National Revival Research Articles

Hyperfunctions of the Revival Text. On the Beginnings of the Modern Bulgarian Literary Language

This article is dedicated to the specificity of messages in texts from the Bulgarian National Revival period. The aim is to trace the complex relationship between content and speech in Revival texts. The paper presents current reflections related to the beginnings of the modern Bulgarian literary language, supporting a scientific hypothesis that has gained popularity in recent years. This hypothesis posits that the periodization of the modern Bulgarian literary language cannot be understood through the simple relationship of „from - to“ but must be entirely aligned with the dynamics of linguistic processes in their complex competition. At this stage, the idea of unfolding the reality of Revival texts through the lens of the relationship between the center and the periphery is proposed, with the emphasis being that, in view of the linguistic picture of the world, the boundaries between the two are not as clearly defined and tend to blur.

Alternative Tourism – an Ontology of Bulgarian National Revival Residential Architecture for the Purposes of an Intelligent Tourist Guide

In the article, we will explain the concept of alternative tourism and its subtypes, we will dwell on its role in the preservation of cultural and historical heritage of an architectural type by means of technological solutions – an intelligent guide with ontological knowledge.

On Fran Kurelac and Slovaks

Enclosed are two letters that Fran Kurelac sent from Pest to Bratislava in 1836 and 1837 to his peer, Slovak revivalist Alexander Boleslavín Vrchovský. Numerous studies have been written about the life and work of philologist and writer Fran Kurelac (1811 – 1874), one of the pioneers of the Croatian national revival. In view of the fact that he only published his first noteworthy text in a Croatian periodical in April 1848, when he was already 37 years old, few of Kurelac’s biographers had the ambition to paint as complete and well-rounded a picture of him as possible. The main subject of the interpretation of these letters is Fran Kurelac’s relationship to the Slovak cultural and political situation at the time. He strongly advocated for the unity of linguistically and religiously divided Slovak intellectuals. The linguistic situation among the Slovaks at the time when these two letters were written was characterised by the coexistence of Slovak, Czech, and other languages, which was reflected above all in the lexical fund. Considering the fact that the Czech language was not yet fully standardised and there were different tendencies in its standardisation, we also find at least three variants in its use among the Slovaks. Kurelac’s letters are written in a special, interesting, and clearly bohemianised variant of the Slovak language, influenced by the language of Ján Kollár’s literary works.

The Undocumented and Archipelagic Universal in Miko Revereza's No Data Plan

This article argues that the archipelagic serves as a potent cultural geographic figure challenging resurgent nationalisms in two specific ways. First, it enables us to explore a simultaneous proximity and distance in cultural politics; second, it leads us astray from the conceptual binary that would insist that it is simply other to the nation. In doing so, it arrives at a universalism that is fundamentally differentiated. The essay pursues this framework through an analysis of Miko Revereza's recent documentary film, No Data Plan (2019), which explores Revereza's undocumented status in the United States, and its repertoire of aesthetic techniques, including its erratic and partial framing of his train journey across the country as well as its disjointed soundtrack. Above all, the essay draws attention to the film's use of captions, through which Revereza's mother's story is narrated, and which cannot be reconciled with the rest of the film. Her captions hover in proximity to the filmic diegesis without seeking presence, rejecting a dialectical engagement with a presence in the film that stands in for a documented presence in the nation. By choosing instead to “speak nearby,” she disturbs conventional cultural political logics and dwells within an archipelagic relation to the film, her son, and the world.

RELIGIOSITY IN KAZAKHSTAN: VALUES AND MEANINGS

This paper's goal is to examine Kazakh religiosity through a comparative analysis of Turkic religiosity, as the two cultures are closely related in terms of origin, history, language, and religion. Based on an empirical description of representative data collected in both countries in 2018 by the World Values Survey, the analysis of religiosity has been carried out. The paper's subject is defined through considering religion as a value and pointing out the similarities and differences between the meanings and ideas of religion in Kazakh and Turkish. A typological classification of the two groups as believers is attempted, based on empirical analysis; the Turks are categorized as practicing Muslims, while the Kazakhs remain classified as nominal or non-practicing Muslims. This essay also illustrates the key variables shaping Kazakhstan's religious environment, including radical Islamism, the view that "failed" modernization is to blame for the growth in religiosity, and religious rebirth as a part of national revival process.

Polsko-bułgarskie więzi międzykulturowe w życiu i dziełach Wandy Smochowskiej-Petrowej // "Mieć dwie ojczyzny". Z Aliną Petrową-Wasilewicz rozmawia Margreta Grigorova

The present text examines the historical-biographical and ideological connection with Bulgaria of the Polish Bulgarianist and Slavist Wanda Smohovska-Petrova, who emigrated to Bulgaria at the beginning of the Second World War. In her scientific monographs, the topic of Polish-Bulgarian relations in the second half of the 19th century is traced. Considered: the contributing moments in her monographs on Polish émigré writers Zygmunt Miłkowski (Teodor Tomasz Jeż) and Michal Tchaikovsky (Sadyk Pasza), in her book on Neophyte Bozveli and the Polish participation in the struggle for an independent Bulgarian church, her original concept about the specifics of the Bulgarian national revival. The importance of her dual cultural identity is emphasized. The text also refers to publications by Wanda Smohowska’s daughter, the Polish journalist Alina Petrova-Wasilewicz. An interview with her is attached.

Ukrainian Literary Dissent

The aim of the study was to discuss Ukrainian literary dissent as a component of the socio-cultural phenomenon of the Sixties – the national revival of the 1960s and 1970s in Ukraine and the Resistance Movement under the totalitarian regime of the Soviet Union. The objective was to reflect on the phenomenon of Ukrainian literary dissent in the second half of the twentieth century in the light of the modus operandi/concept of Freedom. Historical and literary, comparative and historical, receptive and aesthetic, on top of typological methods are tools for understanding the Ukrainian literary dissent of the 1960s and 1970s in Ukraine in its morphological dimension. Personalities of the Ukrainian literary dissent included Ihor Kalynets, Hryhorii Kochur, Yurii Lytvyn, Valerii Marchenko, Taras Melnychuk, Mykhailo Osadchyi, Vasyl Ovsiienko, Mykola Rudenko, Yevhen Sverstiuk, Ivan Svitlychnyi, Vasyl Stus, Oleksa Tykhyi, Les Taniuk, Mykola Kholodnyi, and others. The basis for the formation and existence of Ukrainian literary dissent (general historical, historical and cultural, mental, ontological) in the context of the Sixties as a “synergistic phenomenon” was discussed by Liudmyla Tarnashynska. Worldview, philosophical, socio-cultural manifestations of Ukrainian literary dissent were literary aspects of the human rights movement (literary and artistic, rhetorical and journalistic, literary and critical). The existence of Ukrainian self-publishing was a special form of the Resistance Movement of the 1960s and early 1970s, as well as an alternative component of the literary process of this period (Ivan Dziuba, Iryna Zhylenko, Sviatoslav Karavanskyi, Roman Korogodskyi, Mykhailyna Kotsiubynska, Leonid Pliushch, Mykola Rudenko, Yevhen Sverstiuk, Ivan Svitlychnyi, Vasyl Stus, and others). Contribution of literary dissidents included the activities of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group (Oles Berdnyk, Yurii Lytvyn, Valerii Marchenko, Mykola Rudenko, Vasyl Stus). The activity of the Ukrainian literary dissent is projected into the plane of Freedom and Rebellion in the socio-historical, mental, genetic, and metaphysical planes were social freedom as a socio-political struggle; personal freedom as an existential confrontation; and creative freedom as a metaphysical rebellion. Presentation of the activities/works of Mykola Rudenko, Ivan Svitlychnyi, and Vasyl Stus as key figures of Ukrainian literary dissent follows.

Scaling up Archival Text Analysis with the Blockmodeling of N-gram Networks: A Case Study of Bulgaria’s Representation in the “Osservatore Romanoˮ (January – May 1877)

This paper seeks to bridge the gap between archival text analysis and network analysis by applying network clustering methods to analyze the coverage of Bulgaria in 123 issues of the newspaper Osservatore Romano published between January and May 1877. Utilizing optical character recognition and generalized homogeneity blockmodeling, the study constructs networks of relevant keywords. Those including the sets Bulgaria and Russia are rather isomorphic and they largely overlap with those for Germany, Britain, and War. In structural terms, the blockmodel of the two networks exhibits a clear core-semiperiphery-periphery structure that reflects relations between concepts in the newpaper’s coverage. The newspaper’s lexical choices effectively delegitimised the Bulgarian national revival, highlighting the influence of the Holy See on the newspaper’s editorial line.

On the Arabic Concept of Houries (ḥūr ʻīn) and its Representations in the Literature of the Bulgarian National Revival

The present study draws on texts from the classical Muslim exegetical tradition discussing the houries (ḥūr ʻīn) – one of the eschatologically central, but insufficiently defined Qur’ānic concepts referring to key notions of the heavenly virgins. Unlike other aspects of Islamic doctrine, early eschatology entails a more emotional and sensual sacred imagery system subsequently turning into a rich source of motifs and allusions for various interpretations not only in Muslim tradition itself but also in the cultural perceptions of the Other among non-Muslims. The article aims to reveal the Bulgarian uses of the term houries as one of the realia in Bulgarian literature from the period of the nineteenth-century National Revival and to comparatively and imagologically trace the artistic representations of the images of the heavenly virgins. The analysis is focused on the approaches of Sofroniy Vrachanski, Georgi S. Rakovski, and Hristo Botev to the presentation of the somatic and the sexual in the notions of afterlife characterizing the religious Other, as well as the reasons for their desacralization, which have formed sustainable attitudes in the context of the emerging modern Bulgarian nationalism.

The Talyshis: An Iranian people divided by the Araxes

This paper examines the Talyshi people, an Iranian ethnic group divided by the Araxes River between Azerbaijan and Iran. The division, a result of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), placed the Talyshis within two distinct political and cultural paradigms. The northern Talyshis, under the successive rule of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and Azerbaijan, were confronted with a Turkish political and cultural orientation that contrasted with their Iranian linguistic and cultural heritage. This orientation led to significant shifts in identity, with the Talyshis becoming minorities within a Turkic-speaking, Turkish-oriented Azerbaijan. Southern Talyshis who remained in Iran experienced a more consistent cultural development within the Iranian paradigm, despite political changes. This study examines the impact of these divisions on Talyshi identity, language preservation and socio-cultural adaptation. It discusses the challenges of assimilation and cultural preservation faced by the Talyshis, their linguistic characteristics, and the revival of Talysh self-awareness and nationalism in the face of external pressures. The paper uses a comprehensive analysis of historical, linguistic and ethnographic data to provide insights into the resilience of Talysh identity amidst political and cultural change.

Vive la république européenne? Reading The European Balcony Project as artistic counter-public

ABSTRACT The article first contextualizes the European Balcony Project (EBP), a manifesto written by authors Ulrike Guérot, Robert Menasse, and theatre director Milo Rau who subsequently put it up for discussion in various public fora. On 10 November 2018, artists and citizens performed the manifesto and proclaimed the European Republic from (theatre) balconies and public places in 25 European countries. They encouraged a dialogue that sought to promote a more diverse public sphere. In my reading, the EBP emerges as a contemporary version of Oskar Negt’s and Alexander Kluge’s public counter sphere, as a real and imaginary community in which political participation is enacted through the medium of talk in an arena of discursive interaction and democratic practice. By reading the texts in the context of a political avantgarde project, I show how the interventions aim to set a counterpoint to the resurgence of nationalism and promote a vision of a democratic continent based in shared values. My article thus illustrates how public art performances such as the EBP contribute to the thickening of imaginative relations throughout Europe and might aid in the construction of a larger European cultural identity.

Theatrical Release Windows: A Playground for “Cultural Exception” Policies?

In recent years, cinema culture in Europe has undergone a substantial reorganization of production models and a profound change of public intervention in favor of the film industry. This article aims to reconstruct the different combinations between protectionist and liberalist policies through a comparative analysis of the contemporary European national cinema aids, identifying differences and shared trends and verifying the existence of a “continental” cinema support model. Therefore the article will analyze public support policies on cinema production, distribution, and exhibition in the EU and in several of its member states (including France, Germany, England, Spain, and Italy) from 2018 to 2022. Focusing on theatrical release windows, this essay will attempt to answer the following main questions: is there a “European” mark in policies in favor of cinema? Can we speak of a “European” model (even outside the European Union) of support for the cinema? What are the elements and actions that define it? What are the sectors of the industry in which it is most fully expressed (production, distribution, exhibition)? And what are the themes and areas in which, on the contrary, national differences (sometimes driven by resurgent nationalisms) are most marked?

Firms’ Rhetorical Nationalism: Theory, Measurement, and Evidence from a Computational Analysis of Chinese Public Firms

AbstractIn this article, we develop a computational measure of firm-level rhetorical nationalism. We first review the literature and develop a four-dimensional theoretical framework of nationalism relevant to firms: national pride, anti-foreign, dominant agenda (national revival), and corporate role. We then use machine-learning-based text analysis of over 41,000 annual reports of Chinese public firms from 2000 to 2020 and identify a dictionary of words for each dimension. Using a weighted ratio of nationalism-related words, we describe the overall picture of Chinese public firms’ rhetorical nationalism and provide the first empirical evidence regarding rising rhetorical nationalism among Chinese firms. Firms’ demonstration of rhetorical nationalism is related to both strategic and socialization factors; firms that are state-owned enterprises, older, larger, more profitable, consumer-facing, with more individual investors, and lower sales from overseas demonstrate a higher level of nationalism. Firms that demonstrate more rhetorical nationalism also have a better future financial return. Our study provides a theoretical framework for the organizational study of nationalism and a new measure for firms’ rhetorical nationalism, and demonstrates that rising rhetorical nationalism among Chinese firms is more strongly driven by firms’ motivations to appeal to domestic investors and consumers than to obtain government subsidies. Our dataset is publicly available at: https://sites.google.com/view/firms-rhetorical-nationalism

Legal basis for the regulation and functioning of youth sports and educational organizations in Eastern Galicia from 1848 to 1939

The Prosvita Society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries played a key role in the formation and development of the Ukrainian cultural and educational sphere in Eastern Galicia. Its activities were based on historical and legal principles that determined its purpose, tasks and organisational structure. The main goal of Prosvita was to raise the educational and cultural level of Ukrainians. Its activities were based on the idea of national and cultural consciousness and self-awareness. It also promoted the creation of an extensive network of societies covering different segments of the population. This allowed for the formation of a united community that understood national needs and aspirations. She actively worked on the Ukrainisation of the school system and the promotion of the Ukrainian language in the educational process. «Prosvita» initiated and supported the creation of various public, educational, cultural and other organisations, such as «Selskii Hospodar», «Maslosoyuz», «Narodna Torgovlya», «Ridna Shkola», «Ruska Besida», «Union of Ukrainian Women», «Sokil», «Sich», «Plast», «Luh» and many others. It played a prominent role in the national liberation movement, in which Prosvita was considered one of the main institutions that fostered patriotic feelings and national consciousness among Ukrainians. The organisational structure of Prosvita helped to unite Ukrainians into a strong and well-organised community that was ready for self-determination and national revival. It actively worked to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture and identity, supporting Ukrainian traditions and language. A number of student organisations, such as the Ukrainian Student Society Sich, Academic Circle, Druh, Druzhnyi Lichvar, Academic Brotherhood, Vatra, Academic Community, Osnova, and Ukrainian Student Union, demonstrate the diversity and multilayered nature of the Ukrainian student movement. They worked on the basis of the leading higher education institutions of Lviv, such as Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic. On the eve of the Second World War, in the western part of Ukraine, particularly in Galicia, there were a significant number of youth associations that were united into county unions. These associations ranged in size from 10 to 30 local societies and performed various functions in the fields of sports, culture, and education. At the end of May 1933, there were 109 unions in Galicia, uniting 12 county and 254 local societies. Their membership totalled 13,245 people. The societies were actively engaged in various activities such as football, volleyball, skiing, drama, and other types of cultural and educational events.

M. Tuhan-Baranovsky’s Struggle for the Success of Ukrainian Cooperation

The paper seeks to consider a given period of the lifetime of M. Tuhan-Baranovsky (1865-1919), the world-famous economist from Eastern Europe. I examine the cooperative activity of Tuhan-Baranovsky in the Ukrainian period from 1917-1919. I attempt to discover the origins of Tuhan-Baranovsky’s fascination with cooperative ideas during this period. The paper also discusses the idea that he began to explore the cooperation theory from 1901- 1905 and partly implemented his concepts from 1917-1919. The paper argues in favor of Tuhan-Baranovsky’s undeniable influence and support of the Ukrainian cooperative movement through the reflection of his practical and scientific activities. In addition, the dynamic development of cooperation in Ukraine determined the content of Tuhan- Baranovsky’s last works, which were on cooperative topics in the Ukrainian context. The paper consists of three parts. The first part gives a brief history of development and the importance of cooperation for the national revival of the Ukrainian people at the beginning of the XX century. The second part focuses on the practical and cooperative activities of Tuhan-Baranovsky in Ukraine, 1917-1919. The third part reveals the cooperative ideal, a concept about the future society Tuhan- Baranovsky expanded in his latest works.

Disseminating Shakespeare in the Nordic Countries: Shifting Centres and Peripheries in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Nely Keinänen and Per Sivefors; Reconstructing Shakespeare in the Nordic Countries: National Revival and Interwar Politics, 1870–1940, edited by Nely Keinänen and Per Sivefors

<i>Disseminating Shakespeare in the Nordic Countries: Shifting Centres and Peripheries in the Nineteenth Century</i>, edited by Nely Keinänen and Per Sivefors; <i>Reconstructing Shakespeare in the Nordic Countries: National Revival and Interwar Politics, 1870–1940</i>, edited by Nely Keinänen and Per Sivefors

Archaeology of Modern Conflict and Heritage Legislation in Lithuania during Thirty Years of Restored Independence

After the Lithuanian National Revival in 1988 and the restoration of independence in 1990, the public on their own initiative searched for the remains of fallen anti-Soviet Lithuanian partisans (1944-1953), excavating the burial sites of partisan remains, their bunkers and dugouts. Such excavations prompted the need to establish regulations and procedures for the exhumation and transfer of the remains of victims of 20th-century conflicts and occupation regimes. Government resolutions adopted in 1992 obliged prosecutors, archaeologists, anthropologists and forensic medical experts to be involved in the exhumation procedure and to carry out the exhumation in accordance with the basic requirements of archaeological research. Owing to the restoration and destruction of authentic partisan bunkers and dugouts, the increase in archaeological investigations at 20th-century conflict sites, as well as the emergence of a distinct field of modern conflict archaeology, the 2022 revision of the Archaeological Heritage Management Regulation stipulated the necessity to carry out archaeological research prior to any excavation works at all 19th- and 20th-century conflict sites. Between 1995 and 2022, a total of 171 permits for archaeological excavations at 20th-century conflict sites were issued. Investigations were mostly carried out at the burial sites of Wehrmacht and Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) soldiers of the Second World War and Lithuanian partisans. Partisan bunkers, dugouts, campsites, battlefields also received considerable attention. Today, more than 1700 20th-century conflict sites have legal protection in Lithuania. These include Lithuanian Partisan War sites (mainly sites of death and burial), burial sites of soldiers from the First and Second World Wars, sites of massacres and burials of Jews, and other sites associated with the Soviet and Nazi occupation regimes. This article focuses on 20th-century conflict sites in Lithuania, examining issues of their protection, heritage conservation and archaeology, as well as current trends in archaeological research methodology.

Astoņstaru zvaigznes Niklāva Strunkes grāmatmākslā

Representations of the eight-pointed star have played an important role in the history of Latvian culture. They were present during the national revival movement at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, widely represented in the visual art of the first half of the 20th century and played an important role during the Third Awakening in the late 1980s. By analysing the depictions of the eight-pointed star using the historical method, comparative analysis, and connecting the images with the text, it is possible to create a context-based interpretation of the depictions and to express insights about the role of ethnographic ornament elements in interwar Latvian culture. The eight-pointed star appears in many of Niklāvs Strunke’s (1894–1966) illustrations and on covers of books, periodicals, and other printed editions. The meanings of the eight-pointed star in his work vary: it can be a symbolic representation of a celestial body or Latvian ornament, a decoration of the palaces of ancient Latvian rulers, or reflect the “star ornamented blanket” found in folk songs. Strunke’s book art is always related to the text, deriving from it, but also giving additional connotations to the text itself. In Strunke’s book graphics, the eight-pointed star is considered an expression of Latvian style, which appears to be a creative use of ethnographic ornaments in the context of decorative art and indicates the Latvian position of the author of the text or the national nature of the publication. The depictions of the eight-pointed star, which played a prominent role in Strunke’s book art, are part of wider cultural processes in interwar Latvia. These processes involve the new nation differentiating itself from previously dominant cultures, strengthening its myth of shared history, supporting the idea of national awakening, and bringing to life the symbolism characterising national identity in everyday life.

Indriķis Laube latviešu rakstniecībā

The article analyses the literary works of the writer and publicist Indriķis Laube (1841–1889) in Latvian literary culture in the 1870s and 1880s. The aim of this article is to analyse the significance of Laube’s literary activity and describe his contribution to Latvian prose fiction, humorous satirical literature and journalism. Methodologically, the article employs the approach of the social history of literature by highlighting the interaction between social change and literary innovations. Summarising the information about Laube’s work scattered in publications so far, the article identifies the main research questions for further studies of his work, formulates those aspects of Laube’s work that are connected with the political and national transformations in the period after the Young Latvian movement in the 1860s, and also offers to locate Laube’s place among his contemporaries. The story “Smiltnieku Andrejs” is interpreted as Laube’s main work in the article, which depicts a Latvian peasant’s intellectual and professional growth in the interaction between German and Russian cultural impulses. In addition, attention is paid to issues of women’s emancipation in Laube’s works, as well as to his humorous prose, in which the social and political problems of his time are addressed. Laube is described as a typical representative of his era, who has combined the autodidact’s ambition to popularise scientific and cultural affairs with the work of a literary critic. At the same time, Laube occupies a special place in the landscape of the Latvian national culture of his time due to the fact that, being born in a German-Latvian family and raised in a German environment, he made a conscious decision to become a Latvian and get involved in the national revival movement.

Understanding the Characteristics of Corporate Culture in Vietnam via Some Golden Periods in History

In the Vietnamese business heritage, there were several golden times during which beneficial elements emerged and became distinct features of company culture. Using the multidisciplinary method of History of Science - Cultural Studies, this article collects and organizes historical documents to sketch a historical and comparative analysis of the value hierarchy and strengths of Vietnamese corporate culture during its golden era. The findings demonstrate that, between the 17th and 18th centuries, unique human and cultural aspects in business activities emerged in the Southern Vietnam region of Vietnam, where merchants and other factors of Corporate culture was quite frequent. In the early years of the 20th century, Vietnam witnessed a business movement aimed at economic revival and cultural development for the noble goal of national revival. Corporate culture in Vietnam has been around for a long time, reflected in the intelligence, creativity, sensitivity, and quick adaptation of Vietnamese corporates and entrepreneurs.