Retention Mode Research Articles

Implementation of Low Power Strategies in a Base-band Chip in 40nm CMOS Technologies

Low power dissipation has become the main design concern for these portable devices as mobiles evolving to multi-media mobile terminals. This paper presents the advanced low power strategies, such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, power gating, SRAM retention mode, which are successfully applied in a 40nm base-band chip. This chip has about 23 million gates, with the highest operation frequency of 580MHz in high performance use cases, four operation modes, 24 clock domains and 12 power domains. The base band chip was finally fabricated in a 40nm Low-Power 1P6M standard CMOS logical process.

Determination of Melamine in Liquid Milk and Milk Powder by Titania-Based Ligand-Exchange Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography

A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the analysis of melamine in liquid milk and milk powder has been developed. Decrease of acetonitrile percentage and phosphate buffer concentration in mobile phase, and lowering of buffer pH and column temperature would benefit the retention of melamine on titania. Taking advantage of the ligand-exchange and hydrophilic interaction mixed retention mode on bare titania column, neither complex pretreatment nor ion-pair reagent was required. The whole analysis for one sample including sample pretreatment and HPLC analysis could be accomplished within 30 min. The method presented good linearity (R 2 = 0.9998) in a wide range of 0.02–10 μg mL−1. The limit of detection (3σ) and limit of quantification (10σ) of the method were 6 and 20 μg L−1, respectively, which were equivalent to 15 and 50 μg kg−1 melamine in liquid milk, 60 and 200 μg kg−1 melamine in milk powder, respectively. Such sensitivity could be compared with those obtained by HPLC with solid-phase extraction or HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and was adequate for the screening of melamine in tainted dairy products. The repeatability (RSDs) of the retention times and peak areas of 11 replicate detections of 1.0 μg mL−1 melamine were 0.32% and 2.5%, respectively. The intermediate precision on three consecutive days (RSDs, n = 6) of the retention times and peak areas were 1.1% and 2.3%, respectively. The recovery of spiked melamine in dairy samples ranged from 95.2% to 105%. The simplicity, sensitivity and rapidity of the proposed method make it an effective alternative detecting technique for melamine.

Separation of Mononucleotides by Electrophoresis in a Packed Column

Electrophoresis in a chromatographic column packed with porous gel has been successfully established to preparatively separate proteins and DNA. This method shows good separative performance. Since separation of small polar nucleotides and oligonucleotides is challenging to conventional reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), it is of significance to establish preparative electrophoresis for laboratory-scale purification of them. In this paper, milligram of model polar samples, cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP) and uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP), could be completely separated by a column (0.6 cm i.d.) packed with Sepharose 6B at pH 3.6 in 120 V/cm electric field, but never be separated without electric field. The orientation and strength of electric field could affect retention, resolution, and recovery of mononucleotides. With cathode at the column outlet and anode at the column inlet, the electric field force on UMP was strong enough to counteract the buffer flow, retain UMP at the column inlet, and markedly enhance the resolution between UMP and CMP. With this electrical retention mode, the maximum sample capacity was 7.5 mg on a column of 40 × 0.6 cm i.d. (bed volume 11.4 mL), which is much more than that of a RP-HPLC column. This electrokinetic method is a potential system for the separation of small polar compounds from natural extracts.

Retention Mechanism of Selected Ionic Liquids On a Pentafluorophenylpropyl Polar Phase: Investigation using RP-HPLC

This study investigated the retention mechanism of a congeneric group of imidazolium ionic liquid cations with alkyl functional groups of different lengths, an aryl substituent, and one pyridinium cation on a pentafluorophenylpropyl silica-based stationary phase. The influence of organic modifier type and content in the mobile phase on the retention mode of alkylimidazolium ionic liquid cations shows a 'U-shaped' relationship. The use of this stationary phase gives excellent linearity and detection limits in the ppt range. The method is also readily applicable to the highly selective analysis of plant extracts previously spiked with ionic liquids.

On-line separation of native proteins by two-dimensional liquid chromatography using a single column

This paper reports the on-line separation of native (N) proteins by two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) using a single column with one phase (called 2D column). The 2D column exhibits excellent resolution, selectivity, and retention of proteins in the N state and functions in two retention modes—hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and weak-cation exchange chromatography (WCX). We describe a new approach to on-line buffer exchange and collection of fractions from the first retention mode and their quantitative re-injection into the same column, followed by re-separation in the second retention mode. Thus, liquid chromatography in a closed system and in an on-line manner could be successfully carried out. This method was termed on-line protein separation by 2D-LC using only a single column (on-line 2D-LC-1C). The applicability of this method was experimentally demonstrated using standard proteins and a human serum sample. The total hypothetical maximum possible peak capacity n c,total and total sample peak capacity n c , total * of the 2D column were 329 and 199, respectively. By comparison against several popular commercially available columns, it was found that the 2D column had not only comparable resolution and better selectivity but also some unique characteristics. This 2D-LC-1C method could be applied to the fast purification of intact proteins in the N state, such protein drugs from natural products, and recombinant proteins and also for the fast pre-fractionation of intact proteins in the “top-down” MS strategy in proteomics.

Mixed-mode chromatography for fractionation of peptides, phosphopeptides, and sialylated glycopeptides

A mixed-mode chromatographic (MMC) sorbent was prepared by functionalizing the silica sorbent with a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) ligand. The resulting stationary phase provided a reversed-phase (RP) retention mode along with a relatively mild strong cation-exchange (SCX) retention interaction. While the mechanism of interaction is not entirely clear, it is believed that the silanols in the vicinity of the perfluorinated ligand act as strongly acidic sites. The 2.1 mm × 150 mm column packed with such sorbent was applied to the separation of peptides. Linear RP gradients in combination with salt steps were used for pseudo two-dimensional (2D) separation and fractionation of tryptic peptides. An alternative approach of using linear cation-exchange gradients combined with RP step gradients was also investigated. Besides the attractive forces, the ionic repulsion contributed to the retention mechanism. The analytes with strong negatively charged sites (phosphorylated peptides, sialylated glycopeptides) eluted in significantly different patterns than generic tryptic peptides. This retention mechanism was employed for the isolation of phosphopeptides or sialylated glycopeptides from non-functionalized peptide mixtures. The mixed-mode column was utilized in conjunction with a phosphopeptide enrichment solid phase extraction (SPE) device packed with metal oxide affinity chromatography (MOAC) sorbent. The combination of MOAC and mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) provided for an enhanced extraction selectivity of phosphopeptides and sialylated glycopeptides peptides from complex samples, such as yeast and human serum tryptic digests.

Charge storage characteristics in Al/AlN/Si metal–insulator–semiconductor structure based on deep traps in AlN layer

Charge storage characteristics in an Al/AlN/p-Si metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) structure have been investigated by capacitance–voltage and long-term capacitance measurements. Good program/erase behavior is observed in the AlN/Si structure, which is attributed to the trapping and detrapping of charges in deep traps of the AlN layer. In the long-term retention mode, a clear memory window is found 2000 s after removing a program/erase voltage of ±3 V, indicating good charge retention capability of the MIS structure. Further investigation shows that for a program pulse width of 500 ms, the charge storage does not occur when the pulse amplitude is smaller than a threshold value of ∼1 V. The trapped charge density increases linearly with increase of the pulse amplitude (>1 V) and tends to saturate at 2.5 V. With increasing program pulse width, the trapped charged density increases a little more than logarithmically.

The Effect of Trapped Charge Distributions on Data Retention Characteristics of nand Flash Memory Cells

We present this letter on the combining effect of tunnel-oxide degradation and narrow width effect on the data retention characteristics of NAND flash memory cells. Due to severe boron segregation in shallow-trench isolation (STI) corner, the cell transistor suffers from intense V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> shift on STI corner in data retention mode. Independent of enhancing the tunnel-oxide quality, the data retention characteristics are improved by designing a cell transistor that isolates the region where Fowler-Nordheim stress mainly occurs in tunnel oxide away from STI corner. Experimental results show that V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> shift is reduced by 0.3 V or more in retention mode as the tunneling is separated from the isolation edge.

Monolithic silica-based capillary column with strong chiral cation-exchange type surface modification for enantioselective non-aqueous capillary electrochromatography

A silica-based monolithic stationary phase prepared by the sol–gel process in a 100 μm I.D. fused-silica (FS) capillary has been modified chemically with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane followed by immobilization of a strong cation-exchange (SCX) type chiral selector, ( S)- N-(4-allyloxy-3,5-dichlorobenzoyl)-2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutane phosphonic acid, by radical addition reaction onto the reactive sulfhydryl surface. After a fine-tuning of the mobile phase composition, the enantioselective capillary column was evaluated for the separation of various chiral basic drugs by enantioselective non-aqueous capillary electrochromatography (CEC), in comparison to capillary column analogs packed with 3.5 μm silica particles having attached the same selector. The performance of the monolithic silica column was further compared to corresponding polymethacrylate-based organic polymer monoliths. The study indicated that strong counter-ions such as 2-aminobutanol or N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine are needed, although they reduce the electroosmotic flow velocity and separation factors in comparison to less efficient counter-ions, in order to allow the elution of the oppositely charged solutes in the ion-exchange retention mode within reasonable run time and as sharp zones. In contrast, weak counter-ions such as N, N-diisopropylethylamine (Huenig base) provided stronger electroosmotic flow and much better separation factors, but relatively poor peak efficiencies. Overall, with the chemically functionalized monolithic silica column the high quality separations of packed column analogs could be approximated, with regards to both separation factors and peak performances. On the other hand, the monolithic capillary column certainly outperformed the packed column in terms of system robustness under capillary electrochromatography conditions and showed excellent column longevity. The enantioselective strong cation-exchange-type monolithic silica column performed also well in comparison to the organic polymer monolith.

High‐performance liquid chromatography of some basic drugs on a n‐octadecylphosphonic acid modified magnesia‐zirconia stationary phase

The high-performance liquid chromatographic behavior of some basic drugs was studied on a n-octadecylphosphonic acid modified magnesia-zirconia (C18PZM) stationary phase. The effect of mobile phase variables such as methanol content, ionic strength, and pH on their chromatographic behavior was investigated. The retention mechanism of basic drugs on the stationary phase was elucidated. The results indicate that both hydrophobic and cation-exchange interactions contribute to solute retention under most chromatographic conditions. The inherent Brönsted-acid sites and also the adsorbed Lewis base anionic buffer constituents on accessible ZM surface Lewis acid sites play a role in the retention of ionized solutes by cation-exchange interaction. However, especially at high mobile phase pH, the retention of basic drugs depends mainly on hydrophobic interactions between solutes and support. Separations of the basic drugs on the C18PZM phase by a predominantly reversed-phase retention mode were very promising. The mixed-mode retention feature on this phase, as a result of the adsorbed Lewis base anionic buffer constituents acting as sites for cation-exchange, could also be very useful, e.g. for enhancing the chromatographic selectivity of such analytes. The C18PZM seems to be an excellent alternative to silica-based reversed-phase stationary phase for the separation of strongly basic solutes.

A 4500 MIPS/W, 86 A Resume-Standby, 11 A Ultra-Standby Application Processor for 3G Cellular Phones

We have developed an application processor optimized for 3G cellular phones. It provides high energy efficiency by using various low power techniques. For low active power consumption, we use a hierarchical clock gating technique with a static clock gating controlled by software and a two-level dynamic clock gating controlled by hardware. This technique reduces clock power consumption by 35%. And we also apply a pointerbased pipeline to in the CPU core, which reduces the pipeline latch power by 25%. This processor contains 256 kB of on-chip user RAM (URAM) to reduce the external memory access power. The URAM read buffer (URB) enables high-throughput, low latency access to the URAM while keeping the CPU clock frequency high because the URAM read data is transferred to the URB in 256-bit widths at half the frequency of the CPU. The average miss penalty is 3.5 cycles at the CPU clock frequency, hit rate is 89% and the energy used for URAM reads is 8% less that what it would be for URAM without a URB. These techniques reduce the power consumption of the CPU core, and achieve 4500 MIPS/W at 1.0V power supply (Dhrystone 2.1). For the low leakage requirements, we use internal power switches, and provides resume-standby (R-standby) and ultra-standby (U-standby) modes. Signals across a power boundary are transmitted through μI/O circuits to prevent invalid signal transmission. in the R-standby mode, the power supply to almost all the CPU core area, except for the URAM is cut off and the URAM is set to a retention mode. In (he U-standby mode, (he power supply to the URAM is also turned oil for less leakage current. The leakage currents in the R-standby and in the U-standby modes are respectively only 98 and 12 μA. For quick recovery from the R-standby mode, the boot address register (BAR) and control register contents needed immediately after wake-up are saved by hardware into backup latches. The other contents are saved by software into URAM. It takes 2.8 ms to fully recover from R-standby.

A 312-MHz 16-Mb random-cycle embedded DRAM macro with a power-down data retention mode for mobile applications

An embedded DRAM macro with a self-adjustable timing control (STC) scheme, a negative edge transmission scheme (NET), and a power-down data retention (PDDR) mode is developed. A 13.98-mm/sup 2/ 16-Mb embedded DRAM macro is fabricated in 0.13 /spl mu/m logic-based embedded DRAM process. Co-salicide word lines and MIM capacitors are used for high-speed array operation. The delay timing variation of 36 % for an RC delay can be reduced to 3.8% by using the STC scheme. The NET scheme transfers array control signals to local array blocks with high accuracy. Thereby, the test chip achieves 1.2-V 312-MHz random cycle operation even in the low-power process. 73-/spl mu/W data retention power is realized by using the PDDR mode, which is 5% of conventional schemes.

Immobilization of a (dextran-adamantane-COOH) polymer onto β-cyclodextrin-modified silica

Adamantane-modified compounds are known to form stable complexes with β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) by host–guest interactions. In this study, the inclusion complex formed between β-CD cavities and the adamantane group was evaluated for the elaboration of a cation-exchange support. The synthesis of the chromatographic supports involved three steps: (i) a polymer of β-CD was grafted to diol-modified silica, (ii) a dextran polymer was modified by both adamantane groups and ionizable COOH functions, (iii) the dextran derivative (Ad-Dex-COOH) was bound to the chromatographic support by complexation between the adamantane groups of the dextran and β-CD cavities of the support. The polymer immobilization on the β-CD support was successful as the resulting support exhibited weak cation-exchange properties. The stationary phase was easy to prepare under mild conditions (aqueous media, room temperature) and was quite stable when using aqueous mobile phases. The chromatographic behaviour of model proteins was studied in isocratic elution by examining the effect of salt concentration in the buffer on retention. A mixed retention mode was found for lysozyme, revealing both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the stationary phase.

Effects of Interface Trap Generation and Annihilation on the Data Retention Characteristics of Flash Memory Cells

It is revealed that the interface trap generation rate increases by Fowler-Nordheim current stressing on the tunnel oxide as the channel width of shallow-trench isolation (STI)-isolated NAND flash cells shrinks. Furthermore, we argue that the interface trap annihilation phenomenon during retention mode becomes a major failure mechanism of the data retention characteristics of sub-100-nm cells in addition to the conventional charge loss mechanism. A new interface trap analysis method using the hysteresis of the I/sub d/--V/sub g/ curve is proposed and shows that the interface traps consist of fast traps and slow traps.

Data retention characteristics of sub-100 nm NAND flash memory cells

In contrast to the conventional theories, we have revealed that the most distinguished mechanism in the data retention phenomenon after Fowler-Nordheim (FN) stress in sub-100 nm NAND Flash memory cells is the annihilation of interface states. Interface state generation rate increases rapidly as the channel width of NAND flash cell decreases. Comparison of interface states and stress-induced leakage current (SILC) component during retention mode shows that the annihilation of interface states strongly affects data retention characteristics of the programmed cells.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of Si nanocrystal memory device with HfO/sub 2/ high-k tunneling dielectric

In this paper, silicon (Si) nanocrystal memory using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) HfO/sub 2/ high-k dielectrics to replace the traditional SiO/sub 2/ tunneling/control dielectrics has been fabricated and characterized for the first time. The advantages of this approach for improved nanocrystal memory operation have also been studied theoretically. Results show that due to its unique band asymmetry in programming and retention mode, the use of high-k dielectric on Si offers lower electron barrier height at dielectric/Si interface and larger physical thickness, resulting in a much higher J/sub g,programming//J/sub g,retention/ ratio than that in SiO/sub 2/ and therefore faster programming and longer retention. The fabricated device with CVD HfO/sub 2/ shows excellent programming efficiency and data-retention characteristics, thanks to the combination of a lower electron barrier height and a larger physical thickness of HfO/sub 2/ as compared with SiO/sub 2/ of the same electrical oxide thickness (EOT). It also shows clear single-electron charging effect at room temperature and superior data endurance up to 10/sup 6/ write/erase cycles.

Effects of traps on charge storage characteristics in metal-oxide-semiconductor memory structures based on silicon nanocrystals

Charge storage characteristics have been investigated in metal-oxide-semiconductor memory structures based on silicon nanocrystals, where various interface traps and defects were introduced by thermal annealing treatment. The observations demonstrate that traps have strong influence on the charge storage behavior, in which the traps and defects at the internal/surface of silicon nanocrystals and the interface states at the SiO2/Si substrate play different roles, respectively. It is suggested that the injected charges are mainly stored at the deep traps of nanocrystals instead of the conduction band in long-term retention mode. The long-term charge-loss process is dominantly determined by the direct tunneling of the trapped charges to the interface states in the present experiment. An optimum way to improve the retention time would be to introduce a certain number of deep trapping centers in nanocrystals and to decrease the interface states at SiO2/Si substrate.

Retention and failure mode after cyclic loading in two post and core systems

Retention of a prefabricated post and composite resin core system was compared with that of a cast post and core restoration in anterior maxillary teeth on which root canal preparations, enlarged in the coronal part, were performed. The effect of cyclic loading on restoration retention was also investigated. Retention of restorations not subjected to cyclic loading was not influenced by post type, but loaded prefabricated post restorations showed lower retention than both loaded cast post and core restorations and nonloaded prefabricated post restorations. After dislodgment, the failure mode was also determined. The results of this study suggest that if a canal requires extensive preparation, a well-adapted cast post and core restoration may be more retentive than a prefabricated post restoration that does not match the canal shape.

Production of acetone-butanol-ethanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum using a spin filter perfusion bioreactor

The performance of a custom-built cell perfusion bioreactor was investigated in the biosynthesis of acetone, butanol and ethanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum. In a continuous flow operating mode with total cell retention, i.e., when only the cell-free spent medium was removed, steady-state concentrations of acetone, butanol, ethanol, butyric acid, acetic acid and residual glucose and increasing biomass concentration were observed up to 49 g l −1 of glucose in the feed stream. The steady-state concentrations of acetone, butanol, ethanol, butyric acid and acetic acid were independent of the dilution rate and a function of the feed glucose concentration. Under these conditions a complete utilization of glucose with a maximum volumetric productivity of 1.14 g l −1 h −1 of total solvents was obtained. Increasing the feed glucose concentration to 58 and 63 g l −1 in total cell retention mode led to sustained undampened oscillations resulting from product inhibition. These oscillations were eliminated when a full harvest stream of cell containing spent medium was withdrawn in addition to the cell-free filtrate stream.

Charge retention in scaled SONOS nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices—Modeling and characterization

A new analytical model is developed to investigate the influence of the charge loss processes in the retention mode of the SONOS NVSM device. The model considers charge loss by the following processes: (1) electron back-tunneling from the nitride traps to the Si conduction band, (2) electron back-tunneling from the nitride traps to the Si/SiO 2 interface traps and (3) hole injection from the Si valence band to the nitride traps. An amphoteric trap charge distribution is used in this model. The new charge retention model predicts that process (1) determines the short term retention, while processes (2) and (3) determine the long term retention. Good agreement has been reached between the results of analytical calculations and the experimental retention data on both surface channel and buried channel SONOS devices.