Results Of My Work Research Articles

The Genus Tragus (Gramineae)

Tragus Haller is a paleotropical genus in which 7 species are recognized (Clayton & Richardson, 1973). This number has not always been accepted, as I have found references varying from only 3 species (Gould, 1975) to about 10 species (Tzvelev, 1976). Tragus species occur frequently as weeds throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, but so far only a few species have been introduced in America, among them T. berteronianus. This is the most common and widely spread species, extending from U.S.A. to Argentina. The other entity recorded in America is T. racemosus; although its presence in the U.S.A. is accepted, I consider it doubtfully recorded in South America. A third species has been more recently introduced to the continent, T. australianus, which is recorded from Central Argentina. The identification of this latter species has forced me to examine the Old World species. The present paper summarizes the results of my work, pointing out the difficulties that I found in delimiting the species. Tragus belongs to the Zoysieae Miq.; this tribe, its relationship with the Chlorideae and the differences among its 12 genera, have been reviewed by Clayton & Richardson (1973) and need no further consideration here. Tragus itself is defined by the disarticulating inflorescence, the rudimentary first glume and the awnless second glume, which has distinct prickles or spines on its nerves; all these characters are good and constant, and allow an easy recognition of the genus. The species can be distinguished as follows:

Argonauts To Astronauts

Since the word “History” has its origins in the domain of inquiry, I call myself an historian to the extent to which I have tried to study voyages of discovery in a manner as personal as possible, and I have presented the results of my work in a number of books and articles. The short study which follows is not an attempt to recapitulate what has already been published. Rather, I have tried here to present a brief synthesis of my reflections on one of the themes which I have undertaken to outline.In a sense, man gradually fashions his world out of the whole cloth of infinity, and creates his universe by discovering it. Now to discover is not just to bump into something and perhaps forget it. To discover is to rend the veil, to give form to what is discovered, to communicate it and to pass it on. Consequently, discovery requires navigation; some form of cartography; and, perhaps most important, poetry, in order to pass on its heritage in an unforgettable way. And discovery, since the time of Homer, has three dimensions: the earth, the known sea, and, surrounding this little island of land and sea, the infinite ocean, origin and tomb of the Gods.

Notes on the Tauorga Project

From the 12 April 1974 to the 26 April 1974 the Libyan Society made it possible for me to visit the new irrigation project in Tauorga, Libya. The visit was a great help in completing a vital part of my Ph.D. research. It gave me the opportunity of studying the marketing situation for the planned output of the project, the working ability of the settlers, who are at present living in the decaying Tauorga oasis, and the expansion possibilities for agricultural production. I was also able to collect a great deal of statistical and peripheral information which has given me a much better understanding of the specific problems inherent in the project. The main results of my work in Libya are summarized below.The basis for the income of the settlers in the Tauorga project is a 10 ha farm for each of the 300 families to be settled. The cropping pattern of each of these farms is 3·8 ha cereals, 2·2 ha beets, 2·0 ha alfalfa and 2·0 ha vegetables. Further, the farmers will keep on each farm 2 cows, 1 ox, 2 donkeys, 5 sheep and 10 to 15 fowls. The labour demand for these agricultural activities per farm per annum is estimated to be as follows:The above table shows clearly that for a daily working time of 8 hours, at least 4 permanent full-time labourers will be required. Increasing the working day to 12 in order to reduce the number of labourers to 3, becomes unrealistic since the labourers would migrate to easier jobs, which are available in the urban centres. But it is unlikely that the 8-member families will have 4 able bodied workmen and much of the farmwork will probably have to be done by hired labour.

Kinetic Art: Animation of Color for Cinema Film

The work I shall discuss is a two-minute animated 16 mm film, consisting of 2880 frames, entitled 'Ensaio de cor animada' ('A Trial with Animated Color'), which I showed at the international shortfilm festival held in conjunction with the 8th Biennial of Sao Paulo, Brazil in 1965 [1]. Since the beginning of this century, painters have shown much interest in the components from which a painting is made: lines, shapes, illusions of space, color effects, color relationships, etc. Artists frequently employ non-figurative geometrical compositions in order to study the visual effects produced by varying one or two components systematically. In a way, the painter might be said to assume the role of the psychologist of visual perception. Paintings of these kinds have been found to give aesthetic satisfaction to certain viewers. Many of the works of Albers [2, 3] are primarily studies of the interaction between different colors within essentially concentric squares. Lohse [4] and Vasarely [5] are concerned with color relationships within more complex arrays of geometrical shapes. The utility of a digital computer for assigning shapes and colors within an array has been recognized for some time [6]. The use of animation for kinetic art of a nonfigurative kind began about fifty years ago. Hans Richter made scroll-pictures in 1919 of two to five meters in length that were unrolled while viewing [7, 8]. He began making abstract black and white motion picture films in 1921, the first being 'Rhythmus 21', some frames of which are shown in Figure 99 of Reference 7. Henri Valensi in the 1930s pioneered in nonfigurative animated film in France and the sequence on a fugue by Bach in the Walt Disney film 'Fantasia' is known to a wide public. Many artists have continued to produce kinetic art of various kinds by means of animated film and I wish to describe the results of my work for the benefit of those interested in this form of contemporary art.

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF THE GASTRIC SECRETION.

EARLIER communications from this laboratory reported the results of my work on the carbohydrate components of the gastric mucopolysaccharides1,2. Methods developed for the quantitative estimation of glucosamine, galactosamine, galactose and glucose have enabled me to obtain further details relating to the composition of the carbohydrate moieties of the gastric mucopolysaccharides.

An Estimate of National Income of Czechoslovakia, 1946-1953

DURING the past few decades the national income accounts have been used increasingly as a tool for the analysis of the structure and growth of the national economy. In most Western countries these accounts are prepared either officially or semi-officially; for the countries of the Soviet bloc there are some official data of questionable value and many careful studies by Western scholars dealing with the U.S.S.R. There is, so far as I have been able to discover, nothing in this field which deals with other countries belonging to this Soviet bloc of nations, despite the fact that their economic potential is far from negfliible, and their economic development perhaps more interesting than that of the U.S.S.R. At the beginning of Soviet rule, Russia was an economically underdeveloped, if not an undeveloped, semi-feudal country, with characteristics which made it unsuitable for a communistic experiment. As a result, the evaluation of the subsequent performance of Soviet economy has led to a bi-polarization of views. On the one hand is found the view that economic organizations of the same type are bound to suffer from the same ills, regardless of whether they are run by Frenchmen, Russians, or Americans, and that therefore there is nothing atypical in the Russian performance. On the other hand, there is the belief that it is a disaster for the idea of planning that Russia should have been the country where it was first tried out. Czechoslovakia., in contrast, was at the time of transition an advanced industrial nation. To measure the economic growth of this nation after the imposition of the Soviet-type planning appears to be an interesting undertaking. I have undertaken this task while working on a somewhat different problem.' A highly digested description of the techniques I used to arrive at the national income estimates covers well over one hundred pages. I fear that such a manuscript would strain the patience of most readers. For that reason I ' intend to acquaint the reader with only the bare results of my work. The

Methods of Apportioning Seats in the House of Representatives

THE subject of Congressional Apportionment was transferred a few years ago to the Judiciary Committees of Congress; no member of either committee, I believe, was in Washington in the late twenties when the long fight over the question ended with the dangerous increase in the size of the House halted and with reapportionment made a ministerial act about which Congress need no longer concern itself after each census as it had done for 130 years. In view of that situation the Judiciary Committee of the House asked me to report to them on methods of apportionment and to include so much of the congressional history of the subject as might help them in dealing with it. My reply to the committee was sent some months ago; it ended by proposing two amendments to the automatic act of 1929, one of them changing the present method to a novel one which I now think the best, the other lopping off ten members automatically after each future census from an overgrown House until it approaches a membership of three hundred, the number mentioned often in congressional debates as a desirable goal. This article will supplement my report to Congress and lay before scholars the main results of my work which has lasted for more than half a century, a period during which some of my early conclusions have changed and several new ones emerged. I had to prepare apportionment tables for Congress after the census of 1900. After the following census two groups of students entered the field. One, for whom Allyn A. Young spoke, held that the question of method is mathematical and ought to be decided upon the basis of a general consensus of mathematical opinion.' position of the other group was stated thus: The question involved in the apportionment of

Some observations on the radiology of Lignac-Fanconi disease and renal infantilism.

I Have been interested in the problem of resistant rickets from the time when, in association with the late Sir Leonard Parsons, who was making a study of renal infantilism and coeliac disease, I made an investigation into the radiological appearances in these conditions. I published the result of my work on the radiological appearances in renal infantilism in 1928. My purpose in bringing to your notice the radiological appearances seen in Lignac-Fanconi disease, is that recent work on this condition may well offer an explanation of a problem which has exercised my mind since I made a study of the bone changes in renal infantilism. The Lignac-Fanconi disease is so-called after the two authors who first gave a comprehensive description of the condition. It is a disease of infancy and childhood; our oldest patient has not survived beyond the age of 14 years. I wish to make it clear at the outset that it is not synonymous with what in these days is often loosely referred to as the “Fanconi syndrome” found in...

有明海産重要二枚貝の産卵期-I

The results of my work concerning the spawning season of Anadara subcrenata in Ariake Bay were summarized as follows:- 1. The spawning season of Anadara lasted for about 4 months from the middle of June to the middle of October in Ariake Bay. 2. The clam seems to discharge the reproductive substances at the sea temperature higher than about 23°C. 3. The major spawning period is restricted in a period from the end of July to the middle of August, at that time sea temperature was 26-30°C. 4. The matured ovum is deep orange in color, measured 62-73μ in diameter. 5. The spermatozoon has a globular head and a long tail, measuring 42μ in length.

イボニシのマガキ稚貝に對する加害機構について

The present paper includes the results of my work on the injuring mechanisms of Purpura clavigera of 32mm in mean height to young oysters of 15mm in mean height in a summer month from August 7th to September 7th, 1947, at Mangokuura, Miyagi Prefecture. An oyster drill can kill 40% of 60 young oysters in a summer month and an oyster about in a day. Drills injure oysters to death by boring a hole always on the right valve of oyster in 3 manners of attack; thus the penetrated hole, the non-penetrated hole on the valve and the edge of valve is encroached semicircularly. Oysters were all killed by these 3 manners of attack. Drills seem not to select the peculiar part of oyster because every part of.right valve is attacked (Fig. 1). But the holes bored are by far the most abundant at the peripheral part of valve. The definite relationship between the situation of hole and the size of oyster and drill is unrecognizable, but there is a tendency that the larger the individuals are, the more frequently oysters are bored at their periphery and that the smaller the individuals are, the much more oysters are killed by the drills. The situation of hole on the valve of oyster seems to be determined by the size of oyster drill, the place and the direction of attack and the length of proboscis of drill. A single oyster has always a single hole on the valve and no more than 2 holes. The penetrated hole is inverted conical in shape with the outer hole being always larger than the inner hole. A greater part of holes are nearly circular or elliptical in outline. The major axes of outer and inner holes are in line with or parallel with each other or nearly so. The outer and inner holes are measured 1, 3mm and 1mm respectively on an average in their major axes. The minor axis of inner hole is about 3 times as wide as the width of radula. The larger drill can usually bore the larger hole than smaller drill can do. Drills move the proboscis back and forth from the gently inclining slope towards the steep slope of inner surface of hole in sliding right and left by width of radula as they bore a hole on the valve. The inclining angle of inner surface of hole ranges about from 45° to 50° when the inner hole is situated nearly in the central part of the outer hole. We can judge the position and direction of attack, the poise of drill from the features characteristic of the hole because the drill seems usually not to shift the position, the poise of body and the movement of proboscis during the time of boring hole on the oyster. A central tooth has a large central cusp at the middle, a small lateral cusp on both sides of it and 3 to 8 marginal denticles on both sides of the lateral cusp (Table 2), the base is laterally oblong in shape. A lateral tooth is sickle-shaped with broad base; the cusp tapering towards pointed tip with entire margin. The width of radula and the size of drill can be estimated from the minor axis of inner hole. Kinoshita was of the opinion that the size of hole will be determined by the distance between 2 lateral cusps of central tooth of radula and the boring speed of drill. The minor axis of inner hole ranges from 7.5 to 8 times as wide as the distance between the lateral cusps, while it is about 3 times as wide as the entire width of radula. Thus it seems adequate to consider that the entire radula will concern in boring hole. The mechanical action of radula may be recognizable.

The Name Gink Go Biloba and Other Names of the Tree

Having been asked an apparently simple question about the Chinese and Japanese names of the tree known to botanists as Ginkgo biloba, I took some pains to look the matter up and think that the result of my work may be of some interest. The following pages give first the history, as far as I have been able to learn it, of the botanical generic name ginkgo; and secondly translations from some of the many Chinese notices of the tree and fruit, together with some account of the various Chinese names. The name Ginkgo biloba was first given to the tree by Linnaeus his Mantissa Plantarum Altera, 1771, p. 313, where the entry is: APPENDIX. biloba GINKGO. Kaemph. amoen. 811. t. 813. Next C. P. Thunberg Flora Iaponica, 1784, p. 358, under the heading of Plantae obscurae has: 48. Ginko biloba foliis adianti. Ginkgo biloba. Linn. Mantiss. p. 313. laponice: Ginkgo vel Gin An, vulgo Itsjo. Kaempf. Am. ex. Fasc. V. p. 811. fig. p. 813 ....... Finally a paper entitled 'Characters of a new Genus of Plants named SALISBURIA and read before the Linnwean Society on 6 Dec., 1796, J. E. Smith, F.R.S., P.L.S., proposed to change the generic name of the tree from Ginkgo to Salisburia in honour T'oiiUg Pao XXXIII 13

Experiments in the Shaping of Wood with Flint Implements

THE discovery (NATURE, January 9, 1926) made during my archaeological excavations in 1925 of an ancient wooden structure, induced me to carry out some experiments in the shaping of wood with flint implements. So far as I can ascertain, this matter has not been investigated extensively, and the results of my work may therefore be of some interest. The flint implements used in these experiments were flaked by me with a quartzite hammer-stone, and comprise—an axe (Fig. 1, B), planes (Fig. 1, A and D), a pointed specimen (Fig. 1, C), and a flake with thick back, and more or less straight cutting edge. The axe was mounted1 along the dotted line shown in Fig. 1, B, in a split stick about two feet in length, and I found that with this weapon I could detach branches up to three inches in diameter from trees without any great difficulty. The axe is flaked on one side only. On the side not figured, unflaked cortex is present, but this fact made, apparently, little or no difference to the cutting powers of the edge.

Electric Discharge in Gases at Low Pressure

A PAPER by Mr. McCurdy in the Phil. Mag. for November 1924 has recently come to my notice, and I shall be glad if space can be afforded me to correct certain statements made in it regarding the results of my work. I have also read with great interest the joint paper by Messrs. Compton, Turner and McCurdy in the Phys. Rev. for December 1924, and wish to make a few comments on the subject now, leaving a further discussion of the result of my work on the nature of electric discharge through gases at low pressure for the Indian Science Congress to be held in January next.

Belgium and Germany in Africa

AYEAR ago, at nearly the same date and time, I left the Royal Geographical Society's house laden with docu ents and maps which the secretary of this illustrious Society had lent me, in order to prepare the mission which the Belgian Government had confided to me. I have brought you to-day, in a very brief risumS, the result of my work, in token of gratitude for the service rendered; and my gratitude is increased by the reception accorded me this evening. I am abashed at having to speak to you in a language which is as dear to my heart as it is rebellious to my tongue. My only fear is that it will require as much effort on the part of my listeners to understand as for the speaker to express his ideas. But I consider myself here in a reunion of friends, for is not a Belgian among friends everywhere in England? And this impression, which is my excuse, is also an encouragement to me. On the morning of 25 February 1917, the Aragon east anchor at Dar-es-Salaam. The journey had taken us sixty-six days for a passage which in normal times requires less than a month. The voyage had been marked by several incidents, of which the sinking of one of the ships of our convoy, the Tyndareus, was the most exciting. Leaning against the netting of the boat, I waswatching the gay outline of the coast, with its plains covered with palm-trees, and its ever-green grass, its coral reefs worn by the surf, and its little islands emerging like oases planted in the midst of the waters. But very soon, in spite of the charm of the scenery, which one would like to enjoy in true dilettante fashion, the obsession of the war haunted me afresh. This land which we are approaching, and which, at least from afar, looks so full of charm, this country which is to be my home for many long months, our enemies wanted to make an instrument of domination over the whole continent, adopting always the same tactics, and obeying everywhere the same instincts which, as far back as the Middle Ages, were well known in their war songs: Wir sind des Hammergottes Geschlecht und wollen sein Weltreich erobern.,,

Simultaneous Infection in a Child with Tubercle Bacilli of the Human and of the Bovine Type

In 1913 I published a series of investigations concerning tuberculous infections in childhood.1 This work constitutes in certain respects a continuation of similar investigations by Harbitz,2 who has found with respect to tuberculosis in children up to fifteen years of age that 286 cases, or 59 percent, were free from tuberculous infection, while 198, or 41 percent, were infected. Among these 119, or 60 percent, died from tuberculosis; and 52, or 26.3 percent, had latent tuberculosis, and 27, or 13.2 percent, latent tubercle bacilli. The most important results of my work so far may be summarized as follows: On injection into guinea-pigs of lymph glands obtained post mortem from 134 unselected cases, there resulted tuberculous infection in 52, or 38.8 percent, of the cases. In each individual case there were injected cervical and mesenteric lymph glands, in some cases also the bronchial glands. The percentage of tuberculous infection was lowest among children less than a year old and highest among the oldest.

List of Nemerteans collected in the Neighbourhood of Plymouth from May–September, 1910

The following list is one of the results of my work during a stay of nearly four months at the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association. I desire to express my thanks to the Director and the Staff of the Laboratory for the interest they took in my work and for their kind assistance.

ANTITETANIC SERUM IN FOURTH OF JULY INJURIES.

For the last few years I have published the results of my work along the line of immunization of patients who applied to us with wounds which occurred about the Fourth of July, caused by the indiscriminate use of the toy pistol, dynamite canes, giant crackers, etc. While the fact has been well established that for immunizing purposes antitetanic serum is absolutely a positive preventive against the development of tetanus, yet I deem it of sufficient importance to publish my results for this year in order that the use of the serum as an immunizing agent may become universal throughout the civilized world. Benefit of Press Aid. —This year very nearly twice as many cases as last year were handled by the city dispensaries of St. Louis, and the credit for this large increase must again be given to the daily press of our city who gave great publicity to

Experiments with Aerial Screw Propellers

These experiments, though they have continued over a considerable period of time, are, unfortunately, by no means conclusive in results. I may as well explain how and why I conducted them. Actual trials of aërial propellers have not very often been made, or perhaps I should say that the results of such trials have not often been published. This latter may be for two reasons : 1st, that inventors wish to keep the results of their investigations to themselves, which, though somewhat selfish, is but natural. 2nd. The results may be such that the experimenters do not think them worth recording. I have considered whether I should not comply with this second reason, and simply look upon the results of my work as negative and not worth recording.

On the Theory of Archimeric Segmentation and its bearing upon the Phyletic Classification of the Cœlomata

In a recent paper embodying the results of my work upon Actinotrocha, I was led to suggest a theory of the segmentation of cœlomate animals, the essential features of which were as follows:—1. There can be demonstrated, in the morphology of the Cœlomata, two distinct types of segmentation—(a) a primitive or archimeric type, having in its constitution certain evidences of a radial origin, and (b) a secondary or metameric segmentation, superposed upon the former and bearing evidence of a bilateral origin.2. A certain number of the Cœlomata retain, under varied disguise, the archimeric segmentation throughout life, together with a number of other primitive characters in common. These groups, being genetically allied, may be conveniently classified in one division, for which the name Archi-cœlomata is proposed.3. In the truly segmented animals, such as the Annelida, Arthropoda, and Eu-chorda, the bilateral or metameric segmentation ⟨of the posterior archimeric segment⟩ tends to completely replace the archimeric. In at least two of these groups there has been an independent evolution of metameric segmentation.In attempting to bring forward facts in support of this theory, one may approach the subject from three stand-points.(A.) Firstly, an attempt may be made, by general reasoning, to construct a hypothetical ancestor of the Cœlomata as a group. In this way may be obtained a schematic outline of an organism possessing each system of organs in its most archaic condition.

III.—Notes on the “Pleistocene Beds” of the Maltese Islands

In August, 1891, I published in the Geological Magazine the results of my work on the Pleistocene beds of Gozo. Since then I have made a careful and systematic survey of the islands, and have discovered and traced out several important beds that had escaped the notice of those who had preceded me in working out the islands' geology. In the following “notes” I have briefly summarized the results in the hope that they may be of use, not only to other students of the geology of the district, but also to the agriculturist, who, by drawing on the resources that they offer, may bring into cultivation much of that portion of the western parts of the islands which from its supposed dearth of soil has hitherto been looked upon as uncultivable. I have elsewhere described this district and its capabilities; there is, therefore, no need for me to enlarge upon that part of the subject here.