Psychometric Test Results Research Articles

A new measure of function in older adults with cancer

A new measure of function in older adults with cancer

Educational Response to a Student with Psychosis at the Secondary Level: A Non-Experimental Single-Case Study.

Students with psychosis in school within the ordinary education system are a reality in the classroom. To study their correct adaptation at school, it is necessary to consider numerous factors such as the personal characteristics of the student, environmental variables, educational measures put in place as well as emotional and cognitive aspects. The aim of this research was to monitor the teaching–learning process of a student diagnosed with psychosis and enrolled in a public school at the secondary level in the ordinary modality with support during an academic year, with the usual resources provided by a guidance department to assess the impact of the educational measures and plans on his emotional and academic fields. This was a single case study in which both qualitative and quantitative information was collected (N = 1). The participant was a student with special needs at the secondary level. An analysis of the results of psychometric tests, plan for diversity, observational analysis, academic file, scholastic history, and multiple interviews were carried out. The findings show how the educational curriculum can be adapted to improve the competences of a student with psychosis by encouraging an increase in social abilities and potential cognitive abilities through the counseling department. The conclusions of this research can provide a guideline for comparison of different educational systems, paying greater attention to the development of emotional aspects, and opting for inclusive measures. In this line, this study shows that students with psychosis can share classrooms and studies with their peers, thus fulfilling the principle of educational inclusion.

Kecemasan Komunikasi pada Mahasiswa Psikologi Unimal

Communication anxiety is a fear experienced by individuals who deal with communication either directly or indirectly between individuals and other individuals. Establishment of communication anxiety tools is expected to help researchers and clinical parties who need these measurements to make appropriate interventions related to communication anxiety to students in Indonesia. Communication behavioral indicators of communication anxiety scale are obtained from 4 components: Internal Discomfort, Avoidance of Communication, Communication Disruption, and Overcommunication. The study participants were 115 people consisting of 35 men (30.4%) and 80 women (69.6%). The age range of participants 17-21 years consists of 26 people aged ≥20 years (22.6%), 50 persons aged 20 years (43.5%), 23 persons aged 19 years (20%), 15 persons aged 18 years (13%), and 1 person aged 17 years (0.9%). Based on the results of psychometric tests performed obtained alpha-cronbach results of α = 0.862 (very good) and 28 of 46 aitem have correlation value ≥.30 thus aitem of the scale of anxiety is considered good psychometrically.

Probiotics as Alternative Therapy for Psychometric Disorders in Hepatic Encephalopathy

Aim: To identify whether probiotics have the same effectiveness as lactulose in improving the results of psychometric testing in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.Method: Literature Searching were performed on Pubmed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Cochrane databases to obtain an randomized controlled trial (RCT) or a systematic review. Searches were made with the keywords "hepatic encephalopathy", "probiotic", "lactulose" and number connection test ("NCT"). Search is continued by excluding the literature through abstract and full text.Results: Two studies were found to be relevant according to the criteria. The study by Mittal showed that probiotics were better than lactulose in improving NCT-B with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.54-1.44; p = 0.62) but not better for improving NCT- A with RR 1.43 (95% CI: 0.62-3.24; p = 0.40). In the Sharma study, lactulose was better in improving NCT score with the mean difference (MD) 6.7 (95% CI: 0.58-12.82) and in the Li study, there was no significant significance between MD 3.93 (95% CI: -0,72-8,58)Conclusion: In conclusion, Probiotics cannot replace lactulose as a standard therapy for hepatic encephalopathy. There is not enough evidence that proves probiotics are better than lactulose.

Human Labor Pain Is Influenced by the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel KV6.4 Subunit

SummaryBy studying healthy women who do not request analgesia during their first delivery, we investigate genetic effects on labor pain. Such women have normal sensory and psychometric test results, except for significantly higher cuff pressure pain. We find an excess of heterozygotes carrying the rare allele of SNP rs140124801 in KCNG4. The rare variant KV6.4-Met419 has a dominant-negative effect and cannot modulate the voltage dependence of KV2.1 inactivation because it fails to traffic to the plasma membrane. In vivo, Kcng4 (KV6.4) expression occurs in 40% of retrograde-labeled mouse uterine sensory neurons, all of which express KV2.1, and over 90% express the nociceptor genes Trpv1 and Scn10a. In neurons overexpressing KV6.4-Met419, the voltage dependence of inactivation for KV2.1 is more depolarized compared with neurons overexpressing KV6.4. Finally, KV6.4-Met419-overexpressing neurons have a higher action potential threshold. We conclude that KV6.4 can influence human labor pain by modulating the excitability of uterine nociceptors.

Деякі показники тривоги і депресії у пацієнтів з вогнепальними пораненнями кінцівок у ранньому післятравматичному періоді

SummaryIntroduction. Disorders in the psycho-emotional sphere in people with gunshotwounds can have a significant impact on the post-traumatic course and results oftreatment, which necessitates their detection and appropriate correction. Screening foranxiety and depression in patients with gunshot wounds of the extremities in the earlypost-traumatic period is relevant.Objective. Study of anxiety and depression indicators in patients with gunshotwounds of the extremities to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.Material and methods. The study of anxiety and depression is a fragment of acomprehensive examination of patients with gunshot wounds of the extremities who weretreated at the National Military Medical Clinical Center «Main Military ClinicalHospital» of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. A comparative analysis of the results ofpsychometric testing of anxiety and depression using the Beck Alarm Scale, HospitalAnxiety and Depression Scale as well as Hamilton Scale was performed in 54 people(33 patients with gunshot wounds of the extremities and 21 – in the control group).Statistical data processing was performed.Results and discussion. According to the comparative analysis, the level of anxietyand depression among the examined patients with gunshot wounds of the extremitieswas significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control group for all tests: Beck anxietyscale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Hamilton scale. According to theHospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, there were significantly more cases of clinicallysignificant levels of anxiety.Conclusions. Anxiety and depression levels in patients with gunshot wounds of theextremities by all scales used, namely the Beck Alarm Scale, Hospital Anxiety andDepression Scale as well as Hamilton Scale, were significantly higher than in thecontrol group. The expediency of conducting psychometric testing for anxiety anddepression in the early post-traumatic period in all patients with gunshot wounds of theextremities was confirmed. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was moreinformative for detecting anxiety and depression in the surveyed contingent.

Effect of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) levels on the development of cognitive and psychoemotional disorders in patients with cerebrovascular disease

In recent years, the problem of vascular cognitive impairment is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing prevalence of cerebrovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between 25(OH)D, highly sensitive CRP, interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and cognitive function in patients with cerebrovascular disease and to assess their impact on quality of life.&#x0D; Materials and methods. 58 patients with cerebrovascular disease aged 3181 years were examined. The comparison group consisted of 24 patients, comparable in age and sex, without the studied pathology. In the study, patients were determined by the level of 25(OH)D, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, highly sensitive CRP in peripheral blood. All patients underwent neuropsychological, psychometric examination and study of their quality of life.&#x0D; Results. In the study, the level of 25(OH)D in patients with cerebrovascular disease was lower compared to the group without this pathology. Concentrations of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and highly sensitive CRP in patients in the main group were statistically significantly higher than in those in the comparison group. Higher concentrations of highly sensitive CRP, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 were found in patients with low vitamin D availability. The study obtained direct correlations between the level of 25(OH)D in peripheral blood and the results of neuropsychological testing (MMSE, MoCA, FAB, Schulte tables (performance), the Drawing hours test) and the inverse with the degree of workability (Schulte tables). An inverse correlation of average strength was observed between the results of psychometric testing and the level of 25(OH)D in peripheral blood. The study confirmed the relationship between the level of 25(OH)D in peripheral blood and quality of life indicators, in the form of a direct correlation.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study found that the higher the concentration of 25 (OH)D and the lower the level of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and highly sensitive CRP in the peripheral blood, the less likely it is to develop cognitive and psychoemotional disorders. The study confirmed the relationship between the level of 25(OH)D and quality of life indicators.

Improvement of Norm Score Quality via Regression-Based Continuous Norming.

The interpretation of psychometric test results is usually based on norm scores. We compared semiparametric continuous norming (SPCN) with conventional norming methods by simulating results for test scales with different item numbers and difficulties via an item response theory approach. Subsequently, we modeled the norm scores based on random samples with varying sizes either with a conventional ranking procedure or SPCN. The norms were then cross-validated by using an entirely representative sample of N = 840,000 for which different measures of norming error were computed. This process was repeated 90,000 times. Both approaches benefitted from an increase in sample size, with SPCN reaching optimal results with much smaller samples. Conventional norming performed worse on data fit, age-related errors, and number of missings in the norm tables. The data fit in conventional norming of fixed subsample sizes varied with the granularity of the age brackets, calling into question general recommendations for sample sizes in test norming. We recommend that test norms should be based on statistical models of the raw score distributions instead of simply compiling norm tables via conventional ranking procedures.

Development of Entrepreneurship Training Model of "Smart Entrepreneur Model" (SEM) at the Universitas Negeri Padang

Training Entrepreneurship is one of the efforts to streamline the purpose of supporting entrepreneurship education in universities. This study aims to develop and produce a model of entrepreneurship training of "Smart Entrepreneur Model" (SEM) developed by using Four D's approach. The design development of the SEM Model Training Model was using ADDIE Instructional Design. Results of the research on the stages of needs analysis showed that students have a very high requirement for learning entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial planning, and business management, as well as a high need for a training online business based. Rationalization development carried out was a matter of lack of funded proposals by Ditjen which were only 21.42% of the submitted proposals which met the criteria set forth. Then, from 81 funded business proposals, it was only 30.86% that run caused by weak of business management committed by participants of Students Entrepreneurial Program (PMW). In the development of SEM Training Model, the design is Needs Analysis stage and skills gap analysis. Stages of the design were based on objectives, performance, goals of activities, methods, place and time, content, and syntax. Developed Syntax of SEM consisted of 8 steps of training activities where Syntac of SEM training Model consisted of the 8-step training process. They are Preparation Participants Training, Psychometric Test, Identification Results of Psychometric Tests, Analysis of Business, Management Mentoring, Mentoring Online Business, Business progress report, Evaluation of training implementation.

Патохарактерологические особенности как предикторы импульсивной агрессии

In the original study, in order to identify predisposition factors and mechanisms of criminal impulsive aggression, psychometric testing was performed with further evaluation of the dependence of the probability of impulsive aggression on the results of psychometric testing by constructing a binary logistic regression model. On groups of mentally healthy individuals and individuals with organic mental disorder, the dependence of the presence or absence of the fact of impulsive aggression and the diagnosis (mentally healthy/organic mental disorder) on the variable test results was evaluated. The results prove the extra-nosological nature of the formation of propensity to impulsive aggression, the contribution of pathocharacterological predictors of aggressive behavior, but not clinical ones. The specificity of mechanisms of formation of propensity to impulsive aggression in mental health and organic mental disorder is determined. A method for determining probability has been developed.

Initial Psychometric Testing of the Knowledge About Atrial Fibrillation and Self-Management Survey.

Guidelines endorse educating patients to self-manage atrial fibrillation (AF) to mitigate AF-related adverse events contributing to personal and societal burden. Published interventions to improve patients' knowledge about AF and self-management are emerging, but evaluations of interventions are limited by lack of a psychometrically sound instrument to measure learning outcomes. We report results of initial psychometric testing of the Knowledge about Atrial Fibrillation and Self-Management (KAFSM) survey. Participants (N = 383), from midwest and southeast medical centers, completed the KAFSM survey. Content validity was evaluated by expert review. Construct validity was evaluated using the Pearson correlation procedure for convergent validity with the Knowledge about Atrial Fibrillation test and independent t test for known groups. Factor analysis using principal axis factoring was performed with a tetrachoric matrix. The Kuder-Richardson procedure was used to determine internal consistency reliability. A content validity index of 0.86 resulted from expert review. A positive (r = 0.60) correlation between the KAFSM survey and Knowledge about Atrial Fibrillation test demonstrated convergent validity. Higher KAFSM scores (difference, 3.28; t = 6.44, P < .001) observed in participants who underwent AF ablation compared with those with an AF diagnosis of less than or equal to 6 months supported known groups validity. Factor analysis revealed a single-factor structure explaining 35% of the variance. The Kuder-Richardson coefficient was 0.86. The KAFSM survey demonstrates content and construct validity and internal consistency reliability. Implementation of the KAFSM in the clinical setting will permit evaluation of the feasibility of its use and value to assess learning outcomes of AF education.

Evaluación neuropsicológica en adultos con discapacidad intelectual. Análisis de casos

La discapacidad intelectual consiste en alteraciones del funcionamiento de los procesos psi­cológicos básicos como resultado de disfunciones en el sistema nervioso. Pueden valorarse mediante evaluaciones neuropsicológicas. El diagnóstico neuropsicológico debe apoyarse en los resultados de las pruebas psicométricas y en observaciones conductuales. El estu­dio de casos permite explicar las bases de una problemática donde el investigador puede convertirse en un experto en el área de conocimiento planteada. Se da a conocer el análisis de la evaluación de dos casos clínicos con discapacidad intelectual. Los instrumentos em­pleados fueron: historia clínica, NEUROPSI breve en español. Se realizaron observaciones conductuales en sesiones de interacción y se hizo un electroencefalograma (EEG). Ambos casos presentaron dificultades en los procesos neuropsicológicos de orientación, atención, memoria, lenguaje, funciones ejecutivas y motricidad. La descripción y análisis de casos individuales permiten diseñar programas de rehabilitación neuropsicológica para la inter­vención clínica de los pacientes.

Impact of immunosuppressive therapy on brain derived cytokines after liver transplantation

BackgroundWhile acute neurotoxic side effects of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are well-known, data upon long-term effects on brain structure and function are sparse. We hypothesize that long-term CNI therapy affects the neuroimmune system, thereby, increasing the risk of neurodegeneration. Here, we measured the impact of CNI therapy on plasma levels of brain- and T cell-derived cytokines in a cohort of patients after liver transplantation (LT). MethodsLevels of T cell-mediated cytokines (e.g. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) and brain-derived cytokines (e.g. brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)) were measured by multiplex assays in plasma of 82 patients about 10 years after LT (17 with CNI free, 35 with CNI low dose, 30 with standard dose CNI immunosuppression) and 33 healthy controls. Data were related to psychometric test results and parameters of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. ResultsIFN-γ levels were significantly higher in the CNI free LT patient group (p=0.027) compared to healthy controls. BDNF levels were significantly lower in LT patients treated with CNI (CNI low: p<0.001; CNI standard: p=0.016) compared to controls. PDGF levels were significantly lower in the CNI low dose group (p=0.004) and for PDGF-AB/BB also in the CNI standard dose group (p=0.029) compared to controls. BDNF and PDGF negatively correlated with cognitive function and brain volume (p<0.05) in the CNI low dose group. ConclusionOur results imply that long-term treatment with CNI suppresses BDNF and PDGF expression, both crucial for neuronal signaling, cell survival and synaptic plasticity and thereby may lead to cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration.

Determining responsiveness and meaningful changes for the Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways

ObjectivesWe have previously developed and validated the Arthritis Research UK Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways, showing encouraging psychometric test results. The objective of this study...

Analysis of the neuronal damage severity and cognitive status in patients after operations on the aortic arch

Aim. To assess the neuronal damage severity and cognitive status in conditions of unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion through the brachiocephalic trunk during surgical reconstruction of the thoracic aorta. Material and methods. The study included 144 patients with aneurysm and dissection of the thoracic aorta. Patients underwent reconstructive surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass, unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion and circulatory arrest. Before and after the intervention, a cognitive status analysis was performed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Amatinu test and Schulte tables. The dynamics of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker of neuronal damage, was determined perioperatively. Results. The duration of cardiopulmonary bypass was 155 [115; 201] min, cardioplegic arrest — 100 [72; 150] min, unilateral perfusion — 20 [15; 51] min,circulatory arrest — 20 [15; 30]min.Hospital mortality was 7% (10 cases). Neurological complications were noted in 12 (8%) cases. All patients in the postoperative period (within 24 hours) showed an increase in NSE compared with baseline values (3,3 μg/L and 2,07 μg/L, respectively, p=0,0003), but not exceeding the upper limit of normal (9,9 μg/l). According to the results of psychometric tests, which were carried out upon admission to the hospital and 2 weeks after the operation, there were no negative changes (MoCA test: 24 [21; 26] points — 26 [24; 27] points, p=0,00001; Schulte tables: 288 [240; 368] s — 278 [241; 328] s, p=0,01; Amatuni sample 264 [216; 297] s — 254 [221; 280] s, p=0,57). Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the perioperative dynamics of neuronspecific enolase and cognitive tests, unilateral cerebral perfusion through the brachiocephalic trunk is effective and relatively safe. This method of perfusion protection of the brain helps to minimize postoperative neurological complications during operations on the thoracic aorta.

P: 30 Relation Between Mortality and Psychometric Test Results in Patients Awaiting Liver Transplantation

BACKGROUND: Hepatic encephalopathy is a common severe complication of liver cirrhosis that, however, so far is not considered as an indication for organ allocation to patients on the transplant waiting list. Multiple psychometric tests have been developed to detect hepatic encephalopathy. However, there is only rare data about the predictive value of psychometric test results regarding mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. This retrospective analysis of prospective data determined the predictive value of the Inhibitory Control Test (ICT), the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), the Portosystemic Encephalopathy Syndrome-Test and the Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF) assessment in regard to mortality in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation. METHODS: 143 patients awaiting liver transplantation were included. They underwent a test battery including the Inhibitory Control Test, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, the Portosystemic Encephalopathy Syndrome-Test which provides the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) and the Critical Flicker Frequency assessment at study inclusion. The PHES was available for all patients (n = 143), the RBANS scores for n = 115, the ICT results for n = 99, and the CFF results for n = 136 patients. Basic characteristics (age, gender, underlying liver disease, accompanying diseases) and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) -Score at the time of study inclusion were documented. Follow-up was done for 5 years. Patients who either received a liver transplantation or dropped out of the study during the observation period were censored. The five-year survival rate was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULTS: Patients with abnormal PHES had a significantly higher mortality risk than patients with a normal PHES (P &lt; 0.0001). Also patients with an abnormal RBANS result had a significantly higher risk to die than patients with a normal RBANS result (P = 0.018), but the difference was less significant compared to the PHES. Mortality risk did not significantly differ between patients with normal or abnormal CFF or ICT results. (CFF: P = 0.412; ICT: P = 0.202). In a binary logistic regression analysis the MELD-Score and diabetes were independent prognostic factors for mortality risk (MELD: P = 0.003; diabetes: P = 0.008). The MELD-Score turned out to have significant impact on the test results regarding the PHES (P &lt; 0.0001), but not concerning the other tests (CFF: P = 0.903; RBANS: P = 0.065; ICT: P = 0.139). CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal PHES result is an indicator for an increased mortality risk, though less predictive than the MELD-Score.

Applicability of the locus of control of behaviour scale for people with dementia

Objective To investigate the applicability of the Locus of Control of Behaviour scale (LoCB) for people with dementia. Method A sample of 534 participants with dementia (78.4 mean age, 58% female) were included. Assessment included the LoCB, the Montgomery–Aasberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Mini-Mental Status Examination Norwegian revised (MMSE-NR) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (I-ADL). Completion percentages and internal reliability of LoCB were examined for predefined MMSE-NR groups (0–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, 25–27, and 28–30). Factors associated with completion were analysed, and a principal component analysis (PCA) of the LoCB was performed. Sum score and component subscale scores were compared to MADRS and MMSE-NR scores. Results In total, 234 participants completed the LoCB. Completion percentages ranged from 74% (MMSE-NR 28–30) to 0% (MMSE-NR 0–9). Internal reliability was between 0.80 and 0.72 in groups with MMSE-NR > 9, except in MMSE-NR 20–24 (0.52). Age, MMSE-NR and education were associated with completion. The PCA yielded three components – powerful others, internal, and luck/fate – with explained variance of 41.3%. Participants with MADRS > 7 scored higher on the LoCB sum score, powerful others and internal subscale scores. No difference was found regarding the luck/fate subscale score. MMSE-NR did not affect LoCB scores. Conclusion Older age, less education, and more cognitive impairment decreased the likelihood of completion. However, psychometric test results indicate that those who completed the LoCB understood the questions, even with severe cognitive impairment. We conclude, therefore, that the LoCB is applicable for investigating control orientation among people with dementia.

Design and Validation of an Instrument To Measure a Minor's Maturity When Faced with Health Decisions

Decision-making capacity in children and adolescents in healthcare requires thorough assessment: the minor's maturity, understanding of the decision, risk of the situation and contextual factors needs to be explored. The intention was to design and validate a test—the Maturtest—to assess the maturity of minors in decision-making processes in healthcare. A reasoning test on moral conflicts for adolescents was designed to infer the degree of maturity of minors applied to decision-making regarding their own health. The test was completed by a sample of 441 adolescents aged from twelve to sixteen, with a corresponding analysis of their psychometric skills to measure feasibility, viability, reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Psychometric test results showed viability, reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. High correlation (correlation index = 0.74) between the test score and the reference method were notable. A high stability was obtained with an intraclass correlation coefficient (r = 0.77). The average response time of the test was twenty-three minutes. This test measures the moral maturity of adolescents. It is presented as an objective, useful, valid, reliable tool, easy to fill out, edit and apply in a healthcare context. It helps to assess the maturity of minors faced with a decision.

P36-F Neurophysiological assessment of cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis

Background Cognitive dysfunction concerns about 40–75% of subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the study was to check the usefulness of neurophysiological examinations in assessment of cognitive functions in patients with MS. Material and methods 61 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 21 healthy volunteers participated in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: A - 30 patients with short disease duration (time from first symptoms was less than 5 years); and B - 31 patients with long disease duration (time from first symptoms was more than 10 years). Neurophysiological tests were performed in all patients: event related potential (P300), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), visual evoked potentials (VEP). In addition, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale subscales (Lacks in Pictures and Symbols of Digits) were done. Results In patients with MS the mean latencies of P100, P23 and P300 were significantly longer than compared to controls. Prolongation of P300 was associated with worse education. Patients with longer disease duration had tendency to have longer latencies of P300. An association was found between results of psychometric tests and event-related potential P300. Conclusions Event related potential (P300) is useful in clinical practice to assess cognitive functions in MS patients.

Normalizacja skali "I-E w pracy" Xymeny Gliszczyńskiej

&lt;p&gt;Opracowanie zawiera opis i wyniki uzupełniającej procedury walidacji i normalizacji skali „I-E w pracy” Xymeny Gliszczyńskiej zrealizowanej na próbie N=1075 w latach 2014-2018. Początek artykułu obejmuje genezę i charakterystykę psychometryczną narzędzia wypracowanego w latach 80. XX w. Kolejna część zawiera wyniki aktualnych i uzupełniających badań psychometrycznych potwierdzających aktualny i poprawny koncepcyjnie charakter narzędzia. W końcowej części publikacji przedstawiono rezultaty analiz możliwości i zasadności wypracowania aktualnego układu norm wraz ze wskazaniem istotności różnic pomiędzy średnimi wynikami. Zrewidowane narzędzie posiada zadowalające parametry psychometryczne.&lt;/p&gt;