Retail Trade Network Research Articles

Current Issues of Methodology of Wholesale Turnover Analysis

Wholesale trade is the buying and selling of products in large volume. Products are purchased in bulk from manufacturers and then delivered to retail stores. The transfer of goods from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption is called commodity circulation. Merchandise turnover, in turn, is divided into wholesale and retail turnover. As a rule, due to the conditions of production and circulation, goods must go through the intermediate links of production, turnkey and trade in order to be brought directly from the production to the consumer. The operations of buying and selling goods between intermediate links are called wholesale turnover. As a result of wholesale turnover, the goods do not yet pass into the sphere of personal consumption, they continue to circulate in the sphere of circulation, are transferred to the disposal of some retail trade or industrial processing, and then again participate in the circulation of goods. Thus, in order to bring goods into the retail trade network, intermediary links are needed, which carry out wholesale goods turnover. These are mainly distributors, who play a major role in the organization of goods circulation in the shortest way to bring goods to the retail network, speed up their turnover and reduce circulation costs. It is possible that the manufacturer supplies the goods to the retail store himself and does not have an intermediary (distributor) engaged in wholesale trade. In the conditions of the market economy, the study of the issues of perfecting the wholesale and retail turnover analysis methodology is one of the topical topics, since these two forms of business (wholesale and retail trade) are important intermediaries of the marketing channel, and in the absence of these two links, the entire chain will fail. Keywords: wholesale turnover, retail turnover, price index, volume index, dynamic line, growth rate, trend, sales forecast, coefficient of variation, mean square deviation, coefficient of homogeneity.

Совершенствование цепей поставок розничной торговой сети с использованием технологий интегрированного планирования логистики

The article discusses the main technologies of logistics integration in the con-text of the functioning of retail trade networks. The main aspects of the introduction of the ECR concept and CPFR technology into the activities of the retail chain and its counterparties are considered, the key problems of supply chains that will be solved when implementing logistics integration are described. A positive effect on leveling the risks of supply chains is formulated.

Forming and developing the regional market of cereals under the influence of substitutes

The paper examines the cereal market of the Republic of Crimea, which is characterized by the lack of testing of scientific approaches to assessing the regional market in terms of influence on substitutes’ demand and by pronounced seasonality of sales. The methodology is based on economic and statistical methods using correlation and regression analysis tools. The article determines the state of the Crimean market for goods based on official statistics, explores the dynamics of changes in production volumes of grain crops and their processing into cereals, and assesses the prices for goods of the group under study, presented in the retail trade network as well as the indicators characterizing the regional market of cereal products. The authors identify major Crimean manufacturers whose products are represented in the distribution network, and consider the factors influencing the development of the cereal regional market. Based on the results of the study, the study identifies the groups of substitutes that form the structure of consumer demand, including pasta and fresh vegetables. Drawing on correlation analysis, the authors establish the dependence of sales volumes of cereals on the prices of substitutes. Using regression analysis, the authors present the forecast for further development of the regional cereals market. The novelty of the study lies in determining the degree of dependence of consumer demand when purchasing cereal products on the prices of seasonal substitute goods. Finally, the study shows a direct effect of the demand for cereals on the prices of fresh vegetables, with a positive sales growth trend in the region, where sustainable economic and political situation will affect the prices for socially important food products.

МИФОПОЭТИКА ВИНА КАК ИМАГИНАТИВНЫЙ АБСОЛЮТ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО БЫТИЯ

the article introduces a new concept at the intersection of philosophy, aesthetics, literary criticism, history, oenology and branding: mythopoetics. Mythopoetics of wine is understood as a special method of wine analytics that takes the perception of wine beyond the narrow classification of color, bouquet and taste with elements of terroir into the area of image formation: the harmony of historical fact, myth, terroir, poetry, symbol, which are quintessed in a certain wine brand. The article is a continuation of the efforts of José Ortega y Gasset, Massimo Dona, Eric Asimov, Rauf and Alexei Akchurinov in creating an approach to the philosophical understanding of wine. Wine is defined as an essential element of human intellectual and emotional life, firmly embedded in religious practices, secular culture and various genres of art. An important fact is the strong incorporation of wine into the economic structure, especially in the great wine regions of France, Italy, Spain, and Germany: from wine tastings and wine tours to the formation of a solid segment of the alcohol market in the wholesale and retail trade networks. Mythopoetics of wine allows creating its legendarium, project myths about life and death, beauty and ugliness, harmony and chaos onto a specific brand of wine, form the image of a particular wine producer, enhancing the tasting value of wine, increasing interest in thecourtliness of drinking wine, stimulating the tourist development of various regions, bringing the topic of wine to the level of the most pressing problems for interdisciplinary research, both in the field of fundamental knowledge and at the level of applied results.

Маркетингова діяльність підприємств на ринку експрес-доставки України

It was established that the main factors that contributed to the growth of express delivery services demand in Ukraine are the development of the Internet in Ukraine and the increase of its users, the decrease in the free time of Ukrainians, the desire to optimize it, and the growth of retail trade. The main companies that provide express delivery services include "Nova Poshta", "Ukrposhta", Meest, Justin, Delivery Auto, Epicenter, and Kasta. It was determined that the most famous brand is the "Nova Poshta" company, which also has the largest number of points of contact with consumers, although Justin company fulfills orders the fastest. The results of office research indicate that the most optimal ratio in terms of price-quality indicators is typical for the company "Ukrposhta" and Justin. In the express delivery market, the biggest threat to postal operators is re-tail trade networks, which are actively developing their delivery of goods. At the same time, services focused on new market segments also appear. Domestic services and delivery services were signifi-cantly affected by the full-scale war. However, the express delivery market quickly recovered from the shock and partially recovered. The impact of the war on the work of some domestic services and delivery services - Bolt Food, Glovo, Liki24, "Nova Poshta", and Meest Express delivery services - was analyzed. The formation of competitive advantages of operators in the market of express deliv-ery services can be ensured by their comprehensive use of tools of the marketing complex, and the formation of co-branding departments. The article presents the features of the toolset of the mar-keting complex of companies in the service sector. When developing strategies for the development of services and delivery services, the latter must take into account the needs and behavior of con-sumers. Therefore, it is important to provide information for the marketing activities of companies. New information technologies, including Big Data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning tech-nologies open up significant opportunities for its improvement. They allow you to collect the neces-sary information for the development of tools for the marketing complex of the express delivery company, adapted to the needs of individual market segments.

Transition to selective regulation of retail trade in Ukraine on the basis of EU experience

The article analyzes the causes and consequences of the rapid development of retail trade networks. It is shown that this contributed to increased production efficiency, while retail chains gained market power and began to play a key role in the supply chains of many consumer goods. This allows them to redistribute in their favor part of the value added created in other sectors. For this purpose, they use unfair trading practices: unjustified delays in payments for delivered products, imposing services that do not add value to suppliers, transferring commercial risks to them, etc. The system of regulation of retail trade in European countries has been studied. Differences in the regulation of this sector in 13 countries were analyzed based on the data of the Retail Restrictiveness Indicator. It is shown that the strictest restrictions are enforced in Belarus and in Italy. The regulatory regime in the Baltic states is the most liberal. The authors argue that in the EU countries there is a tendency to move to selective regulation of retail trade, whose object primarily includes "discontinuities" in commodity and financial flows in the systems of vertically adjacent commodity markets. Selective regulation does not limit the operation of market mechanisms, but, on the contrary, promotes their more efficient functioning, eliminating market failures without a significant regulatory burden on business. On the one hand, restrictions on the opening of large-format stores, on trade at reduced prices, etc., are considerably eased. On the other hand, regulation is introduced in certain areas where it was not implemented before. Clarified changes in the regulatory system of retail trade in the EU after adoption of Directive 2019/633 on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. The authors substantiate the necessity and ways of transition to selective regulation of retail trade in Ukraine. It is shown that the prohibition of unfair trading practices in the food supply chain is much more important in Ukraine than in EU countries. The need to implement the norms of EU Directive 2019/633 into domestic legislation by adopting the Draft Law "On protection against unfair trading practices in relations between business entities in the field of supply of agricultural and food products" has been justified.

IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SERVICES PROVIDED IN RETAIL CHAINS

This article examines the scientific-theoretical aspects of approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of services provided in retail trade networks. A methodological approach to the management of retail network services based on factors and conditions for improving the efficiency of customer service processes has been developed. Based on this methodological approach, methodological approaches have been developed to assess the level of service, customer loyalty, service quality, and customer satisfaction. On the basis of N. Kanoʻs method, directions for forming a set of main service attributes from the point of view of customers are proposed.

Особенности использования ключевых показателей эффективности предприятиями розничных торговых сетей

The article examines the main features of the creation and implementation of the system of key performance indicators in enterprises that are part of large retail trade networks. Priority problems of their application in the daily activities of the stores are identified. A generalized classification of indicators is given, their most common types used in the field of trade are characterized: conversion, sales plan, average receipt, average number of units in the receipt, hourly efficiency coefficient, percentage of return, customer satisfaction. Based on the spe-cifics of retail trade as a field of activity, the possibilities of evaluating the most important indicator of efficiency – customer loyalty for various categories of customers are shown. The analysis of the personnel structure of one of the trading enterprises is carried out. Considered the system of bonuses for categories of different em-ployees. Formed a system to assess the index of customer happiness and gave a scheme for its calculation, which is weighted by importance the sum of the main estimates of satisfaction. The dependence of the bonus coefficient of various categories of employees on the value of the customer happiness index for different cate-gories of employees is shown. Proposals for improving the use of key performance indicators to stimulate em-ployees of retailers have been developed.

The problem of quality and safety of alcohol products

This article considers the main problems of quality and safety of alcohol products, as well as possible ways to solve this problem. Alcohol is one of the most common psychoactive substances in the world. The quality and safety of alcohol products and ethyl alcohol are often threatened and cause serious concerns from consumers, government agencies, and the general public. Many alcohol producers are interested in creating products with the maximum amount of alcohol and the minimum cost. This leads to the use of low-grade ingredients, the mixing of different types of alcohol, and a significant increase in alcohol content to critical levels. This can cause even more serious consequences for people's health, especially for those who already have problems with alcohol addiction. One of the urgent problems of Russian consumer market is adulteration of alcohol products sold to population through retail trade network. Consumption of adulterated alcoholic beverages is dangerous to life due to high content of toxic impurities. Even a slight excess of impurities can cause intoxication of the human body, having toxic, allergenic, immunomodulatory, genotoxic effect that negatively affects the reproduction function, hormonal regulation. In order to solve the problem of quality and safety of alcohol products, it is necessary to carry out its qualitative control at each stage of production. This will help to exclude the use of low-quality raw materials, improper combination of components and violation of technological processes. To combat unlicensed production, it is necessary to toughen penalties for its implementation. It is also necessary to monitor the market and identify cases of sale of illegal products.

Перехід до селективного регулювання роздрібної торгівлі в Україні на основі досвіду ЄС

The article analyzes the causes and consequences of the rapid development of retail trade networks. It is shown that this contributed to increased production efficiency, while retail chains gained market power and began to play a key role in the supply chains of many consumer goods. This allows them to redistribute in their favor part of the value added created in other sectors. For this purpose, they use unfair trading practices: unjustified delays in payments for delivered products, imposing services that do not add value to suppliers, transferring commercial risks to them, etc. The system of regulation of retail trade in European countries has been studied. Differences in the regulation of this sector in 13 countries were analyzed based on the data of the Retail Restrictiveness Indicator. It is shown that the strictest restrictions are enforced in Belarus and in Italy. The regulatory regime in the Baltic states is the most liberal. The authors argue that in the EU countries there is a tendency to move to selective regulation of retail trade, whose object primarily includes "discontinuities" in commodity and financial flows in the systems of vertically adjacent commodity markets. Selective regulation does not limit the operation of market mechanisms, but, on the contrary, promotes their more efficient functioning, eliminating market failures without a significant regulatory burden on business. On the one hand, restrictions on the opening of large-format stores, on trade at reduced prices, etc., are considerably eased. On the other hand, regulation is introduced in certain areas where it was not implemented before. Clarified changes in the regulatory system of retail trade in the EU after adoption of Directive 2019/633 on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. The authors substantiate the necessity and ways of transition to selective regulation of retail trade in Ukraine. It is shown that the prohibition of unfair trading practices in the food supply chain is much more important in Ukraine than in EU countries. The need to implement the norms of EU Directive 2019/633 into domestic legislation by adopting the Draft Law "On protection against unfair trading practices in relations between business entities in the field of supply of agricultural and food products" has been justified.

Economic Analysis and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Network Retail and Sales of Goods

The study is devoted to the peculiarities of the activities of network retailers (retail trade networks). It was determined what retailers in general and network retailers in particular are. The focus is on identifying how companies such as retailers and consumer goods manufacturers operate during and after the pandemic crisis and how they stimulate demand for their products with an additional focus on the Ukrainian market. The analysis carried out is based on general business and analytical secondary data available in the public domain. The methodology of the article is compatible with the general academic approach to research, such as analysis and synthesis, abstraction, induction. Prior to the main analysis, key challenges during the volatile industry were identified. Various sources of business literature are analyzed to outline strategies that companies can use to encourage customers to maintain their usual level of demand. Attention was drawn to a specific business case of a British retailer. In order to compare the strategies proposed by international players with local ones, the retail market in Ukraine was analyzed. Key information points were strategy switching, physical growth and development of digital channels. The authors found differences in the general approach to stimulating demand and the approach used by local players. Unlike its Western competitors, the Ukrainian market grew significantly during the pandemic crisis, but in a new format. Analysis of digital channels focused on consumer preferences. The results show that the Ukrainian market still prefers physical stores over digital channels in the food category, while in the cosmetics category the leadership of physical stores is being lost. In order for companies to better adapt to market conditions and limit the negative financial impact during the recovery phase, management must clearly understand the path to recovery of key categories.

ЭКОСИСТЕМНЫЙ ПОДХОД К РАЗВИТИЮ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКОГО РЫНКА: ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ БАЛАНСИРОВАНИЯ И РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

The article is devoted to the problem of monopolization of the consumer market in the conditions of continuous integration and consolidation, formation and consolidation of organizational systems in the world economy. The key aspects of the problem in relation to various integration forms are shown. The practice of regulating the development of retail trade networks, associations of manufacturing enterprises, small and medium-sized trading businesses around marketplaces, intersectoral entities built on the principles of an ecosystem approach is considered. Based on the legislative practice of the European Union, the United States and China, the authors conduct a comparative analysis of tools for balancing the development of trade and intersectoral associations in the consumer market from the standpoint of protecting the interests of small and medium-sized businesses, consumers and society.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПИТАННЯ АВТОМАТИЗАЦІЇ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

Problem statement. The automation of trade processes is included in external factors that determine a high level of quality of trade service, which leads to the satisfaction of consumers with the services received and ensures the formation of loyalty on their part. Automation not only simplifies the performance of certain trade and technological operations, but also allows you to accumulate data on purchasing behavior, facilitating contact with the consumer at all stages of interaction. Research results. Quite often, the automation of trade processes is associated only with the simplification of individual operations using barcode marking, however, the functionality of the software solutions that is offered on the market is much broader, what allows you to link equipment and services into a single system through appropriate integration protocols. Trade software is usually divided into two groups of solutions - front- and back - office , which is determined by the functions performed and the place in the interaction between the trade enterprise and the consumer. Based on a critical analysis, key factors that affect the feasibility of automation of trade enterprises and the choice of appropriate software are identified, which include: financial resources; the type of market in which the enterprise operates; form of sale; types of products in the assortment; the structure of the retail trade network; legislation; infrastructure. The advantages of automation are obvious for all participants of the trading process, which is determined by the offered set of software functions and the availability of additional modules. In addition, the automation of trade processes implies the presence or possibility of CRM integration, which should be understood as a certain set of information technologies that make it possible to accumulate and use information during the entire period of interaction with consumers to ensure effective relationship management. Conclusions. The process of automating trade processes is important from the point of view of ensuring the competitive advantages of trade enterprises. Prospects of automation and approaches to the implementation of complex projects, improvement and modification of existing software solutions require clarification and are of scientific interest from the point of view of further research.

TRENDS AND PROBLEMS OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF RETAIL NETWORKS

Topicality. Unlike individual stores, retail networks have significant market power. They use it by redistributing in their favor part of the value added created in other sectors. This negatively affects the competitiveness of enterprises and makes it necessary to use tools of selective regulation of market processes by the state. It is necessary to study the existing world experience in detail in order to use it in Ukraine.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to substantiate the need and ways of implementing state regulation of the relationship between domestic trade networks and manufacturers based on the analysis of modern trends in the development of retail networks in the world, the experience of EU countries.Research results. Trends in global development of retail trade networks, positive and negative consequences of their dynamic growth have been studied. The causes, essence and consequences of unfair trade practices in the relationship between retail networks and their suppliers have been clarified. The experience of state regulation of the activities of retail networks existing in the EU countries is analyzed. It was determined which measures were ineffective, and which contributed to the solution of existing problems. Special attention is paid to the essence of the EU Directive 2019/633 оn unfair trade practices in relationships between enterprises in the agricultural and food supply chain, which prohibits a number of such practices, and its implementation in the member states of the EU. Unfair trade practices used by retail networks in Ukraine have been identified. It was found that the scale of abuse of domestic networks is greater compared to some other countries.Conclusion. The recovery of Ukraine's economy after the war will significantly accelerate if it is possible to balance the interests of trade networks and suppliers. However, in Ukraine, unlike most European countries, there are no legislative acts aimed at eliminating abuses by trade networks. Taking into account the experience of the EU, it is expedient to introduce state regulation of relations between trade networks and suppliers in Ukraine. The adoption of the relevant law will help increase the competitiveness of domestic enterprises and raise the standard of living of the population.

Regulations for functioning budget development to manage trading network

In the prevailing state of market circumstances, the revival and efficient operation of trade companies are on the basis of a proper data support system, the primary factors of which are control and budgeting. This current study attempts to focus on budgeting as an efficient means to curb and manage a retail trade network. Budgeting serves as the foundation for planning in the management procedure, for making managerial and economic decisions, evaluating financial solvency, and finally to reinforce economic disciplines. To meet the study’s aim, several general methods, including synthesis, analysis, assessment, comparison, generalization method, and system analysis are taken into account. Based on the results, it can be perceived that the regulation of the budgeting tool used in management is dependent upon the company’s action type immediately. The needs are established, based on which the efficiency of that controlling and managing means is defined. They defined the particulars of network retail and the trading actions that impact the operating budgets’ structure, which is the beginning point in the procedure of budgeting.

Ethnic Chinese Retail Trade Activities in Banyuwangi in 1967-1998

This article discusses the retail trading activities of ethnic Chinese in Banyuwangi in 1967-1998. During this period, various restrictive regulations emerged among the Chinese. One of them is Cabinet Presidium Instruction No. 37/UN/IN/6/1967, which contains a ban on business and residence for foreign Chinese. This condition made retail trading activities to a halt due to the forcible sealing of stores. The outline of the problems studied in this study includes the background of the Chinese ethnic retail trade activity and the formation of the ethnic Chinese retail trade network in Banyuwangi in 1967-1998. The research method used is the historical method which consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The approach used is an economic sociology approach. The results of the study show that ethnic Chinese are increasingly developing their business by acting as retail traders due to limited capital and no special skills are needed. The establishment of a retail trade network is based on the nature of trust and shared experiences, using the concept of family and ethnic networks. The available commodities are diverse, reflecting the needs of the community and showing the development of the socio-economic life of the people in Banyuwangi.
 Keywords: Trading activities, ethnic Chinese, Banyuwangi

IMPROVEMENT OF MARKETING ACTIVITY OF BAKERY INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

The article focuses on the issues of improving the marketing activities of bakery enterprises, in particular, analyzed and developed a number of proposals on the example of the structural system of marketing mix “7P”. The specific features of bakery products as a commodity are determined, on the basis of which the directions of marketing commodity policy of the bakery enterprise were recommended. A number of principles for building a coordinated system of production and sale of bakery products are proposed. To increase the efficiency of the enterprise in the market of bakery products, it is proposed to create a coordinated system that reflects the flexible interaction of producer and consumer. A model of interaction between producer and consumer in the market of bakery products has been developed, which reflects the mechanism of interaction between producer and consumer in the market of bakery products with the help of a specially created system of distribution channels. The developed model reflects the mechanism of interaction between producer and consumer in the market of bakery products with the help of a specially created system of distribution channels. Where, the main channels of distribution of bakery products are: branded network, urban retail trade network, rural retail trade network and trade and intermediary center. The block diagram of marketing activity management is recommended for the researched bakery enterprises, which will allow to choose the appropriate commodity-market business strategy, which ensures the achievement of the enterprise development strategy. The use of marketing strategies for bakeries should be carried out in the complex in accordance with the recommended block diagram of the management of marketing activities of the enterprise as a whole. It should be noted that the recommended block diagram of marketing management can be used by large bakeries, as its implementation requires a certain resource potential.

ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКИЕ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЯ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА МАРКЕТИНГОВУЮ ПОЛИТИКУ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

Research on consumer preferences and consumer motivation is at the heart of the success of any business venture. The result of the firm’s activities and the growth of its market share depend on how comprehensively, systematically and in detail the heads of companies will approach the study of real and potential customers. The aim of the work is to analyze consumer preferences of visitors to a trading enterprise and develop, on its basis, practical recommendations for improving the marketing policy of the company, using the example of LLC «SINAP». The article discusses the role of the consumer and marketing needs. A study of consumer preferences of the target audience of the «Yabloko» supermarket chain was carried out. As a result: the factors influencing the decision to buy in the sales area were identified and the criteria for choosing a store were established. The survey made it possible to understand the level of customer satisfaction, to form directions for increasing their loyalty, to identify a number of shortcomings in the company’s work and to develop an effective enterprise concept within the marketing mix. For the most accurate picture of consumers making purchases in retail trade networks of the “supermarket” format, a general visitor portrait has been formed.

ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНІ ТРЕНДИ РОЗВИТКУ ЛІДЕРІВ СВІТОВОЇ РОЗДРІБНОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ

The state of development of world retail trade through the prism of the TOP 250 retailers functioning for 2013–2021 is considered in the article. Emphasis is placed on the strategic orientation of trading transnational companies on the business activities expansion on a global scale. The scope and nature of the internationalization of the largest trade networks activities is shown. The reasons for the manifestation of a different level of expansion by these structures are identified. It was found that the world’s leading retail trade networks have shown a slight increase in the values of their development indicators. The dynamics of the share of Top 250 trade companies by retail revenue from foreign operations is analyzed. It is established that the value of this indicator during 2013–2021 fluctuated slightly, but did not exceed 25% until 2020. Thus, the main source of income of Top 250 trade companies remained trade activities in national markets. The dynamics of the share of Top 250 trade companies by average number of foreign countries in 2013–2019 is analyzed. The analysis of the features of expansion policy manifestation by trade networks depending on the region of their origin, have been conducted. Special attention has paid to determining the place of European retailers in the Top 250 in the framework of the model of retail development. This model assumes the largest internationalization and active presence of trade networks in the markets of foreign countries. The structure of Top 250 companies by product sector is considered as well. The dynamics of retail revenue from foreign operations of Top 250 companies depending on their product range is analyzed. The nature of the largest trade networks presence in different segments of the consumer market during 2013–2019 is studied.

EXPERTISE OF THE QUALITY OF MILK CHOCOLATE WITHOUT ADDITIONS

The enterprises of the confectionery industry of the Republic of Belarus offer a varied assortment of chocolate and products based on it. Confectionery products from other countries are widely represented in the consumer market of our country. As a result, there is a situation where some sellers may supply chocolate to the market that does not fully meet the established requirements and demands of consumers. Therefore, the issues of researching the quality of chocolate are designed to prevent the sale of low quality products and to protect the domestic consumer. The article presents the results of the examination of ten samples of milk chocolate without additives sold in the retail trade network of Minsk, according to a set of indicators: labeling, organoleptic (taste and smell, appearance, shape, consistency, structure), physicochemical (mass fraction of moisture and the mass fraction of ash), safety (heavy metals - lead, cadmium, zinc, copper - by the method of stripping voltammetry).