uniforme criteria voor evaluatie van de effectiviteit en efficiëntie van de opsporing

Both the Court of Justice and the regional Court of The Hague ruled the retention of telecommunications data directive and the Dutch Wet bewaarplicht telecommunicatiegegevens in violation of the right to respect for privacy. The police and the Dutch Prosecutors Office have attempted to clarify the importance of the retention for criminal investigation. However, without an efficiency and effectiveness assessment of the method to request and analyse telecommunication data, it is not possible to substantiate the significance of data retention. To ‘save’ the retention of telecommunication data in its current form, but also to assess the importance of the existing and new investigative methods, a thorough analysis is necessary.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE MEASURE OF OBTAINING DATA GENERATED OR PROCESSED BY PROVIDERS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS, DETAINED BY THEM, IN THE CONTEXT OF DECISION NO. 440/2014 OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

The work analyzes the practical effects in national plan of the preliminary judgment delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning Directive 2006/24/EC on the retention of data generated or processed by providers of networks and electronic communications services for the public and amendment of Directive 2002/58/EC and of decision of the Constitutional Court No. 440 of 8 July 2014

Mining library and university data to understand library use patterns

Purpose – Library data are often hard to analyze because these data come from unconnected sources, and the data sets can be very large. Furthermore, the desire to protect user privacy has prevented the retention of data that could be used to correlate library data to non-library data. The research team used data mining to determine library use patterns and to determine whether library use correlated to students’ grade point average. Design/methodology/approach – A research team collected and analyzed data from the libraries, registrar and human resources. All data sets were uploaded into a single, secure data warehouse, allowing them to be analyzed and correlated. Findings – The analysis revealed patterns of library use by academic department, patterns of book use over 20 years and correlations between library use and grade point average. Research limitations/implications – Analysis of more narrowly defined user populations and collections will help develop targeted outreach efforts and manage the print collections. The data used are from one university; therefore, similar research is needed at other institutions to determine whether these findings are generalizable. Practical implications – The unexpected use of the central library by those affiliated with law resulted in cross-education of law and central library staff. Management of the print collections and user outreach efforts will reflect more nuanced selection of subject areas and departments. Originality/value – A model is suggested for campus partnerships that enables data mining of sensitive library and campus information.

Privacy, Data Retention and Domination: Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications

In Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications, the European Court of Justice found the EU Data Retention Directive, which required the retention of communications data for up to two years, to be incompatible with Articles 7 and 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights – the rights to privacy and to the protection of personal data. It is argued in this note that the decision ought to be taken as one that is concerned with the exercise of arbitrary power, a concern that is captured by the concept of domination.

The utilization of a commercial gloss spray in stabilization of incinerated dental structures

PurposeIncinerated human remains may require dental comparison to establish identity. The remains are often fragile and minor forces can damage teeth and facial bones, disrupting anatomical relationships, and impairing the ability to compare with antemortem records. This study evaluated the ability of a commercially available gloss spray to stabilize teeth in incinerated remains. MethodsLower anterior teeth of scavenged sheep mandibles were incinerated in a furnace at a temperature of 500 °C for 35 min. Before a series of vibration tests, the left side of each sample was treated with the spray, with the right side acting as a control. ResultsSignificant retention of dental data was achieved utilizing the spray in comparison to the non-stabilized sides. ConclusionThis study showed that a commercial clear gloss spray did not affect the ability to document or perform radiographic assessment of restorations, and statistically improved the stability and anatomical relationships of incinerated dental remains in scavenged sheep mandibles. Commercial products, such as the one tested in this study, are readily available and could be deployed at a mass disaster situation. However, the spray should not be used if there is any suspicion that accelerants might be involved at the scene.

Privacy, Data Retention and Domination: Digital Rights Ireland v Minister for Communications

In Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications, the European Court of Justice found the EU Data Retention Directive, which required the retention of communications data for up to 2 years, to be incompatible with Articles 7 and 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights – the rights to privacy and to the protection of personal data. It is argued in this note that the decision ought to be taken as one that is concerned with the exercise of arbitrary power, a concern that is captured by the concept of domination.

Australian Privacy Foundation Submission on the Data Retention Bill 2014

Australian Privacy Foundation Submission on the Data Retention Bill 2014

ZnO Nanowire Based Photoelectrical Resistive Switches for Flexible Memory

In this work, a non-volatile resistive optoelectronic memory was demonstrated in a flexible system that plays the dual roles of a reversible photo-reactive element and a signal-collecting element. We attempted to demonstrate the tactile sensor by detecting the rotation angle and bending angle of the wearable information appliance worn by the user. This motion-sensing for certain critical angle and information-storing functionality is enabled by photo-tunable resistive switching behaviors, which results from bending the flexible device in diverse convex angles with respect to the incident light direction. Furthermore, we investigated the basic mechanism of resistive photoelectrical switching behaviors by studying the effects of electrostatic barrier at the Au/ZnO junction, e.g., a Schottky barrier depending on the photonic and electric condition. Moreover, by employing a polymer structure, application in a prototype device provided improved endurance or retention of data.

Bulgaria ∙ New Developments of the Legal Framework on the Retention of Data in Bulgaria

Bulgaria ∙ New Developments of the Legal Framework on the Retention of Data in Bulgaria

Data Retention: Directive invalid – Limits imposed by the Principle of Proportionality exceeded

The European Court of Justice has held that the Data Retention Directive entails a wideranging and particularly serious interference with Art 7 and 8 CFREU, without that interference being limited to what is strictly necessary to achieve the objectives of the Directive. While the incoming European Commission plans to explore options for future rules on the retention of electronic communications data at EU level, questions arise as to the judgment’s legal consequences for the Member States.

Legislative genesis and judicial death of a directive: The European Court of Justice invalidated the data retention directive (2006/24/EC) thereby creating a sustained period of legal uncertainty about the validity of national laws which enacted it

The Grand Chamber has ruled that the data retention directive was invalid ex tunc since it seriously interfered with the fundamental rights to respect for private life and protection of personal data and exceeded the limits of the principle of proportionality which are provided for in the Charter. The scope and temporal effects of this ruling should be clarified, especially its legal impacts on national laws of Member States which enacted the directive. In addition, the findings of the Grand Chamber on geographical safeguards have far-reaching implications on the retention and storage of personal data in the EU.

44.: Tablet-based Data capture in Multiple Sclerosis (TaDiMuS)

We aimed to design a practical tool to collect validated, quantitative clinical data in an outpatient setting using tablet-based technology. A custom designed browser-based cross-platform software tool (Tablet-based Data capture in Multiple Sclerosis; TaDiMuS) was formulated to capture previously validated multiple sclerosis (MS) patient-reported outcomes (PRO) including quality of life, mood, cognitive, sleep and disability data. The tool was designed to provide a highly flexible and practical mechanism for semi-automated “waiting room data collection” for clinical and clinical trial purposes. Tight integration with an existing electronic medical record, and development of a secure server environment for the retention of raw data, was planned. TaDiMuS has been integrated into the MS Clinic at the Brain and Mind Research Institute and includes the following validated tools: MS Quality of Life Inventory, Short Form-36, MS Quality of Life 54, MS Neuropsychology Questionnaire, Neurological Rating Scale, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and MS Impact Scale-29. A simple user interface provides the capacity to add more tests. More than 50 patients have successfully completed selected tests from the suite of tools available in TaDiMuS. An internal secure wireless network is used to transfer data on-the-fly to the existing electronic medical record (Genie Solutions, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia), and the results of questionnaires are made immediately available to the clinician in the form of a PDF document prior to the consultation. The use of tablet based technology in the waiting room is a highly feasible and practical method of capturing patient-reported outcomes in MS. TaDiMuS instantly provides the clinician with a broad suite of information at the time of consultation, potentially enhancing workflow efficiency and optimising the early detection and treatment of under-recognised MS complications, such as cognitive dysfunction or sphincter disturbance. The prospective collection of standardised PRO in the clinical setting will facilitate the inclusion of this data in future phenotyping studies that patients may elect to participate in. Prospective MS clinical trials that incorporate TaDiMuS are planned. We aimed to design a practical tool to collect validated, quantitative clinical data in an outpatient setting using tablet-based technology. A custom designed browser-based cross-platform software tool (Tablet-based Data capture in Multiple Sclerosis; TaDiMuS) was formulated to capture previously validated multiple sclerosis (MS) patient-reported outcomes (PRO) including quality of life, mood, cognitive, sleep and disability data. The tool was designed to provide a highly flexible and practical mechanism for semi-automated “waiting room data collection” for clinical and clinical trial purposes. Tight integration with an existing electronic medical record, and development of a secure server environment for the retention of raw data, was planned. TaDiMuS has been integrated into the MS Clinic at the Brain and Mind Research Institute and includes the following validated tools: MS Quality of Life Inventory, Short Form-36, MS Quality of Life 54, MS Neuropsychology Questionnaire, Neurological Rating Scale, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and MS Impact Scale-29. A simple user interface provides the capacity to add more tests. More than 50 patients have successfully completed selected tests from the suite of tools available in TaDiMuS. An internal secure wireless network is used to transfer data on-the-fly to the existing electronic medical record (Genie Solutions, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia), and the results of questionnaires are made immediately available to the clinician in the form of a PDF document prior to the consultation. The use of tablet based technology in the waiting room is a highly feasible and practical method of capturing patient-reported outcomes in MS. TaDiMuS instantly provides the clinician with a broad suite of information at the time of consultation, potentially enhancing workflow efficiency and optimising the early detection and treatment of under-recognised MS complications, such as cognitive dysfunction or sphincter disturbance. The prospective collection of standardised PRO in the clinical setting will facilitate the inclusion of this data in future phenotyping studies that patients may elect to participate in. Prospective MS clinical trials that incorporate TaDiMuS are planned.

Improving the accuracy for Photosystem II and other XFEL structures

Femtosecond-scale XFEL pulses can produce diffraction free from radiation damage, under functional physiological conditions where reaction dynamics can be studied for systems such as photosystem II. However, it has been extremely difficult to derive accurate structure factors from the data since every shot is a still exposure from a distinct specimen. Accuracy can be improved by software methods implemented in the program cctbx.xfel, including optimal indexing and retention of data from multiple lattices, and separate determination of the resolution cutoff for individual lattices. Various techniques can produce well-conforming descriptions of the Bragg spot shape and crystal mosaicity, enabled in part by sub-pixel characterization of the detector geometry. By carefully discriminating between image pixels known to contain diffraction signal and the surrounding pixels containing only background noise, and by extending postrefinement techniques that lead to a better crystal orientation, we derive accurate structure factors with substantially fewer crystal specimen exposures. It is hoped that these developments will make it easier to measure small structure factor differences, such as those from anomalous scattering that will enable the de novo determination of macromolecular structure.

Enhanced memory effect with embedded graphene nanoplatelets in ZnO charge trapping layer

A charge trapping memory with graphene nanoplatelets embedded in atomic layer deposited ZnO (GNIZ) is demonstrated. The memory shows a large threshold voltage Vt shift (4 V) at low operating voltage (6/−6 V), good retention (>10 yr), and good endurance characteristic (>104 cycles). This memory performance is compared to control devices with graphene nanoplatelets (or ZnO) and a thicker tunnel oxide. These structures showed a reduced Vt shift and retention characteristic. The GNIZ structure allows for scaling down the tunnel oxide thickness along with improving the memory window and retention of data. The larger Vt shift indicates that the ZnO adds available trap states and enhances the emission and retention of charges. The charge emission mechanism in the memory structures with graphene nanoplatelets at an electric field E ≥ 5.57 MV/cm is found to be based on Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The fabrication of this memory device is compatible with current semiconductor processing, therefore, has great potential in low-cost nano-memory applications.

Timing the Right to Be Forgotten: A Study into 'Time' as a Factor in Deciding About Retention or Erasure of Data

The so-called Right to Be Forgotten or Erasure (RTBF), article 17 of the proposed General Data Protection Regulation, provides individuals with a means to oppose the often persistent digital memory of the Web. Because digital information technologies affect the accessibility of information over time and time plays a fundamental role in biological forgetting, ‘time’ is a factor that should play a pivotal role in the RTBF. This chapter explores the roles that ‘time’ plays and could play in decisions regarding the retention or erasure of data. Two roles are identified: (1) ‘time’ as the marker of a discrete moment where the grounds for retention no longer hold and ‘forgetting’ of the data should follow and (2) ‘time’ as a factor in the balance of interests, as adding or removing weight to the request to ‘forget’ personal information or its opposing interest. The chapter elaborates on these two roles from different perspectives and highlights the importance and underdeveloped understanding of the second role.

Section 702 and the Collection of International Telephone and Internet Content

Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) authorizes the NSA to collect the electronic communications of non-U.S. targets located overseas. Recent media reports and declassified documents reveal a more extensive program than publicly understood. The article begins by considering the origins of the current programs and the relevant authorities, particularly the transfer of part of the post-9/11 President’s Surveillance Program to FISA. It outlines the contours of the 2007 Protect America Act, before its replacement in 2008 by the FISA Amendments Act (FAA). The section ends with a brief discussion of the current state of foreign intelligence collection under Executive Order 12333.The article next turns to statutory issues related to targeting, post-targeting analysis, and the retention and dissemination of information. It argues that the NSA has sidestepped FAA restrictions by adopting procedures that allow analysts to acquire information to, from and about targets. In its foreignness determination the agency assumes, absent clear evidence to the contrary, that the target is a non-U.S. person located outside domestic bounds. And weak standards mark the foreign intelligence purpose determination. Together, these elements allow for the collection of U.S. persons’ international communications, even as they open the door to intercepting domestic communications. In regard to post-targeting analysis, the article draws attention to the intelligence community’s use of U.S. person information to query data obtained under §702, effectively bypassing protections Congress introduced to prevent reverse targeting. The article further notes in relation to retention and dissemination, that increasing consumer and industrial reliance on cryptography means that the NSA’s retention of encrypted data may soon become the exception that swallows the rule.In its constitutional analysis, the article finds certain practices instituted under §702 to violate the Fourth Amendment. The NSA’s actions, for purposes of the warrant clause, are constitutionally sufficient insofar as foreign intelligence gathering to or from non-U.S. persons is concerned. The tipping point comes in regard to criminal prosecution. Absent a foreign intelligence purpose, there is no exception to the warrant requirement for the query of U.S. persons’ international or domestic communications. The interception of U.S. persons’ communications under §702 must comport with the reasonableness requirements of the Fourth Amendment. A totality of the circumstances test, in which the significant governmental interest in national security is weighed against the potential intrusion into U.S. persons’ privacy, applies. The incidental collection of large quantities of U.S. persons’ international communications, the scanning of content for information about non-U.S. person selectors/targets, and the interception of domestic communications in MCTs, as well as the query of data using U.S. person identifiers, fall outside the reasonableness component of the Fourth Amendment. The article concludes by calling for renewed efforts to draw a line between foreign intelligence gathering and criminal law and to create higher protections for U.S. persons, to ensure that the United States can continue to collect critical information, while remaining consistent with regard to the right to privacy embedded in the Fourth Amendment.

Improved performances of metal-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon memory with HfTiON as charge-trapping layer

The properties of HfTiON as charge-trapping layer of metal-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon memory are investigated, and effects of different Hf/Ti ratios in HfTiON films on the physical and electrical characteristics are analyzed. It is found that the higher the Ti content, the higher is the charge-trapping efficiency, thus, larger memory window and higher program/erase speeds. However, excessive Ti can diffuse to the HfTiON/SiO2 interface and cause the formation of a Ti-silicate interlayer, which deteriorates the retention of data. Experimental results indicate that the device with a Hf/Ti ratio of ∼1:1 can give a good trade-off between performance and reliability.

The retention of personal information online: A call for international regulation of privacy law

New technologies permit online businesses to reduce expenses and increase efficiency by, for example, storing information in “the cloud”, engaging in online tracking and targeted advertising, location and tracking technologies, and biometrics. However, the potential for technology to facilitate long term retention of customers' personal information raises concerns about the competing right of individuals to the privacy of their personal information. Although the European Commission has recently released a proposal for regulation to “provide a data subject with the right to be forgotten and to erasure”, neither the OECD Privacy Guidelines nor the APEC Privacy Framework includes any requirement to delete personal information. While New Zealand includes a “limited retention principle” in the Privacy Act 1993, apart from one limited exception the privacy principles cannot be enforced in court. Taking New Zealand privacy law as an example, this paper examines the issue of retention of customer data, explains why this is a serious problem and argues that although it could be addressed by appropriate amendments to domestic laws, domestic privacy legislation may not be sufficient in an online environment. In the same way as other areas of law, such as the intellectual property regime, have turned to global regulatory standards which reflect the international nature of their subject matter, international privacy regulation should be the next stage for the information privacy regime.

Home Office consults on retention of biometric data for national security

The UK Home Office has begun a public consultation on draft statutory guidance for powers to extend retention of biometric data on national security grounds under the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.

Medical Student Appraisal

Pre-rounding is essential to preparing for morning rounds. Despite its importance, pre-rounding is rarely formally taught within the medical school curriculum and more often informally learned by modeling residents. The evolution of mobile applications provides opportunities to optimize this process. To evaluate three options available to medical students while pre-rounding and promote adoption of mobile resources in clinical care. Six medical students formed the evaluation cohort. Students were surveyed to assess pre-rounding practices. Participants utilized paper-based pre-rounding templates for two weeks followed by two weeks of the electronic note-taking service Evernote. A review of mobile applications on the iTunes and Google Play stores was performed, with each application informally reviewed by a single student. The application Scutsheet was selected for formal review by all students. Data was collected from narrative responses supplied by students throughout the evaluation periods and aggregated to assess strengths and limitations of each application. Pre-study responses demonstrated two consistent processes: verbal sign-out of overnight events and template use to organize patient information. The paper-based template was praised for its organization and familiarity amongst residents, but perceived as limited by the requirement of re-copying data into the hospital's electronic medical record (EMR). Evernote excelled due to compatibility across multiple operating systems, including accessibility from clinical workstations and ability to copy notes into the hospital's EMR. Scutsheet allowed for retention of data across multiple hospital days, but was limited by inability to export data or modify the electronic template. Aggregated user feedback identified the abilities to customize templates and copy information into the EMR as two prevailing characteristics that enhanced the efficiency of pre-rounding. Mobile devices offer the potential to enhance pre-rounding efficiency for medical students and residents. A customizable Evernote-based system is described in sufficient detail for reproduction by interested students.