Antimicrobial Test Results Research Articles

Clinical Characteristics and Microbial Profiles of Paediatric Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia in China

Background: Staphylococcus aureus can cause fatal pneumonia. The evolution of bacteria and the overuse of antibiotics have enhanced the drug resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Objectives: This study aimed to recapitulate the microbiological profile and clinical characteristics of paediatric patients with MRSA. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted to investigate 1372 paediatric patients with S. aureus pneumonia from January 2017 to December 2021. Sputum specimens were collected and processed for performing bacterial culture and drug sensitivity tests. Medical records of patients were reviewed for clinical characteristics and laboratory examination results. Results: The MRSA and MSSA pneumonia mainly occurred in infants; however, comparisons of sex, age, and sampling time between patients with MRSA and MSSA pneumonia showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). The results of drug sensitivity in sputum culture revealed that all MRSA and MSSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, teicoplanin, and ceftaroline. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was completely sensitive to rifampicin and oxacillin. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was completely resistant to penicillin and oxacillin, while MSSA was less sensitive to penicillin. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and MSSA both maintained high sensitivity rates to gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, with the exception of clindamycin and erythromycin. According to our results, moreover, the sensitivity of MRSA to gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was significantly higher than that of MSSA (P < 0.05). The common symptoms of patients with S. aureus pneumonia were fever, cough, and wheezing. patients with MRSA pneumonia had significantly higher counts of white blood cells (WBCs), C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) than patients with MSSA pneumonia (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of antimicrobial sensitivity test in sputum culture of MRSA and MSSA isolates can reflect the sensitivity of antibiotics and guide the use of clinical antibiotics. Infectious biomarkers can reflect the severity of infection and guide prognosis.

Descriptive epidemiology of the cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe 2018–2019: role of multi-sectorial approach in cholera epidemic control

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to explore the epidemiology and microbiological pattern of the cholera outbreaks that occurred in Zimbabwe from 2018 to 2019.Study setting and designThis descriptive study used secondary...

ANTIMICROBIAL APPROACHES FOR TEXTILES

The use of textile materials with antimicrobial treatment is one of the ways to effectively protect a person from exposure to various pathogens. The article is devoted to the topical issue of the development of innovative textile materials with prolonged antimicrobial treatment. To establish the possibility and features of obtaining innovative textile materials with long-term antimicrobial treatment. To prepare this article, many materials were considered, as well as ready-made solutions that were publicly available.Despite the fact that research on this topic was conducted, in order to obtain a prolonged effect, special attention needs to be paid to the problem of fixing the antimicrobial drug.To establish the technological features of applying a prolonged action antimicrobial treatment to textile material. The main tasks are to determine the composition of the composition and the peculiarities of the processing of the textile material; to investigate the influence of the polymer carrierand the fixing agent on the permanence of the final treatment and the stability of the antimicrobial effect.In order to obtain a prolonged antimicrobial effect, the problem of fixing the antimicrobial drug on the textile material was solved by using the developed preparation composition. The proposed finishing compound contains carboxymethylated starch, decamethoxine as a bactericidal drug and an agent for fixing them on the textile material -potassium iodide. The effect of the finishing components on the sorption of modified starch by cotton fabric was studied and a significant increase in its content on the fabric was revealed during simultaneous impregnation. The detected phenomenon is proposed to be explained by the formation of an ionic bond between carboxymethyl groups and decamethoxin. The technological features of applying a long-acting antimicrobial treatment to a textile material, which consists in the use of a one-stage technology, have been clarified.The influence of the polymer carrier and the fixing agent on the permanence of the final treatment and the stability of the antimicrobial effect is shown. The results of antimicrobial tests of prepared samples processed by various technological methods are presented. It was found that the fabric prepared according to the proposed technological regimes has an antimicrobial effect that is resistant to multiple washings. The developed technology is promising and can be implemented on the equipment of finishing factories

Vincetoxicum hirundinaria'nın Farklı Kısımlarının Bazı Biyolojik Aktiviteleri

In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antibiofilm activities and synergistic effects of ethanol extracts obtained from above-ground, root, seed and seed coat of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic. Antimicrobial activity was performed against 7 bacterial and 3 fungal standard strains by microdilution method and minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) were determined. The crystal violet method was applied to determine the prevention of biofilm formation and inhibition of preformed biofilm activities on P. aeruginosa biofilm. In addition, the synergistic effects of aerial part and seed extracts against both E. coli and E. faecalis were examined by the microdilution checkerboard method. According to the antimicrobial test results tested extracts had moderate to low efficacy against studied bacterial and yeast strains. The synergy test showed that the aerial and seed extracts had additive effect against both E. coli and E. faecalis. The extracts also showed the potential to inhibit biofilm formation and inhibit preformed biofilms. Root and seed pod extracts showed the strongest antibiofilm activity, while the aerial part extract was the weakest. In conclusion, our results prove that the tested extracts, especially obtained from root and seed pods and used in the treatment of many diseases, have potential in terms of antibiofilm activity. The literature search indicated that the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of V. hirundinaria was evaluated for the first time in the current study, therefore; our findings provide important preliminary data to the literature in terms of antibiofilm activity of V. hirundinaria

Biobased Chicken Eggshell Powder for Efficient Delivery of Low-Dose Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) to Enhance Their Antimicrobial Activities against Foodborne Pathogens and Biofilms.

Despite the current sanitation practices to decontaminate food-contact surfaces, persistent biofilms still pose significant threats to human health by inducing cross-contamination. This study aims to enhance the antimicrobial activity of low-dose silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against foodborne pathogens and their biofilms through the development of a biobased delivery carrier for metallic nanoparticles. In this study, chicken eggshell powder (EP) was used as a biocompatible delivery carrier, and it possesses a strong ability to encapsulate green-synthesized AgNPs with an encapsulation efficiency of 80.18%. The EP carriers stabilized AgNPs in an organic-rich environment and prevented the aggregation of nanoparticles. The results of antimicrobial test demonstrate that EP significantly enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of low-dose AgNPs (2 μg/mL), enabling 5-log reductions of planktonic Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua within 25 min and 60 min treatments, respectively, even in the presence of high organic content (chemical oxygen demand, COD = 1000 mg/L). Due to the high affinity of EP to bind biofilms, the encapsulated low-dose AgNPs can inactivate approximately 2-log CFU/cm2 of biofilms within a 2-h treatment. The proposed AgNPs@EP composite with a low silver concentration (2 μg/mL) can effectively inactivate and remove biofilms from food-contact surfaces in which such a low concentration of AgNPs is unlikely to induce negative impacts on human health and environment. Therefore, this antimicrobial AgNPs@EP composite can potentially be used as a biobased sanitizer for food-contact surfaces in a food manufacturing plant.

The efficacy of culture-guided versus empirical therapy with high-dose proton pump inhibitor as third-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: A real-world clinical experience.

Most consensuses recommend culture-guided therapy as third-line Helicobacter pylori treatment. This study aimed to investigate the efficacies of culture-guided therapy and empirical therapy with high-dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in the H. pylori third-line treatment. Between August 2012 and October 2021, H. pylori-infected patients with at least two failed eradication attempts received anti-H. pylori therapy according to the results of antimicrobial sensitivity tests plus high-dose rabeprazole and/or bismuth. They were categorized into three groups: patients who had positive results of culture with equal to or more than three susceptible antibiotics were treated by culture-guided non-bismuth quadruple therapy, patients who had positive results of culture with one or two susceptible antibiotics were treated by culture-guided bismuth-containing therapy, and patients who had a negative result of culture were treated by an empirical therapy with high-dose rabeprazole plus amoxicillin, tetracycline and levofloxacin. A post-treatment assessment was conducted at week 8. We recruited 126 patients. The eradication rates of culture-guided non-bismuth quadruple therapy (n=50), culture-guided bismuth-containing therapy (n=46) and empirical therapy (n=30) were 84.0%, 87.0%, and 66.7% (95% confidence interval: 73.8-94.2%, 77.3-96.7%, and 49.8-83.6%), respectively. Overall, culture-guided therapy achieved a higher eradication rate than empirical therapy (85.4% vs 66.7%; 95% confidence interval, 0.4% to 37.0%, P=0.022). Culture-guided therapy with high-dose PPI achieves a higher eradication rate than empirical therapy with high-dose PPI in the third-line treatment of H. pylori infection. The eradication rate of rescue therapy with bismuth plus two susceptible antibiotics is not inferior to that with three susceptible antibiotics.

ISOLATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM TEMPOYAK AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON THE Escherichia coli

Diarrhea is a potential extraordinary event that can cause death. The most common microbes that cause diarrhea in developing countries are Rotavirus and Escherichia coli. One of the treatment of diarrhea is by giving antibiotics. However, the use of antibiotics is known to disrupt the balance of normal gastrointestinal flora, thereby changing the composition of the microbiota. Probiotics can be given to balance the normal flora during or after treatment with antibiotics. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is one of the probiotics that can inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes and is commonly found in fermented foods. This study aimed to isolate LAB from tempoyak made from kampar durian, Riau Province, Indonesia and test its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The study was initiated by isolating LAB from tempoyak using the multilevel dilution method, followed by characterizing LAB by colony and cell morphology, and testing its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli using the agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity test results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni follow-up test. The results of LAB characterization showed that four LAB isolates had different colony morphology, including spherical Gram-positive bacteria and catalase-negative bacteria. The results of the antimicrobial activity test showed that LAB1 isolates had the highest ability to inhibit Escherichia coli with an average inhibition zone diameter of 15.21 mm and the lowest inhibition zone was found in LAB 4 isolates, which was 10.80 mm. The results of the one way ANOVA test showed a significant difference between the four LAB isolates in inhibiting Escherichia coli with P value <0.05. In the Bonferroni test, there were significant differences between LAB 1 and LAB 4 isolates. It can be concluded that LAB isolated from tempoyak has the potential to be a source of probiotics.

Isolasi Antimikroba Baru dari Bakteri Tanah

<em>Antimicrobial resistance has become a problem and a threat to health both in Indonesia and in the world. Resistance is the ability of bacteria to neutralize and weaken the action of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to isolate a novel antimicrobial from soil bacteria. The method used in this research is exploratory. The test bacteria used were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that there were two isolates that had zones of inhibition against the test bacteria staphylococcus aureus, namely isolates T2.2 and T2.18. The results of the first antimicrobial test for isolate T2.2 showed that the inhibition zone formed was 14.05 mm and isolates T2.18 the inhibition zone formed was 11.96 mm. The results of the second antimicrobial test were carried out by treating the unheated T2.2 isolate which showed an inhibition zone formed of 15.53 mm and the heated one 15.46 mm, while the unheated T2.18 isolate showed an average inhibition zone of 12.46 mm and heated 12.21 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the inhibition zone formed on isolates T2.2 and T2.18 is still relatively small and both isolates are spesies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</em>

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using common poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) and evaluation of their potential antibacterial activity

Due to their easy and low-cost production and enhanced properties, noble metal nanoparticles are preferred as nano-additives in most pharmaceutical compositions. For example, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess antiseptic and antimicrobial activity and they are generally preferred for obtaining antibacterial clothing and coatings. In the present study, we report a simple, low cost and green method for synthesizing AgNPs using aqueous extracts of common poppy (Papaver rhoeas L). Synthesised silver nanoparticles were characterised based on Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The synthesised AgNPs were also tested for antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method. Characterisation methods showed that the obtained AgNPs were spherical in shape, with a particle size ranging from 15 to 40 nm. According to the antimicrobial test results, AgNPs effectively inhibited the growth of various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It was concluded that Papaver rhoeas L. extract is effective as a reducing agent for the preparation of stable and monodispersed AgNPs and obtained AgNPs could be useful in antibacterial applications in human and veterinary medicine.

Provision of Oligomer Chitosan from Square Rawan Bonds (Squilla mantis) as Effectanti Microba

We report the provision of chitosan oligomers from pen squid as anti-microbial effect. Chitosan oligomer obtained by adding 10 ml HNO2 in chitosan solution and then incubated for one night at room temperature. Depolymerization of chitosan can be determined by looking at a decrease in its viscosity by using viscometer oswald and molecular weight using the equation Kuhn-Mark-Houwink. Antibacterial test was determined by agar diffusion method. The results showed that the viscosity value of the viscosity standard oligomers with the addition of 10 ml of HNO2 decreased by 76,49% and the molecular weight decreased by 80.94%. Antimicrobial Test uses two microbesstaphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with variations in the concentration of 0,5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2,5% chitosan oligomers, anti-microbial test results obtained the largest clear zone on chitosan oligomers with a concentration of 1% is equal to 13,4 in Escherichia coli and 16,2 in staphylococcus aureus.

Synthesis, characterization and application of new imino-functionalized 1,3-diazolium salts as antimicrobial agents

The simple solventless quaternization of N-substituted 1,3-diazoles with 2-bromoethyliminomethylnaphthol yielded three new Schiff base (SB or imine)-functionalized 1,3-diazolium [3 (SB-imidazolium), 4 and 5 (SB-benzimidazolium)] salts. The compounds were characterized spectroscopically, and the single-crystal solid-state structure of compound 3 [3-(2-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl) methylene) amino) ethyl) methylimidazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate] was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. When tested as antimicrobials, each salt gave significant activity against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain and the Methicinin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 700699 (MRSA) strain with the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.25 µg/mL recorded for 4. Although not as active as the positive control, Ciprofloxacin, the observed activities of the compounds are comparable to those reported for some standard antibiotics and significantly better than similar 1,3-diazolium salts that are already reported in the literature. The use of theoretical molecular docking supports the experimental MIC values for the salts. This is because the estimated negative binding energies of -6.45, -7.27 and -7.84, kcal/mol for 3, 4 and 5, respectively, indicated favourable binding with the MRSA lipase enzyme complexes. Furthermore, the results of a hemolytic assay corroborated the antimicrobial test results, which showed ≤5% hemolysis of red blood cells at the most active concentration (lowest MIC value) recorded for the salts. In summary, the results of the antibacterial activity study and the negative Gibbs binding energies that are within safe hemolysis percentages make the new azolium salts good templates in drug design.

Emergence of High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Producing Acinetobacter Species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Among Hospitalized Patients at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-East Ethiopia.

BackgroundThe emergence of extended spectrum beta lactamase and carbapenemase production of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a great concern and major cause of nosocomial infections due to its ability to production of extended spectrum beta lactamase and carbapenemase enzymes.ObjectiveTo assess Emergence of high prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and Carbapenemase producing Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among hospitalized patients at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-East Ethiopia.Materials and MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February–August 2021 at Dessie Referral Hospital in the North eastern Ethiopia. A total of 423 clinical samples taken from admitted patients. Clinical specimens were collected aseptically and inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar media. Antimicrobial susceptibility test, ESBL and carbapenemase production were performed as CLSI guideline. The data were entered into the Epi-data and imported to Statistical Package for Social Science version 25. P value of <0.05 with odds ratio and 95% confidence interval was considered as statistically significant.ResultsOut of 423 clinical specimens 17.7% (75/423) were culture positive nosocomial infection. The proportions of nosocomial infection were higher in blood stream followed by wound infection which accounted 24.6%, 20.8%, respectively. Overall, 32/75 (42.7%) and 19/75 (25.3%) patients had infection with ESBL and CP producing bacterial infection. P. aeruginosa was the most predominant isolated bacteria 46/75 (52.9%). The overall multidrug resistance rate of the isolated bacteria was 88% (66/75). The majority of highest resistance rate was Piperacillin tazobactam 50 (66.7%) and Aztreonam 26 (56.5%), respectively, while least resistance rate was Amikacin 27 (36%).ConclusionThe incidence rates of ESBL, carbapenemase production and antimicrobial resistant Acinetobacter species and P. aeruginosa infections are high. Therefore, treatment should be based on culture and antimicrobial test result and minimize the use of antibiotics empirically.

The development and application of nanocomposites with pH-sensitive “gates” to control the release of active agents: Extending the shelf-life of fresh wheat noodles

Controlled release of antimicrobial agents is an efficient and promising technology for food preservation. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are a novel material that act as carriers of active agents, while also providing a pathway for sustained release. By using coatings that responded to their environment, we were able to obtain controlled release such that the desired amounts of active agents were delivered to the packaged food at the desired time. In this study, we loaded cinnamaldehyde into HNTs lumen, and used opposite charged polyelectrolytes to cap the ends of the HNTs to control the release of cinnamaldehyde. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett, Teller's test (BET) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), cumulative release rate, and fumigant antibacterial activity were conducted to evaluate the performance of the encapsulated samples. Tube-like morphology of the HNTs, and the location of cinnamaldehyde and polyelectrolytes were identified. The results showed that the stimuli-responsive layer formed by polyelectrolytes exhibited different release rate at different pH values. At higher pH, the polyelectrolytes layer restrained transportation of active molecules, while at lower pH, the coating assisted the release of cinnamaldehyde. Additionally, results of antimicrobial test in vitro illustrated significant fumigant antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde/polyelectrolytes functionalized HNTs. To further learn the preservative effect of samples in food packaging, we conducted a pilot study of packed fresh wheat noodles with the designed nanocomposites, and tested total plate count, pH, color change and environmental-SEM of noodles. Results indicated that the nanocomposites with controlled pH-responsive cinnamaldehyde release is a promising packaging technology for extending the shelf-life of fresh wheat noodles.

Skrinning Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mekai (Albertisia sp.)

Albertisia sp. is a plant used as eye medicine because to infection of the eye or eyelid tract by the Dayak population in Malinau Regency, North Kalimantan. This study aims to determine whether the extract of mekai leaf has antimicrobial activity as well as activity as an antibacterial or antifungal. The method that was applied this study is extraction with a maceration using 96% ethanol, followed by phytochemical analysis. The agar diffusion technique was used to test the antibacterial activity by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone at of various extract concentrations. According to the findings, mekai leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and phenolics. In the antimicrobial test results, the ethanolic extract of mekai leaf showed activity than M.furfur has a 11,52 ± 7,97 mm, A.niger has a of 10,66 ± 1,36 mm and C.albicans has a 6,31 ± 7,04 mm. Ethanolic extracts of mekai leaf show activity than E.coli 1,59 ± 3,16 mm, P.acnes 2,45 ± 4,55 mm, S.thypii 1,69 ± 3,07 mm, and V.cholerae 1,94 ± 4,21 mm. From this study it was said that the ethanolic extract of mekai leaves might be developed as an antifungal rather than as an antibacterial.

Survey and Antimicrobial Activity Study of Ethnomedicinal Plants in Selected Districts of North Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia.

BackgroundThe emergency of multidrug resistance due to the global burden of infectious diseases and drug misuse leads to an urgent identification of new medicines from medicinal plants. The study was designed to perform the documentation of ethno-medicinal plants usage, extraction, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of the herbal extracts.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was conducted in this study. Maceration of plant extraction, phytochemical screening and disc diffusion method for antimicrobial activity tests were employed.ResultsThe results of the study indicated that Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae and Sapindaceae plant families have commonly used for the treatment of infectious diseases in the study areas. The antimicrobial activity test results indicated that Ostegia integrifolia Benth which was extracted with chloroform solvent showed equivalent inhibition zone as compared to standard drug, gentamicin. All the extracts could be considered as broad spectrum, have strong inhibition against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. All extracts against C. albicans were also revealed strong inhibition activity as compared to fungal standard drug, contamazole.ConclusionPhytochemical screening showed the existence of secondary metabolites in the studied plants and thus, supports the traditional healers’ claim of such plants use for the treatment of diseases. The study also concluded that chloroform extracts of all plants showed promising antimicrobial activities against K. pneumonia, and C. albicans. Therefore, further in vitro and vivo antimicrobial activity study of chloroform extracts against these bacterial and fungal strains were recommended. Moreover, isolation and structural elucidation of bioactive compounds from chloroform extracts were also recommended.

INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONS OF HUMAN MILK ORIGINATED Lactobacillus gasseri STRAINS IN AQUACULTURE AND SEAFOOD PRODUCTION

In the current study, five Lactobacillus gasseri MA strains from human breast milk were investigated for their usage potentials in aquaculture and seafood products as probiotic and bio-protective. The strains were tested for their susceptibilities to various clinical antibiotics used in fish cultivation, antimicrobial activities against seven fish pathogens, alpha-amylase enzyme activities, and susceptibilities to sodium benzoate which used as a food preservative. The strains were susceptible to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin antibiotics. Antimicrobial activity test results indicated that the inhibition zone diameters were ranged between 1.66 mm and 11.22 mm against various pathogens originated fish. The highest antimicrobial activity was recorded against the Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 19570 (11.22 mm) for the MA-2 strain, while the lowest antimicrobial activity was determined against Vibrio anguillarum A4 (1.66 mm) for the MA-6 strain. L. gasseri MA-5, MA-3 and MA-6 showed alpha-amylase activity. The spectrophotometric and live-cell count data showed that all the strains exhibited resistance to sodium benzoate. The results suggest that L. gasseri MA strains could be good sources of probiotic for aquaculture and bio-protectives in seafood products.

Preparation of silver nanoparticle by green synthesis and application to leather in enhancements of antimicrobial activity of leather

The objectives of this study were to prepare nanoparticle by using extract of Tectona grandis L. leaf and to deposit nanoparticle on goat leather via ex situ method, and also to characterize the antimicrobial activity of modified goat leather. The stages in this study were preparing of silver nanoparticles via green synthesis method by using extract of teak leaf, characterizing of nanoparticle by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), impregnating the nanoparticle on the pickle leather by ex situ method, and analysing the antibacterial and antifungal activities of modified leather by the diffusion method. The silver nanoparticles were greenish brown in colour, having absorption at the wavelengths of 449 nm which indicator the formation of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles have an average particle size of 109.9 nm. The results of antimicrobial tests against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis DNCC 6018, Escherichia coli FNCC 0047, and the fungus Candida albicans ANCC 0048 showed that all variations of the leather have different abilities in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria and the fungi. The pickle leathers after modification with nanoparticle Ag showed the highest antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis DNCC 6018 and Escherichia coli FNCC 0047.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of chitosan membrane from shrimp shell waste

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of chitosan membrane was investigated. Chitosan membrane have been successfully by simple method from chitosan extracted from shrimp shell waste. Extraction of chitosan was carried out in four steps: demineralization, deproteinization, decolorization and deacetylation of chitin. The effect of deacetylation temperature on deacetylation process was studied. The results shown that the increase of deacetylation temperature from 30°C to 90°C causes the increase of chitosan deacetylation degree (DD). The increase of deacetylation temperature cause the increment of OH- attack to the amino group thus realizing the effective deacetylation of chitin. The highest chitosan DD was up to 77.99% is achieved under the deacetylation temperature from 90°C and the occurrence of deacetylation structurally demonstrated by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and the XRD characterization. The antimicrobial test results used S. epidermidis and P. acne of chitosan membrane at various deacetylation temperature conditions indicated that no bacterial activity for all variants.

Evaluation of antidiabetic and wound healing properties of ethanol extract of Hedera nepalensis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Natural products are known to control diabetes and its associated complications. Leaves of Hedera nepalensis are used to cure diabetes in the folklore system of medicines. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo antidiabetic and wound healing potentials of ethanol extract of Hedera nepalensis. Ethanolic extract ( Hn.Cr ) was prepared by maceration and was chemically characterized by HPLC methods. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were assessed in three in vitro models. Toxicity profile of Hn.Cr was evaluated in acute toxicological studies. Alloxan-induced diabetes model was used to access the antidiabetic attributes of Hn.Cr . Excision wound healing model was used to access the wound healing potential of Hn.Cr in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. HPLC analysis of Hn.Cr revealed the presence of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. Data of in vitro antioxidant assays showed that Hn.Cr has moderate radical scavenging potential. In vitro antimicrobial testing results revealed that Hn.Cr was active against bacterial strains (Gram +ve and Gram -ve) while no activity was observed against fungal strains used in the current study. Acute toxicity study results showed that extract was safe up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg. In vivo antidiabetic study revealed that Hn.Cr significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced the blood glucose levels in a dose and time-dependent manner. Data of the excisional wound healing model indicated that Hn.Cr accelerated wound healing in diabetic rats in a time-dependent manner. The current study concludes that multicomponent Hn.Cr has antidiabetic and wound healing properties, thus, can be used as a complementary therapy to manage hyperglycemia and wounds in diabetic patients. However, furhter studies are warranted in this regard. Graphical abstarct . • Ethanolic extract of H e dera nepalensis showed moderate antioxidant effect • Ethanolic extract of H e dera nepalensis showed in vivo antidiabetic effects • Ethanolic extract of H e dera nepalensis showed in vivo wound healing attributes

Recent Changes in the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children and Adolescents

Treatments aimed at eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections in children and adolescents should be clearly beneficial. According to the updated guidelines, a 14-day triple therapy or bismuth-based triple therapy is the first choice for treatment of children based on the results of antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Though culturing H. pylori using biopsy specimens is not always feasible, it should be performed for establishing empirical rescue therapy for patients not responding to first-line eradication therapy. The European and North American therapeutic strategies for children and adolescents with H. pylori infections may not be appropriate for treating children and adolescents in other countries owing to regional differences in epidemiological characteristics of H. pylori. The existence of clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori is an important factor involved in eradication failure. The development of new treatment-related allergies, treatment failure, side effects, and alteration of the gut microbiome have been highlighted as factors potentially outweighing the possible benefit of preventing future peptic ulcers or gastric cancer. Drug compliance can be improved by providing a detailed explanation of the reason for therapy, duration, and routes of drug administration. Physicians should understand the mechanisms underlying eradication treatment and explain drug prescriptions in detail to both parents and children to increase compliance. Herein, we reviewed the indications for and various modalities of eradication treatment in children with H. pylori infections in accordance with a review of recently published articles.