Retention Factors Research Articles

Leveraging Strengths of green chromatography in Developing eco-friendly HPLC and HPTLC methods for the simultaneous analysis of Lamivudine, Dolutegravir and tenofovir alafenamide

The development of green analytical methodologies is a critical challenge in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. The ternary mixture investigated in this study consists of the antiretroviral drugs Lamivudine (LMV), Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF), and Dolutegravir (DTG), which are all approved antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. While LMV was approved in 1995, DTG and TAF were more recently approved in 2013 and 2016, respectively, as newer generation HIV medications with improved efficacy and safety profiles compared to earlier antiretroviral drugs. This study presents three eco-friendly approaches for the simultaneous determination of the ternary mixture. Two HPLC methods were applied: an organic-solvent free mixed-micellar HPLC technique was developed as (method A), using a Cyano column (150 × 4.6 mm,5.0 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.03 M Brij-35, 0.09 M sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 0.02 M ammonium acetate in water, adjusted to pH 3.0. Green solvents were applied in (method B), namely, phosphate buffer 25 mM adjusted to pH 3.0 and ethanol (45:55, v/v) using an Inertsil-C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm,5.0 µm,). Peaks were detected at 258 nm, and the retention times for (method A) were 3.10, 3.95 and 5.03 min, and for (method B) were 2.53, 3.63 and 4.86 min for LMV, TAF and DTG, respectively. Additionally, a green thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method was developed using a water-isopropanol-formic acid mobile phase (65/35/10,v/v/v) and RP-18 silica gel 60 HPTLC-plates. The drugs were successfully resolved, with retardation factor (Rf) values of 0.26, 0.54 and 0.82 for DTG, TAF, and LMV, respectively. The novel methods were validated and applied successfully in marketed dosage forms. Their greenness profiles were assessed using two recent metrics.

Real-World Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Endoscopic Patient Outcomes in an Ambulatory Setting: A Retrospective Study at a Large Tertiary Center.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are associated with delayed gastric emptying and may increase the risk of aspiration due to retained gastric contents. There are no guidelines on peri-endoscopic use of GLP-1 RAs, and real-world outcomes in an ambulatory setting remain unknown. This study reports real-world data from an ambulatory center associated with a large tertiary hospital. Methods: A retrospective review of electronic medical records was conducted for patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at a hospital-based outpatient center from January to June 2023. Exclusions included non-elective procedures, current opioid use, altered foregut anatomy, and known gastroparesis. All patients were on GLP-1 RAs before endoscopy and followed standard fasting protocols. Adverse event rates were recorded, and patients were divided into cohorts based on GLP-1 RA use. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses identified risk factors for food retention and complications. Results: A total of 1438 patients underwent elective EGD during the study period. Among the 1046 patients included, 73 (7%) were on GLP-1 RAs. The procedure was aborted in four patients (0.4%) due to gastric food retention, with two (50%) on GLP-1 RAs. Independent risk factors for food retention included GLP-1 RA use (OR: 9.19; 95% CI: 2.73-30.8; p = 0.0003) and diabetes (OR 5.6; 95% CI: 1.72-18.2; p = 0.004). Tirzepatide showed the strongest association (p = 0.0056). Factors that did not impact food retention included A1c, BMI, and gender. Protective factors were age (OR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.99; p = 0.02) and same-day colonoscopy (OR 0.18; 95% CI: 0.06-0.58; p = 0.003). Conclusions: GLP-1 RA use in diabetics increases the risk of retained gastric contents during elective EGD, particularly with tirzepatide, without increasing aspiration risk. Patients undergoing simultaneous colonoscopy had a lower risk of retained gastric contents. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of GLP-1 RAs on gastric food retention and procedural risk.

Effect of Finishing Protocol on Obtaining and Maintaining Gloss in Four Nanohybrid Resin Composites.

Within the clinical objectives of performing direct restorations with resin composites is the achievement of an optimal surface in mechanical terms, while also resembling the natural optical characteristics of dental enamel. The aim of this study is to compare the gloss levels achieved in four nanohybrid resins using four different finishing/polishing (F/P) protocols and assess the retention of gloss after an aging process. Forty-eight A2-colored samples from four commercial brands (Filtek Z250 XT, Tetric N-Ceram, Zafira, and Spectra Smart) were prepared, with 12 specimens per resin. The samples were divided into four subgroups based on the F/P treatment: T1 (clinical polishing sequence with ShapeGuard system), T2 (metallographic polishing sequence), T3 (clinical polishing sequence with PermaSeal), and T4 (final polymerization through glycerin and clinical polishing sequence). Gloss measurements were taken before and after aging.ANOVA one-way was done. Before aging, Z250 showed the highest average gloss in T1 (77.2 gloss units - GU), while Zafira (43.8 GU), Tetric (39.5 GU), and Spectra (33.5 GU) had lower values. In T2, Zafira (92.7 GU) and Spectra (87.4 GU) had the highest average gloss, and Tetric (75.7 GU) and Z250 (78.3 GU) had the lowest. No significant differences were found in T3, and in T4, Z250 had the highest average gloss (78.9 GU), followed by Tetric (74.7 GU) and Zafira (52.5 GU), with Spectra having the lowest (42.7 GU). Control group gloss levels ranged from 61.8 to 71.8 GU and remained consistent after aging, except for Tetric in T1 (p=0.045). The impact of F/P strategies on gloss retention varies with the material, even within the same resin composite classification. The initial gloss level appears to be a more critical factor for long-term gloss retention than the specific F/P protocol used.

Photoaged tire wear particles hinder the transport of Pb(II) in urban soils under acid rain: Experimental and numerical investigations

Rapid urbanization brought lots of serious environmental contamination, including the accumulation of heavy metals, acid rain, and the emission of tire wear particles (TWPs), with detrimental effects for terrestrial ecosystems. Nevertheless, how naturally aged TWPs affect the mobilization of heavy metals in soils under acid rain is still unclear. Here, we investigate the adsorption and transport mechanisms of Pb(II) co-existing with acid rainwater in soil-TWP mixtures via batch experiments, column experiments and modeling. Results showed that photoaged TWP significantly prolonged the Pb(II) adsorption equilibrium time (1 to 16 h) and enhanced the Pb(II) adsorption capacity of soils. Soil column profiles confirmed that TWP effectively boosted the initial accumulation of lead in the topsoil and thus impeded the downward transport of lead. The retardation factor (R) estimated by the linear two-site sorption model (TSM) fitting the Pb(II) breakthrough curves gradually increased from 1.098 to 16.38 in soils with TWP (0–10 %). Comparative results of linear or nonlinear TSM suggested nonlinear sorption replacing linear sorption as the main Pb(II) sorption mechanism under 1 % and 10 % TWP. This research provides significant insights into the implications of TWP on the Pb(II) retention behaviors and highlights the severer potential remobilization risks of Pb(II) in urban soils under different acid rain environments.

Occurrence, distribution, and dietary risk assessment of pesticides in apples at the provincial scale

Apples are widely favored by consumers, but the presence of pesticide residues can pose risks to their quality and safety. This study investigated the residual levels of pesticides in commercial apples from 11 cities in Shanxi Province, using analytical methods to detect 102 pesticides. A total of 34 pesticides were detected, with the highest detection rate observed for carbendazim (78.95%), tebuconazole (57.14%), and acetamiprid (53.38%). Pesticide concentrations ranged from below 2 μg/kg to 522.96 μg/kg, with all levels remaining within the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China. The retention factors, which characterize the distribution pattern, exhibited a significantly positive correlation with the base-10 logarithms of the octanol-water partition coefficient (pKow). All detected pesticides showed acceptable acute dietary risks, with values below 21.33% for different consumer groups, as assessed by deterministic and probabilistic models. This study enhances the understanding of residual pesticide levels and dietary risks of pesticides in apples at the provincial scale and promotes the rational application of pesticides.

Human Capital Attraction and Retention in Cities: An Analysis in the Brazilian Context

Objective: To analyze how factors of human capital attraction and retention manifest in a Brazilian city, considering that most empirical studies on the topic focus on European, Asian, and North American contexts. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in concepts and theories on the role of cities in the knowledge-based, creative, and innovative economy, as well as human capital mobility, providing a solid foundation for the investigation. Method: A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing a case study in the city of Florianópolis. Data collection involved secondary sources and 17 semi-structured interviews with qualified professionals in the technology sector, academics, and local public managers. Results and Discussion: Factors of human capital attraction and retention observed in cities of advanced countries, such as social tolerance, quality of life, entrepreneurial and innovation environment, and education, are also applicable to a Brazilian city. The factors of effective public policies and sense of community emerged as relevant. An interdependence between factors was observed, with the entrepreneurial and innovation environment being the most significant. Research Implications: This research offers theoretical and practical insights for administration and public policy, particularly for highly qualified professionals, entrepreneurs in knowledge-intensive sectors, and public managers of cities in emerging countries. Originality/Value: The study highlights how factors of human capital attraction and retention manifest in a Brazilian city, potentially guiding decisions by entrepreneurs and public managers interested in promoting local development.

The Risk Factors of Postpartum Urinary Retention for Women by Vaginal Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Postpartum urinary retention is one of the most common complications in women during the immediate postpartum period. The objective was to systematically assess risk factors for postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we retrieved relevant studies from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, China National Knowledge Internet, Wangfang Database, and Chinese Biomedical Database for observational studies investigating the risk factors for postpartum urinary retention from inception to 11 November 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Joanna Briggs Institute's tool were used to assess the risk of bias. We conducted a meta-analysis using RevMan 5.3. In total, 3,074 articles were screened and data from 27 studies were used in the meta-analysis. Sixteen risk factors were identified, namely, labor augmentation (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.17-2.51), primiparity (OR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.64-3.38), manual fundal pressure (OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.00-8.11), perineal hematoma (OR = 7.28, 95% CI = 1.62-32.72), vulvar edema (OR = 7.99, 95% CI = 5.50-11.63), the total duration of labor (MD = 90.10, 95% CI = 49.11-131.08), the duration of the first stage of labor (MD = 33.97, 95% CI = 10.28-57.65), the duration of the second stage of labor (MD = 14.92, 95% CI = 11.79-18.05), the duration of the second stage of labor > 60min (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.32-7.67), mediolateral episiotomy (OR = 3.65, 95% CI = 1.70-7.83), severe perineal tear (OR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.84-5.61), epidural analgesia (OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.50-6.96), forceps delivery (OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 2.88-8.51), vacuum delivery (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.30-4.58), neonatal birth weight > 4,000g (OR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.96-6.65), and neonatal birth weight > 3,500g (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.12-3.19). Our results demonstrated that labor augmentation, primiparity, manual fundal pressure, perineal hematoma, vulvar edema, the total duration of labor, the duration of the first stage of labor, the duration of the second stage of labor, the duration of the second stage of labor > 60min, mediolateral episiotomy, severe perineal tear, epidural analgesia, forceps delivery, vacuum delivery, and neonatal birth weight > 4,000g and > 3,500g were risk factors for postpartum urinary retention in women with vaginal delivery. The specific ranges of the first and the second stages of labor causing postpartum urinary retention need to be clarified.

Risk factors for urinary retention requiring catheterization after ischemic middle cerebral artery stroke

Purpose: Urinary retention is common in patients with ischemic stroke. Therefore, we aimed to identify the risk factors for urinary retention requiring indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs) in patients with acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with acute MCA infarction who required admission to the neurological intensive care unit between January 2009 and December 2019 at our tertiary hospital. Patients who did not need IUCs before the stroke but required them after the stroke were included. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors associated with urinary retention requiring IUCs after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of stroke. Results: A total of 104 patients were included in this study. Among them, 75 (72.2%), 65 (62.5%), 52 (50.0%), and 44 (42.3%) patients required IUCs 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after stroke, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension was associated significantly with the requirement of IUCs 7 days (odds ratio [OR] = 2.987; P = 0.026) and 14 days (OR = 3.047; P = 0.021) after acute stroke. Furthermore, a higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was associated significantly with the requirement for IUCs 14 days (OR = 1.096; P = 0.030) and 21 days (OR = 1.091; P = 0.027) after stroke. Conclusion: Hypertension and higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores are associated significantly with urinary retention requiring IUCs after acute ischemic MCA stroke and could serve as risk factors for voiding dysfunction in this population.

Antimicrobial activities of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract on Candida albican and some selected Probiotics

The quest for novel and effective antimicrobial agents has become increasingly urgent because of the increasing threat of drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Alchornea cordifolia, a plant species widely used in traditional medicine, has been reported to possess antimicrobial properties. However, its antifungal activity and interactions with beneficial probiotic microorganisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia extracts and their bioactive components against Candida albicans and explore their interactions with probiotic microorganisms, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Sacchromyces bourdii, which are often used for control. By elucidating the antimicrobial potential and probiotic interactions of Alchornea cordifolia, this study aims to contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable solutions for the prevention and treatment of Candida albicans infections while also promoting a balanced microbiota. The crude extract was subjected to phytochemical screening. The bioactive components were isolated and purified via column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, whereas FTIR was used to analyse the functional groups present in the extract and isolated components. The extract and isolated components were further subjected to antimicrobial, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal/bactericidal concentration (MFC/MBC) assays against C. albicans, S. bourdii and L. acidophilus via the agar diffusion and broth macrodilution technique. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive components, including tannins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, anthocyanins, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, oxalates, carotene and sterols. Four spots with Rf values between 0.73 and 0.75, 0.83 and 0.73, 0.87 and 0.98 and 0.32 and 0.23 assigned as components A, B, C and D, respectively, were isolated after elution with a gradient of solvents. The FTIR results of the crude extract revealed functional groups consistent with those of secondary metabolites, such as hydroxyl groups (O-H, peaks at 3812–3500 cm-1), amines (N–H stretching peaks at 3431 cm-1), alkenes (C-H stretching CH3 CH2, CH peaks at 3175–2800 cm-1), and C=C peaks at 1623 cm-1. These functional groups were identified during preliminary tests. The crude extract and components A, B, and C exhibited similar activities against Candida albicans, with inhibition zones ranging from 21 mm to 32 mm. Component C had the highest activity, with an inhibition zone of 32 mm. Component D showed moderate activity, with an inhibition zone of 26 mm. Antimicrobial activity against Sacromyces boulardii and Lactobacillus acidophilus varied among the components, with Component C showing the highest activity against Sacromyces boulardii. There was some selectivity for the pathogen rated as the crude extract ˃C ˃B = A ˃D. The crude extract and components A, B, and C had MICs of 100 µg/ml against Candida albicans. Component C had an MIC of 1000 µg/ml against Sacromyces boulardii. Component D had an MIC of 10 µg/ml against Candida albicans. The methanol crude extract and its components have shown promising antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, making it a potential natural solution for candidiasis management. Further research will be crucial to unlock its full potential and explore its use in combination with probiotics. Keywords: Alchornea cordifolia, candidiasis, probiotics and antimicrobial

Factors That Influence the Incidence of Retained Placenta in Maternity Women in Kanekes Village, Baduy Tribe, Indonesia

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) states that one of the causes of bleeding is retained placenta. Retained placenta accounts for 2-3% of maternal deaths in developing countries. Various factors, including maternal, uterine, and retention factors, influence placental retention. The study aimed to determine the factors affecting the incidence of retained placenta in mothers giving birth in Kanekes Village, Baduy Tribe, Indonesia. Material and Methods: This research uses an analytical survey method with a case-control design. There were 27 cases of placental retention experienced by women who gave birth vaginally. The researcher created the data collection format sheet instrument himself. The statistical test used is the chi-square test. Results: The relationship between age and the incidence of retained placenta from 54 respondents was obtained from the chi-square statistical test on the age variable with a p = 0.010 <0.05 value. The relationship between parity and the incidence of retained placenta (p = 0.04). However, non-significant results were found in the relationship between birth assistance and the incidence of retained placenta (p = 0.750). Conclusions: The results show a relationship between age and parity factors and retained placenta incidence. However, in the birth assistance variable, the results show no relationship between birth assistance factors and the incidence of placental retention.

Incidence, risk factors and diagnostic accuracy of clinical palpation in picking up post-void residual urine in postnatal women.

To determine the incidence of covert and overt postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery and the associated risk factors for postpartum urinary retention. To determine how well clinical examination by abdominal palpation correlates with ultrasound findings of urinary retention. Patients after delivery were screened with ultrasound and examined clinically to check for retention of urine after voiding. A total of 822 of women were recruited in the study of which 86 (10.5%) women had significant post-void residue of urine. 33 (38.4%) had overt retention, while 53 (61.6%) had covert retention. Duration of labour and an increased VAS score were found to be significantly higher among those with urinary retention. Using clinical examination to diagnose postpartum urinary retention had a sensitivity of 66.1%, specificity of 88.6%, positive predictive value of 76.5% and negative predictive value of 82.3%. Clinical examination by abdominal palpation is not a very sensitive test in diagnosing PPUR.

STABILITY INDICATING HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR EVEROLIMUS

Objective: Developing and validating a stability-indicating method for everolimus by HPTLC and depiction of degradation product of in alkaline conditions by LC-MS. Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed on aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase using Toluene: Methanol: Ethyl Acetate (6:2:2v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The evaluation was carried out at 277 nm. For the developed stability indicating method, the ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines were used for validation. Stress degradation studies like hydrolysis under different pH conditions, photolytic degradation, thermal degradation and oxidative degradation as per ICH Q1A (R2) and Q1B guidelines were performed. LC-MS analysis was carried out for the standard everolimus and its alkaline degradation sample using TOF analyser and the degradation pathway was proposed for each degradation product. Results: The Rf value of everolimus was found to be 0.63±0.03. The response was quite linear over the concentration range of 100-500 ng/band, with the regression coefficient value of 0.9921. Under alkaline hydrolytic conditions, everolimus was analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The Retention Time (RT) and prominent mass fragmentation (m/z) for the everolimus standard were observed at 9.46 min with m/z values of 980.56 and 908.54. For the degradation products, DP-1 showed an RT of 8.88 min with m/z values of 349.23, 403.24, 574.33, and 646.35, while DP-2 exhibited an RT of 9.10 min with m/z values of 926.55, 614.32, and 542.30. These data were used to propose the structures of the degradation products. Conclusion: The proposed method can conveniently be applied for quantitative analysis of everolimus on routine basis and for stability testing under different stress environments.

Novel Highly Hydrophilic Resins with Attached Polymer Layers for Liquid Chromatography

The aim of this work was to the obtaining novel mixed-mode stationary phases with increased hydrophilicity and applying them in ion and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. The resins were obtained by the sequential covalent attachment of branched polyethylenimine and polyelectrolytes synthesized from diepoxide and a secondary amine on the surface of epoxidized polystyrene–divinylbenzene. To increase the shielding degree of the polymer substrate, an additional polymerization of glycidol was carried out in the functional layer of the sorbent at an increased pH of the reaction medium. The synthesized phases possessed increased hydrophilicity compared to most resins based on a styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer with covalently attached layers. This was evidenced in the ion chromatography mode by a decrease in the relative retention of polarizable anions, weakly hydrated oxyhalides (up to a change in the elution order of the bromate), and haloacetic acids. In the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode, an increased hydrophilicity of the phases was confirmed by an increase in the retention factors of polar analytes, as well as by the reversal of the elution order of ascorbic and nicotinic acids as compared to the phases based on polystyrene–divinylbenzene presented in the literature. The low efficiency of the obtained stationary phases in the ion chromatography mode was noted, which is associated with slow mass transfer in the bulk polymer functional layer. The negative impact of the polymer layer on efficiency in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography is less pronounced due to the presumably smaller thickness of the part of the functional layer involved in this mode. The proposed method for the synthesis of resins ensures an increase in the efficiency, selectivity, and separation ability of sorbents in the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode as compared to phases based on a styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer described previously in the literature. The resulting highly hydrophilic resins makes it possible to separate a mixture of 9 nitrogenous bases and nucleosides in 18 min, 6 vitamins in 24 min, and 8 sugars in 11 min. Thus, the method of substrate hydrophilization proposed in this work is promising for improving the chromatographic characteristics of phases in the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode and can be used to create sorbents with increased selectivity and efficiency.

Independent concentration extraction as a novel green approach resolving overlapped UV–Vis binary spectra and HPTLC-densitometric methods for concurrent determination of levocloperastine and chlorpheniramine

BackgroundThe proposed research study introduces independent concentration extraction (ICE) as a novel UV–Vis spectrophotometric approach. The approach can be used for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped spectra from their binary mixtures. ICE is based on spectral extraction platform involving simple smart successive methods that can directly extract the original zero order spectra of the analytes at their characteristic (λmax). Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and Levocloperastine fendizoate (LCF) are two commonly co-formulated drugs in cough preparations. The combined mixture was used to confirm the validity of the developed ICE tool. Another less green HPTLC was developed for the first time to separate both drugs and help also in confirming the proposed tool.MethodsFor the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF, two ecologically friendly techniques were employed. The first approach encompasses the use of the ICE spectrophotometric method that could be successively applied for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped unresolved spectra in their binary mixtures. Other complementary methods aiming at original spectral extraction; including spectrum subtraction (SS) and unity subtraction (US) were also successfully employed to resolve the zero order spectra of the combined drugs with all their characteristic features and peaks. The second technique used, a high-performance TLC-densitometric one, was performed on silica plates with silica plates F254 and a mobile phase with a ratio of 3:3:3:1 by volume of toluene, ethanol, acetone, and ammonia as a developing system at 230 nm.ResultsThe presented extraction approach was executed without any optimization steps or sample pretreatment for the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF. The method was found to be valid for their determination within concentration range of 3.0–30.0 μg mL−1 for both drugs. For HPTLC method, the resulting Rf values of CPM and LCF were 0.37 and 0.78, within concentration ranges of 0.3–4.0 μg/spot and 0.8–10.0 μg/spot, respectively. Greenness assessment of both developed methodologies showed that the HPTLC method is less green than the spectrophotometric method, yet with comparable sustainability when it comes to the used technique.ConclusionThe procedures were found to be selective, accurate, and precise for analysis of the studied binary mixture. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the introduced methods was assessed using novel greenness metrics, namely AGREE and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) to prove their ecological safety. In addition, white analytical chemistry (WAC) evaluation metric was employed to ensure the synergy and coherence of analytical, practical, and ecological attributes.

What Do Explore Employee Retention Factors: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction

What Do Explore Employee Retention Factors: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction

Retaining Employees in Indian Private Banking Sector

The Indian banking industry is growing fast and needs talented workers. One of the biggest challenges for banks is recruiting and retaining staff. India's private banks are witnessing a spike in attrition rates, especially among younger, frontline staff. Research on retention strategies and banking industry factors is scarce for private banks. Employee retention strategies in select private banks in greater are studied. HDFC and ICICI banks are among the top five private banks surveyed. It identifies the retention factors and processes that influence employees' decisions to stay with the bank, analyses the similarities in retention strategies across select private banks, groups the banks by similarities, and interprets the relationship between demographics and satisfaction with banks' retention efforts. Descriptive statistics and single proportion test, ANOVA, Chi-square, Rank sum method, Post Hoc test, and paired comparison are used to analyse primary data. Salary, training and development, bonuses, workplace relations, and Medi-claim benefits influence private sector bank employees' decisions to stay. Bank employees expect rewards for their work, reasonable goals, and better communication to stay motivated and work there.

Establishment of predictive models and determinants of preoperative gastric retention in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Study on influencing factors of gastric retention before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) background: With the wide application of ERCP, the risk of preoperative gastric retention affects the smooth progress of the operation. The study found that female, biliary and pancreatic malignant tumor, digestive tract obstruction and other factors are closely related to gastric retention, so the establishment of predictive model is very important to reduce the risk of operation. To analyze the factors influencing preoperative gastric retention in ERCP and establish a predictive model. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 190 patients admitted to our hospital for ERCP preparation between January 2020 and February 2024. Patient baseline clinical data were collected using an electronic medical record system. Patients were randomly matched in a 1:4 ratio with data from 190 patients during the same period to establish a validation group (n = 38) and a modeling group (n = 152). Patients in the modeling group were divided into the gastric retention group (n = 52) and non-gastric retention group (n = 100) based on whether gastric retention occurred preoperatively. General data of patients in the validation group and modeling group were compared. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors influencing preoperative gastric retention in ERCP patients. A predictive model for preoperative gastric retention in ERCP patients was constructed, and calibration curves were used for validation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was analyzed to evaluate the predictive value of the model. We found no statistically significant difference in general data between the validation group and modeling group (P > 0.05). The comparison of age, body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes between the two groups showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). However, we noted statistically significant differences in gender, primary disease, jaundice, opioid use, and gastrointestinal obstruction between the two groups (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender, primary disease, jaundice, opioid use, and gastrointestinal obstruction were independent factors influencing preoperative gastric retention in ERCP patients (P < 0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that gender, primary disease, jaundice, opioid use, and gastrointestinal obstruction were included in the predictive model for preoperative gastric retention in ERCP patients. The calibration curves in the training set and validation set showed a slope close to 1, indicating good consistency between the predicted risk and actual risk. The ROC analysis results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the predictive model for preoperative gastric retention in ERCP patients in the training set was 0.901 with a standard error of 0.023 (95%CI: 0.8264-0.9567), and the optimal cutoff value was 0.71, with a sensitivity of 87.5 and specificity of 84.2. In the validation set, the AUC of the predictive model was 0.842 with a standard error of 0.013 (95%CI: 0.8061-0.9216), and the optimal cutoff value was 0.56, with a sensitivity of 56.2 and specificity of 100.0. Gender, primary disease, jaundice, opioid use, and gastrointestinal obstruction are factors influencing preoperative gastric retention in ERCP patients. A predictive model established based on these factors has high predictive value.

Synthesis, Identification, and Docking Study of Novel Derivatives of Aziridine

Aziridines are three-membered ring heterocycles that include nitrogen and are well-known for their employment as reactive intermediates in the production of chiral amino alcohols, azomethine ylides, and derivatives of amino acids. The current study was based on the synthesis, identification, docking study and evaluation of antioxidant potential of novel derivatives of aziridine. The novel derivatives of aziridine were synthesized and identified the synthesized aziridine derivatives based on physicochemical properties i.e., boiling point, Rf value, FTIR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy and Docking study. With a binding energy of -6 to -9 Kcal/mol, every chemical has demonstrated effective docking inside the antioxidant activity protein's active region. We contrasted the anticipated docking data with proteins known to have antioxidant action. In results, the % yield was observed as 48.24, 49.72, 48.39 and 49.12 in compound A4, A7, A10 and A12, respectively. Highest Rf values were observed in A3, A5, A7 and A 11 as 0.74, 0.76, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively. A4 showed boiling point 210ºC. Based on docking study, all the compounds were found active, however compound A1, and A4 were demonstrated the highest binding energy (affinity). Derivatives of aziridine A2, A3, A5, A6, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12 were found also found active with some moderate binding affinity. It concluded that 12 novel derivatives of aziridine were synthesized and characterized with their physicochemical properties and spectral analysis (NMR, Mass, FTIR). In docking study, compounds A1 and A4 demonstrated the highest binding affinity among all 12 aziridine derivatives. Thus, active aziridine derivatives might be used in the evaluation of the biological potential. It suggests to perform the acute oral toxicity of the synthesized aziridine derivatives and antioxidant activity.

HPTLC Phytochemical Profiling and Simultaneous Quantification of Quercetin and Gallic in Prosopis juliflora (Sw.)

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) commonly known as jangli babool or vilayati babool have several bioactive compounds of therapeutic needs. The presence of various bioactive compounds and markers specifically, quercetin and gallic acid in the methanolic extract of Prosopis juliflora (fruiting aerial part) denotes their valuable pharmacological activities. Therefore, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis with simultaneous quantification of quercetin and gallic acid was done for their phytochemical profiling.The phytochemical profiling and simultaneous quantification of quercetin and gallic acid of methanolic extract of Prosopis juliflora through CAMAG HPTLC analysis was determined and results were obtained in the form of chromatogram scanned at the wavelength 254nm and 366nm. Phytochemical profiling of the plant was presented in the tables showing the number of peaks, peak area, area percentage and Rf values. 14 compounds were present in sample 1 and 9 compounds were present in sample 2 denoted by the number of peaks as represented in chromatograms of test samples. Peak area and height were used to quantify quercetin and gallic acid. Quercetin was found to be 1.364% in sample 1 and 0.27% in Sample 2 while gallic acid was 0.088% in sample 1 only. Importance of this research is to rationalize the therapeutic properties of Prosopis juliflora in the indian traditional medicinal system and phytochemical profiling and simultaneous quantification of quercetin and gallic acid reveals that Prosopis juliflora have several bioactive compounds and this might be accountable for their future application in the field of pharmacognostic and pharmacological drug discovery.

Development and Application of HPLC and UFLC Methods for the Analysis of Cardiovascular Drugs

Separation and identification of amiloride, metoprolol, hydrochlorothiazide, Carvedilol and amlodipine, in human plasma using the presented SPE and HPLC procedures was selective, efficient, robust, economical, environmentally friendly, and repeatable. Because plasma samples showed no evidence of a secondary peak, it was determined that the claimed drug-drug interaction between cardiovascular medications did not occur. Furthermore, no new peak was generated, indicating no metabolic product. This is the first report on isolating and identifying these nine cardiovascular medicines. Thus, SPE and HPLC techniques may be used to investigate these 5 cardiovascular medications. Successful monitoring of these medications in human plasma was achieved using the established SPE and HPLC technologies. The results of this inquiry were contrasted with those that had already been released. In comparison to other works in the literature, it was determined that the current study had the best complete baseline separation and lowest detection limit. The retention, separation, and resolution factors were discovered to have ranges of 0.07-9.14, 1.44-4.21, and 2.15-18.66, respectively. The SPE and UFLC techniques created and verified for this purpose were used to examine human plasma samples for the presence of cardiovascular drugs. Peak retention, separation, resolution, and symmetry all matched the reference samples' values. The results for symmetry, separation, and resolution were all in agreement with the reference samples. The methods used to separate and identify amiloride, metoprolol, hydrochlorothiazide; Carvedilol and Amlodipine in human plasma were found to be selective, effective, hardy, affordable, environmentally friendly, and reproducible, according to the authors. The selectivity of the SPE technique was validated by the absence of any secondary signal in the plasma samples. Additionally, there was no evidence of these drugs degrading in the plasma sample. This is the initial report on the simultaneous isolation and identification of these eight medications. The well-known SPE and UFLC techniques were successfully used to monitor these drugs in human plasma. Therefore, these drugs can be detected in any plasma sample using SPE or UFLC methods