Results Of Bacteriological Analysis Research Articles

Эффективность препарата «МАСТИБЛОК® гель» при лечении мастита у коров в период лактации

The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of a new medicinal product for veterinary use «MASTIBLOCK gel» in the treatment of mastitis in cows during lactation. 5 groups (10 animals each) of lactating cattle with various forms of mastitis were formed: group 1 – subclinical mastitis; group 2 – acute serous mastitis; group 3 – chronic serous mastitis; group 4 – acute catarrhal mastitis; group 5 – chronic catarrhal mastitis. For the 1st, 2nd and 4th groups, therapy was carried out for 7 days, for the 3rd and 5th – for 14 days. The drug was used externally for all animals, by applying a uniform layer of 50 g 2 times a day to the surface of the udder. At the beginning and end of treatment, blood was taken in each group for general blood test; milk was taken to assess bacterial contamination and assess the number of somatic cells. The clinical assessment of the condition of the animals was carried out daily. All the animals were kept in the same conditions. The diet of cows of all groups corresponded to the norms for this type and technological use of animals. The presence of pathology and the effectiveness of the drug were evaluated based on the results of a clinical examination of animals, the results of bacteriological analysis, a general blood test and a milk test for the number of somatic cells. As a result of the work carried out, based on the results of the study, it was found that the drug showed high therapeutic efficacy in various forms of mastitis caused by opportunistic microflora in lactating cows, and also helps to restore the qualitative characteristics of milk and reduce somatic cells in them.

دراسة تأثير اضافة الزنجبيل المحلي كمضاد للنمو الميكروبي في لحم الدجاج المجمد

This study aimed to identify the effect of adding local ginger powder at a rate of 5, 7 and 10% and fresh local ginger at a rate of 7% on the numbers of pathogenic microbial in chicken meat discs manufactured in a laboratory and preserved under freezing conditions -12 °C for 15, 30 and 60 days. The bacteriological analysis conducted on the chicken frozen tablets included the total number of bacteria, coliform bacteria, Psychrotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and numbers of fungi and yeasts. The results of bacteriological analysis indicated a decrease in most types of the numbers of pathogenic microbes in chicken meat discs preserved under freezing conditions at -12°C when adding concentrations of 5, 7 and 10% of ginger powder and fresh ginger at a rate of 7%. Where the inhibitory effect was on the total numbers of bacteria, coliform bacteria Psychrotrophic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the number of fungi and yeasts at a concentration of 5% of dry ginger powder during the 15day storage period where a decrease was observed from 6.166, 4.873, 4.477, 5.493 and 4.814 log10 cfu/g to 5.985, 3.982, 2.229, 4.926 and 4.642 log10 cfu/g respectively. The resulted showed an increase in the frozen storage period to 30 days the microbial content had a significant effect at a significant level of P < 0.05 as it was in the control treatment 5.655, 4.362, 5.638, 5.022 and 4.892 log10 cfu/g when adding dry ginger at a concentration of 5%, the numbers were 5.474, 3.741, 2.162, 4.527 and 5.031 log10 cfu/g respectively. It was observed that the total number of bacteria, coliform bacteria, Psychrotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and numbers of fungi and yeasts increased in the control treatment at 60 day of frozen storage were 4.963, 4.537, 5.827, 4.676 and 4.472 log10 cfu/g, while when adding dry ginger at a concentration of 5%, inconstancy was seen in most of the pathogenic microbial numbers were 4.782, 3.692, 2.316, 3.746 and 4.738 log10 cfu/g respectively. The results also showed a decrease in most of the numbers of pathogenic bacteria by adding concentrations of 7 and 10% of dry ginger powder during 60 days on the total number of bacteria from 4.409 to 4.603log10 cfu/g and coliform bacteria from 3.978 to 3.833 log10cfu/g and Psychrotrophic bacteria from 2.116 to 1.151 log10cfu/g and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from 4.424 and 3.967 log10 cfu/g and numbers of fungi and yeasts from 3.636 to 2.742 log10 cfu/g respectively. Also, the results showed that adding a concentration of 7% of fresh ginger during the storage period of 60 days had the highest inhibitory effect on the total numbers of bacteria, coliform bacteria Psychrotrophic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the number of fungi and yeasts which recorded 4.084, 3.551, 1.962, 4.028 and 2.768 log10 cfu/g respectively compared to the control sample, which were 4.963, 4.537, 5.827, 4.472 and 4.676 log10 cfu/g respectively.

Seasonal variations of enteric peritonitis in Belgium and France : RDPLF data

Summary Little information is available on the seasonal ecology of germs responsible for peritoneal dialysis peritonitis. We performed a retrospective study based on RDPLF data covering the last 20 years and 20411 episodes of peritonitis. We show that the percentage of enteric peritonitis is highest in summer, lowest in winter and identical in spring and autumn. This higher proportion of organisms of enteric origin in summer has itself tended to increase in recent years. We postulate that a food contamination by enteric germs associated with an increased bacterial translocation at the level of the digestive tract itself favoured by constipation, as well as changes of the food nature could be responsible for this phenomenon. These seasonal variations may suggest that probabilistic initial antibiotic therapy should be adapted in cases of suspected peritonitis before the results of bacteriological analysis.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment from the Source to End User, the Case of Omo Kuraz Sugar Factory, Ethiopia

The aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality status from the source to end user in Omo Kuraz Sugar Factory -1. In the study, both primary and secondary sources of data were used to conduct the research. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted to select the sample needed for bacteriological analysis of the water quality. Samples were collected in rainy season for three times started from July 22 2019 to September 26 2019. Thirteen samples were collected at all representative sampling points at each time. The physicochemical parameters namely, pH, Temperature, Total dissolved solid, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulfate, Chloride, Total hardness, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Fluoride, Total alkalinity, Iron and Cupper. Total coliform as Bacteriological parameter was analyzed. The water quality index (WQI) - calculation was done using weighted arithmetic water quality index method. The result of physiochemical parameters, temperature (28.22°C), electrical conductivity (1331.37mg/l) and fluoride (1.89mg/l) were above the maximum permissible limit set by WHO and Ethiopian for drinking water. The results of remaining physiochemical parameters are fall within the desirable permissible limit for human consumption. The computed WQI values ranged 51.4 (source) to 69.6 (village-1) and all sampling points are ranked to poor water quality. The results of bacteriological analyses have shown that 50% of samples in the distribution systems were at medium risk, 16.7% of samples were at low risk and 33% of samples including the source were at zero risk. The study can conclude that the quality of drinking water source can be deteriorated in the water distribution system. Therefore, the current quality of water and distribution system needs to be improved or to be developed new better quality source in order to come up with current quality problem.

THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THE DRUG METRACINЕ IN COWS WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS

The article present the results on the research conducted for the veterinary drug Metracine used in the treatment of cows with chronic endometritis. Two groups were formed: the experimental and control. Before treatment the exudate was taken by three different ways: by a swab-probe applicator – from the vaginal vestibule, by a polystirol pipette – from the uterus and by hand – from the vagina. Pure cultures were isolated from the biological material for further studies of the antibacterial activity. Then we started to determine the therapeutic efficiency. The experimental group experienced the intrauterine administration 20 gr of Metracin once every 48 hours until the clinical recovery. The controls were administered intrauterine Iodosol as directed. Findings showed that the way of sampling influenced neither the quality of biological material nor the results of bacteriological analysis. The difference of methods lies in the convenience of taking samples by a specialist. Bacteriological expertise revealed the presence in the exudate of the following types of microorganisms: Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli which means that there is no interconnection whatsoever between the place of sampling and the type of microorganisms. The study of antibacterial activity of Metracin showed that this drug is destructive for the isolated microflora. The findings show the therapeutic efficacy to be 67.6%.

Local honey goat milk yoghurt production. Process and quality control

The aim of the present work is to set up a production process of goat milk-based yoghurt. Six (06) kinds of yoghurt have been prepared: a mixed unflavored yoghurt with 50% cow & goat milk, a mixed flavored yoghurt with 50% cow & goat milk, an unflavored 100% goat-milk-based yoghurt, a flavored 100% goat-milk-based yoghurt, two types of 100% goat milk-based yoghurts supplemented with natural honey. Results of bacteriological analyses of finished products showed the total absence of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella as well as the indicator hygiene bacteria like the fecal and total coliforms. Sensory analyses revealed that 100% goat-milk-based yoghurts are always better appreciated in the other categories (flavored or unflavored) compared to 50% mixed yoghurts. Sensory analyses reported that yoghurts made with honey (HGM1 and HGM2) were richer in carbohydrates (10.5g) and in energy (89.1 kilocalories) against natural yoghurts and flavored yoghurts, which recorded a carbohydrate content of 5.3g and 68.3 kilocalories. The protein contents were assessed at 3.9g. Levels of lipids were at 3.5g together with amounts in minerals such like: calcium, phosphorous, potassium and sodium which reached respectively 168 mg, 114 mg, 203 mg and 58 mg.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of major bacterial pathogens isolated from bovine mastitis in Bench Maji zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Bovine mastitis is a potentially fatal mammary gland due to physical trauma or microorganisms infections. It is the most widespread, costly disease in dairy farms and a great concern for many producers in developing countries like Ethiopia. The study was conducted to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of identified pathogens from mastitic cattle. Out of 384 lactating cows examined in the course of the study period, 116 (30.21%) cows had mastitis. The results of bacteriological analysis of cultured milk samples had shown three major strains of pathogenic bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli were isolated from 81 cows, 48 bacterial isolates (59.26 %) were identified as S. aureus, 31 bacterial isolates (38.27%) were identified as Str. agalactiae and two bacterial isolates (2.47%) were identified E. coli (2.47%). The antimicrobial agents used were gentamycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin amoxicillin, penicillin and ampicillin. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test showed some degree of resistance in varying proportions of isolates. Some of the bacterial isolates exhibited even resistance to two or more antibiotics. S. aureus represented 95.8 % of the total isolates, was found resistant to penicillin while 93.7% of the total isolates were found sensitive to gentamycin. On the other hand, from the total isolates of Str. agalactiae, the maximum resistance was recorded in ampicillin (35.5%), and sensitivity was recorded in penicillin (83.9%). All of the E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin while all of them were susceptible to gentamycin and streptomycin. The average susceptibility of S. aureus, Str. agalactiae and E. coli strains to all antimicrobials tested in this study were 37.5%, 41.9% and 37.5%, respectively. In comparison, the average resistivity of all antimicrobials tested was 41.4%, 13.3%, and 43.8% of S. aureus, Str. agalactiae and E. coli, respectively. For the bacterial isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin were the drugs more active, while the majority of isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin. This antibiotic resistance development among these bacteria may pose a problem of concern. Hence, the use of antimicrobials in both the treatment and prevention of intra-mammary infections must be based on in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test.

Surface water pollution risk assessment of wadis, Mekerra and Saïda, in the North-Western of Algeria

Considered as the main stream of hydrographic network of Mactaa’s basin, in the west highlands of Algeria, both wadis, Mekerra and Saïda, are affected by pollution which is generated by anthropogenic activities. Makara and Saïda wadis cross the urban areas of Sidi-Bel-Abbes and Saïda respectively, in the west of Algeria, which constitute a real problem of human safety. In order to identify the pollution state on these wadis, samples have been collected during three periods of time (June 2011, July 2012 and April 2013) in the goal to characterize the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of surface water.Results obtained describe clearly the existence of chemical and organic pollution in both wadis at high levels of calcium, magnesium, chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, phosphate, DBO5 and dissolved oxygen. The evaluation of organic pollution index (OPI) confirmed that there is a high organic pollution, upstream, which increases with high water passage towards urban areas of both cities (OPI).The bacteriological analysis results obtained show presence of high contents of faecal bacteria contamination (total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (TC) and faecal streptococci(FS))principally in wadi Saïda. The relationship between FC/FS justifies the predominance of human origin than of animal as source of contamination. While, the determination of microbiological quality index (MQI), for each wadi, confirms degradation of microbiological quality by the faecal pollution, mainly in Saïda urban area.

Comparative analysis of the detectability of microorganisms in the prostatic fluid and ejaculate according to the results of bacteriological analysis

Introduction. Currently the chronic prostatitis (NIH type IV) remains insufciently studied and difcult to treat with antibiotics. When making the diferential diagnosis of chronic prostatitis it is generally accepted by the EAU and Russian guidelines that the detected microorganisms in the prostatic fuid and the ejaculate practically do not difer from each other. The tactics of treating patients with asymptomatic prostatitis by means of antibacterial drugs remains disputable. Most reputable authors believe that this category of patients shall receive treatment in case of infertility, pregnancy miscarriage or forthcoming surgery on the prostate gland. Recently, EAU guidelines have expressed doubts regarding the identity of the microbiota found in the prostatic secretions and the ejaculate.The study objective. Comparative analysis of the detectability of microorganisms in prostatic secretions and the ejaculate by means of bacteriological analysis among the men with chronic prostatitis of category IV.Materials and methods. The study involved 117 men who went to the urological clinic to pregravid examination or on the occasion of infertility. All patients were diagnosed with prostatitis of category IV based on a standard examination, and then a bacteriological analysis of prostatic secretions and ejaculate was performed. During the research the prostatic fuid and ejaculate were taken simultaneously and the analysis was carried out in one and the same bacteriological laboratory. In case the titer of the detected microorganisms was signifcant, the patients were ofered to undergo treatment without the use of antibiotics but with combination of bovhyaluronidase azoximer with prostate protectors and/or OM-89; after that a control bacteriological study was performed.Results. In the prostatic secretions and in the semen, the most commonly found gram-positive microorganisms were Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.; the representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae were found less frequently. It was statistically proven that the titer of bacteria in the prostatic secretions was considerably higher than that in the ejaculate (p <0.01). Sterile cultures were statistically-proven to be more frequent in ejaculate compared with prostatic secretions (13.7 % vs 3.4 %, p <0.01). When analyzing the coincidences for bacteria, low concordance was obtained for all identifed microorganisms (gram-positive bacteria varied from 48.3 to 79.5 %, gram-negative bacteria varied from 57.1 to 80.0 %). After the combined therapy, the bacterial mass signifcantly decreased in the prostate secretion from 104.3 ± 1.6 CFU/ml to 103.3 ± 2.0 CFU/ml (p = 0.008), while in the semen the bacterial mass decreased from 103.5 ± 1.8 CFU/ml to 102.6 ± 2.1 CFU/ml (p = 0.02). In the prostatic secretions, there was a statistically-proven decrease in the number of gram-negative bacteria (p = 0.05). As soon as the treatment was completed all the patients demonstrated the normalized number of leukocytes according to microscopy of prostate secretions or spermogram.Conclusion. The ejaculate is a more sterile biomaterial compared with the prostatic fuid, which should be taken into account in the diferential diagnostics of the chronic prostatitis of category IV and MAGI. The use of non-antibacterial treatment regimens, such as bovhyaluronidase azoximer, prostate protectors and OM-89, can reduce the titer of bacteria to insignifcant values both in the prostatic secretions and in the semen; and in some cases make the ejaculate sterile.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Taiz City and their Suitability for Irrigation

Abstract
 A field study was carried out for influent and effluent wastewater from Two treatment plants in Taiz city. The aim of the study is to evaluate and increase the efficiency of the treatment plants in Al-Buriahy and Nadfood factories (Al-Qurf), in order to ensure the safe and suitable use of wastewater for irrigation. Four samples of sewage were collected from influent and effluent of different locations within the areas of Al-Qurf, Al-Hawjlah, Hidran Al-Dabab and Al-Buraihy. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the samples of the partially treated wastewater compared with the untreated wastewater were higher in total dissolved solids. The values of the trace elements remained at the level of the sewage influent before and after the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy, the level of treatment did not decrease the concentration of a number of these elements. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) for effluent wastewater from the treatment plants recorded a significant decrease in their values. In contrast the results were close in the concentration of the BOD5 influent from the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy with the BOD5 concentration effluent from the treatment plant in the Nadfood has, reached 457mg/l, because the influent of the sewage from the industrial processes in the treatment plant of the Nadfood was too high, reaching an average of 7791 mg / l compared with 553 mg / l in the municipal influent sewage at the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy. The results of bacteriological analyses showed that the treated wastewater recorded a significant reduction in the number of fecal coliform compared with the number of fecal coliform at influent from treatment plant at Al-Buraihy area.These indications for treatment in wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, and treatment plant for industrial wastewater, that include the aeration and sedimentation units in Al-Qurf Nadfood factories, indicate that the degree of treatment is below the required level and still exceeds the limit allowed for irrigation purposes according to Yemeni and International standards. This suggests an action of rehabilitation of existing sewerage system, completion of the sewerage network and the establishment of the new treatment plant by using stabilization ponds with floating surface aerator in the facultative ponds at north of Taiz City. In addition, increase the efficiency of the current treatment plant by division of wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, into anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds, providing each pond with two devices/tools to measure the flows, and the establishment of the new treatment plant at the Nadfood factories. It should consist of screening, oil /fat removal, primary and secondary clarifiers, high rate trickling filters (1st and 2nd stage), sludge digester, sand drying beds, and chlorination.
 Keywords: Taiz city, sewage, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform,treatment plant, efficiency, municipal, industrial.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Taiz City and their Suitability for Irrigation

Abstract
 A field study was carried out for influent and effluent wastewater from Two treatment plants in Taiz city. The aim of the study is to evaluate and increase the efficiency of the treatment plants in Al-Buriahy and Nadfood factories (Al-Qurf), in order to ensure the safe and suitable use of wastewater for irrigation. Four samples of sewage were collected from influent and effluent of different locations within the areas of Al-Qurf, Al-Hawjlah, Hidran Al-Dabab and Al-Buraihy. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the samples of the partially treated wastewater compared with the untreated wastewater were higher in total dissolved solids. The values of the trace elements remained at the level of the sewage influent before and after the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy, the level of treatment did not decrease the concentration of a number of these elements. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) for effluent wastewater from the treatment plants recorded a significant decrease in their values. In contrast the results were close in the concentration of the BOD5 influent from the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy with the BOD5 concentration effluent from the treatment plant in the Nadfood has, reached 457mg/l, because the influent of the sewage from the industrial processes in the treatment plant of the Nadfood was too high, reaching an average of 7791 mg / l compared with 553 mg / l in the municipal influent sewage at the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy. The results of bacteriological analyses showed that the treated wastewater recorded a significant reduction in the number of fecal coliform compared with the number of fecal coliform at influent from treatment plant at Al-Buraihy area.These indications for treatment in wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, and treatment plant for industrial wastewater, that include the aeration and sedimentation units in Al-Qurf Nadfood factories, indicate that the degree of treatment is below the required level and still exceeds the limit allowed for irrigation purposes according to Yemeni and International standards. This suggests an action of rehabilitation of existing sewerage system, completion of the sewerage network and the establishment of the new treatment plant by using stabilization ponds with floating surface aerator in the facultative ponds at north of Taiz City. In addition, increase the efficiency of the current treatment plant by division of wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, into anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds, providing each pond with two devices/tools to measure the flows, and the establishment of the new treatment plant at the Nadfood factories. It should consist of screening, oil /fat removal, primary and secondary clarifiers, high rate trickling filters (1st and 2nd stage), sludge digester, sand drying beds, and chlorination.
 Keywords: Taiz city, sewage, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform,treatment plant, efficiency, municipal, industrial.

Biological Characterization of Water in Damietta Branch of the Nile River, Egypt.

Damietta branch is one of the two main branches of the Nile River (Egypt), that often inhabited by many aquatic organisms, which affect and reflect its water characteristics. This study examine the relation between submerged macrophytes, their epiphytic microalgae and bacterial communities as well as the variations in their distribution and species composition with respect to season and location. Macrophytes, epiphytes and water samples were collected from 5 sites distributed along Damietta branch. Macrophytes, epiphytes and bacterial indicators of pollution were identified using standard methods. Three submerged macrophytes (Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Potamogeton crispus) and 191 epiphytic algal taxa dominated by 87 Bacillariophyta and 62 Chlorophyta were recorded with significance seasonal and spatial variations. Myriophyllum spicatum was the most frequent macrophyte (p = 100%) and represent about 100, 100, 97.4 and 64.9% kg DW m-2 of the total collected macrophytes biomass during autumn, winter, spring and summer respectively. The relation between some epiphytic algal species and specific macrophytes was evident and the high organic pollution tolerant algal species like, Melosira granulata, Nitzschia palea, Synedra ulna, Oscillatoria limosa, Microcystis aeruginosa were recorded. Results of bacteriological analysis revealed a significance difference in total viable bacterial counts developed on either 22 or 37°C, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and Escherichia coli attributed to the seasons and sites. The results indicated different relations between macrophytes, epiphytes and bacteria, which is a useful biological tool for characterization of water quality in Damietta branch for different purposes.

Hydrochemical studies and evaluation of groundwater quality of the Quaternary aquifer at Faquss, Al Sharqiya Governorate, Egypt

The Quaternary deposits represent the main groundwater aquifer in the study area. During the last few years, the problem of groundwater contamination has been intensified mainly due to natural and human-related factors. The present work aims to study the hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of shallow groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer at Faquss district. To achieve that, 16 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions, trace elements, and microbiological analysis. Constructions of water level map of the Pleistocene aquifer and distribution maps for different ions in groundwater were made by surfer software. Statistical analyses for water quality parameters were carried out. Results indicate that most of the studied area is characterized by fresh water (TDS < 1000 mg/L) with low contents of K, Na, Mg, Ca, SO4, and Cl reflecting the suitability of ground water for drinking. High contents of TDS, Na, SO4, and Cl are recorded at the northeastern parts of the area; this refers to the existence of local pollution sources resulting from the infiltration of domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastes in the intensive populated area. The concentrations of trace elements (chromium, copper, cadmium, etc.) in groundwater are within the acceptable limits for drinking and domestic uses. Iron and manganese are over the acceptable limits in most of the area and the groundwater is unsuitable for drinking. Low contents of iron and manganese are recorded at the north, while aluminum contents are over the acceptable limits at the same site. The results of bacteriological analyses indicate the existence of E. coli bacteria in most of shallow wells ranges between 4 and 800 ml. So, shallow groundwater should be chemically treated before drinking. Generally, the groundwater in the studied area is suitable for irrigation, except 19% of wells suffer from sodium hazards. The ratio rNa/rCl varies between 1.012 and 1.56 in most groundwater samples and indicates the continental origin of groundwater in the study area. The ratio r (K + Na)-rCl/rSO4 reflects either Na2–SO4 water type (in 75% of groundwater samples) or NaHCO3 water type of shallow meteoric origin (in 25% of groundwater samples). The presence of Na2SO4 water type in deep meteoric water genesis at shallow depth is associated with sulfate salts (MgSO4, and CaSO4) which formed more than 25% of salt combination might reflect the influence of anthropogenic activities. The dominant process determining the water composition is evaporation.

The impact of residential septic tanks on soil water infiltration and groundwater contamination in Duhok city

This study was conducted to assess the impact of septic water on soil water infiltration in Duhok city potentiallycontaminating regional groundwater through designing a large-scaled laboratory physical model of vertical flowdirection packed homogenously with silt-Clay soil. The designed model was supplied with newly collected septicwater. With steady-state flow condition, the model was run, water samples were collected and analyzed weekly.Various parameters and constituents that may influence soil structure and water infiltration were examined including : Electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), pHc and adjusted sodium absorption ratio (adj. SAR). For assessing groundwater quality, bacteriological analysis were conducted. Analytical results were used to estimate the examined parameters and predict their future trends. Results revealed that electrical conductivity (EC) was accumulating until it reaches the carrying capacity. Sever hazard of (RSC) was detected within 25 meter depth. Average pHc was 6.74 indicating the tendency of lime (CaCO3) to precipitate from applied septic water. adj. SAR for port A and port B were 11.1 and 8.65 respectively which, caused severe soil deterioration, but on the other hand helped in decreasing the rate of contaminants transport for treatment within the soil before reaching the groundwater. Results of bacteriological analysis indicated that groundwater shallower than 31 meter was contaminated by fecal and total coliform bacteria. This study helped local authorities in establishing precaution strategies of groundwater management to protect public health.

Contribution of EDTA and Shaping Technique in the Quality of Teeth Cleaning Infected: In Vitro Study

Study objective: The aim of our study was to compare the effectiveness of EDTA cleaning gel to 17% when combined with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to 2.5% during canal preparation, with respect to the use of NaClO alone. By using two preparation techniques, the manual technique using manual files steel and continuous rotation with the Hero-shapers system.Materials and methods: The study was conducted in vitro on infected teeth, freshly extracted single rooted. All teeth were carefully cleaned and sectioned at the JCD.On each tooth, a bacteriological sample was taken before and after treatment canal with sterile paper points and analysed according to microbiological standards.The study was conducted on a total of 84 teeth randomly divided into 4 groups of 21 teeth each as follows:The first group was prepared manually with steel instruments and received sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% as irrigating; the 2nd group was manually prepared with the instruments steel and received sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% associated with EDTA gel at 17% as irrigating; the 3rd group was prepared with rotary instruments Hero Shaper and received sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% as irrigating; the 4th group was prepared with rotary instruments Hero Shaper and received sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% associated with EDTA at 17% as irrigating. The results of bacteriological analysis were processed using Epi Info 3.3.2 software, retained significance index p <5%.Results: 23% of germ eradication for the teeth of the first group, 56% for the 2nd group, 47% for the 3rd group and 68% for the 4th group.Conclusion: The use of a chelating agent undeniably improves the quality of cleaning of the root canals, compared with the use of only sodium hypochlorite.

Preliminary Studies on Processed Garri as a Source of Bacterial Hazards to Students

Microbial contamination is considered the most significant hazard associated with food. Data on pathogens present in foods are needed to provide valuable information on the exposure of consumers to certain food borne pathogens. Also, consumption habits among consumers may increase the risk of health hazards. This study aimed to assess some practices, signs and symptoms associated with consumption of soaked garri among university students, to also determine the presence and virulence characteristics of some bacteria in garri on sale in the market. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to a hundred university students to ascertain their perception on safety of garri and handling practices. Fifty samples of garri were randomly collected from the market and assessed for presence of bacteria. Isolates of selected genera were then screened for some virulence-associated properties. The results showed that majority of the students (91%) affirmed they do consume soaked garri at least once in a while, even though almost 70% think garri is nutritious. The students (54%) reported to have experienced at least a symptom of ill health after consuming garri soaked in water. The most commonly reported signs and symptoms were: stomach upset > malaise > fever > nausea > vomitting. There was a direct relationship between the number of students that suspect garri could be a source of illness (57.1%) and those that have actually experienced at least a symptom after consuming garri (54%). Results of bacteriological analysis of garri samples from the market indicated mean total aerobic plate count to be 5.42 log cfu/g. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella were found in 60% of the samples collected. Most isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas were found to be positive for haemolysin and biofilm formation tests which indicate their pathogenic potential. The conclusion is that bacteria with pathogenic potential are common in processed garri being sold in the market and that university students in the habit of consuming soaked garri are probably at risk of health hazards associated with pathogens in garri. Therefore, new food safety regulations should be formulated to incorporate food safety management systems during processing of garri in order to reduce the prevalence of food borne pathogens.

Combined methods of water disinfection – UV radiation in combination with other technologies

The results of the study of water disinfection using UV radiation in combination with other physical and chemical methods are shown in the article. Combined use of the different decontamination methods is expedient in cases where one of the methods hasn’t the requisite properties. In assessing the effect of the combined action of chlorine and UV disinfection it is shown no disinfection enhancement. Also, photolysis of chlorine compounds is not accompanied by the formation of undesirable byproducts. Combined use of US and UV treatment is characterized by high energy consumption, which makes this method not competitive for industrial use. Using high frequency currents entails higher costs in comparison with traditional method and therefore this method is not practical for widespread use. Using water ozonation provides the primary barrier against microbial contamination and reduces the amount of reagent that enables the use of the method for decomposition of complex organic compounds. Combined methods of UV radiation and other physical and chemical techniques (ultrasound, chlorination, microwaves) make it possible to solve complex and specific problems on a laboratory scale. Ozonation with UV radiation can be used for industrial purposes. The effectiveness of each of the studied techniques is based on the results of bacteriological analysis and characteristics of the object. The proposed UV combined methods for germicidal disinfection can be used for disinfection of not only drinking water and wastewater, and for a variety of objects of agriculture, food and medical industries.

Assessment of Bronchial Lavage Samples For the Diagnosis of Childhood Pneumonia

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections are frequent and often serious diseases in children. Wide number of microorganisms may cause lower respiratory tract infections, and sometimes it could be very difficult to determine the exact causative.Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of specimens obtained by bronchial lavage in determining the etiology of childhood pneumonia.Methods: This is prospective study conducted during four years period, in a group of 60 children aged from 6 months to 18 years. All patients included in this study underwent bronchoscopy when they fulfilled criteria of routine clinical protocol, in order to set correct diagnosis of lower respiratory tract disease. Results of bacteriological analysis of PLA samples were compared against the results of bacteriological analysis of BL samples of the same patient.Results: In majority of subjects - 41 (68.32%), the bacteria isolated from the bronchial lavage samples was not identified in pharyngolaryngeal aspirate and was considered as the cause of infection. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequently isolated pathogen in bronchial lavage samples.Conclusion: Findings based on analysis of bronchial lavage samples may be used as reliable criterion for etiological diagnosis in cases of pneumonia when initial empirical treatment failed.

Assessment of Bronchial Lavage Samples For the Diagnosis of Childhood Pneumonia

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections are frequent and often serious diseases in children. Wide number of microorganisms may cause lower respiratory tract infections, and sometimes it could be very difficult to determine the exact causative.Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of specimens obtained by bronchial lavage in determining the etiology of childhood pneumonia.Methods: This is prospective study conducted during four years period, in a group of 60 children aged from 6 months to 18 years. All patients included in this study underwent bronchoscopy when they fulfilled criteria of routine clinical protocol, in order to set correct diagnosis of lower respiratory tract disease. Results of bacteriological analysis of PLA samples were compared against the results of bacteriological analysis of BL samples of the same patient.Results: In majority of subjects - 41 (68.32%), the bacteria isolated from the bronchial lavage samples was not identified in pharyngolaryngeal aspirate and was considered as the cause of infection. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequently isolated pathogen in bronchial lavage samples.Conclusion: Findings based on analysis of bronchial lavage samples may be used as reliable criterion for etiological diagnosis in cases of pneumonia when initial empirical treatment failed.

Rainfall Harvesting as an Alternative Water Supply in Water Stressed Communities in Aguata-Awka Area of Southeastern Nigeria

Alternative sources of water are sought in some water stressed communities in the study area. The study focuses on the Aguata-Awka area of southeastern Nigeria. Aquifers occur at great depths, and surface waters may be far from homesteads. The scarcity of water has necessitated the people to adopt various local technologies for harvesting rainfall. The local technology includes collecting rainwater from roofs and channeling the water into large underground tanks, shallow wells and surface reservoirs. Large concrete tanks of 6 m × 6 m × 4 m dimensions are often built underground and can store 144 m3 of water. Surface reservoirs built on 4 m concrete pillar supports having dimensions of 10 m × 10 m × 4 m and have a storage capacity of 400 m 3 . Water samples were collected at 3 different locations of Agulu, Ekwulobia, and Awka and were analyzed for their physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters. Results indicate a range of values for pH, 5.9 to 7.1; turbidity, 0.9 to 2.7; total dissolved solids, 80 to 170 mg/L; total hardness, 4.5 to 6.4 mg/L; magnesium, 1.2 to 1.4 mg/L; bicarbonate, 19.4 to 83.6 mg/L; and sulfate, 3.6 to 6.4 mg/L. Bacteriological analysis results were negative for fecal and total coliform counts. All parameters, with the exception of pH where aluminum and galvanized iron roofs are used for collection, fall within the recommended guidelines for drinking water quality of the World Health Organization, and the Standard Organization of Nigeria, new Nigerian standards for drinking water quality. Magnesium is above the maximum permitted level for consumer acceptability of the Nigerian standards for drinking water quality. The water can be classified as fresh moderately hard and soft. The water can be described as a calcium and bicarbonate type.