Restrictive Notion Research Articles

The genus of regular languages and directed graph emulators

The article continues our study of the genus of a regular language L, defined as the minimal genus among all genera of all finite deterministic automata recognizing L. Here we define and study two closely related tools on a directed graph: directed emulators and automatic relations. A directed emulator morphism essentially encapsulates at the graph-theoretic level an epimorphism onto the minimal deterministic automaton. An automatic relation is the graph-theoretic version of the Myhill-Nerode relation. We show that an automatic relation determines a directed emulator morphism and respectively, a directed emulator morphism determines an automatic relation up to isomorphism. Consider the set S of all directed emulators of the underlying directed graph of the minimal deterministic automaton for L. We prove that the genus of L is minG∈Sg(G). We also consider the more restrictive notion of directed cover and prove that the genus of L is reached in the class of directed covers of the underlying directed graph of the minimal deterministic automaton for L. This stands in sharp contrast to undirected emulators and undirected covers which we also consider. Finally we prove that if the problem of determining the minimal genus of a directed emulator of a directed graph has a solution then the problem of determining the minimal genus of an undirected emulator of an undirected graph has a solution.

The Paradox of Love: A Historical Exploration of Western Philosophical Perspectives on Love, Exclusion, and Liberatory Potential

The present work tracks some of the most well-known thinkers on love in the Western philosophical tradition, where various theories emerge, conflict, converge, and fade away. Given that many questions about its nature have persisted for centuries, love’s identity appears unsettled. Due to its unresolved identity, love might be best understood as a paradox existing between its resistance to definition and yet commonly recognized and experienced. The other central thread stemming from these philosophers of love is how the history of its theorizing constructed a restrictive notion that commonly excluded women from the experience. Offering a natural rebuttal to the history of exclusion promoted by these prominent thinkers is bell hooks’ notion of an expansive and healing love that possessed the capacity to realize more fulfilling relationships and a compassionate society. This paper concludes with thoughts on love’s liberatory nature, its capacity to create personal meaning, and its identity as a paradox without attempting to define it.

Extended knowledge and autonomous belief

ABSTRACT Adam Carter has recently presented a novel puzzle about extended knowledge – i.e. knowledge that results from extended cognitive processes. He argues that allowing for this kind of knowledge on the face of it entails that there could be instances of knowledge that are simply ‘engineered’ into the subject. The problem is that such engineered knowledge does not look genuine given that it results from processes that bypass the cognitive agency of the subject. Carter’s solution is to argue that we need to impose an additional autonomy condition on knowledge that excludes such cases of non-autonomous knowledge. In response, two points of criticism are offered. First, that when extended knowledge is properly understood, virtue-theoretic accounts of knowledge can already exclude non-autonomous knowledge without the need of an additional epistemic condition. Second, that the cases that Carter offers of putatively non-autonomous knowledge involve the inclusive folk notion of belief rather than the more restrictive notion of belief that is relevant to epistemology (K-apt belief). Once it is recognized that the belief condition on knowledge concerns this more restrictive notion, then we already have the means to exclude cases of non-autonomous knowledge (regardless of which theory of knowledge one favors).

Only Classical Parameterised States have Optimal Measurements under Least Squares Loss

Measurements of quantum states form a key component in quantum-information processing. It is therefore an important task to compare measurements and furthermore decide if a measurement strategy is optimal. Entropic quantities, such as the quantum Fisher information, capture asymptotic optimality but not optimality with finite resources. We introduce a framework that allows one to conclusively establish if a measurement is optimal in the non-asymptotic regime. Our method relies on the fundamental property of expected errors of estimators, known as risk, and it does not involve optimisation over entropic quantities. The framework applies to finite sample sizes and lack of prior knowledge, as well as to the asymptotic and Bayesian settings. We prove a no-go theorem that shows that only classical states admit optimal measurements under the most common choice of error measurement: least squares. We further consider the less restrictive notion of an approximately optimal measurement and give sufficient conditions for such measurements to exist. Finally, we generalise the notion of when an estimator is inadmissible (i.e. strictly worse than an alternative), and provide two sufficient conditions for a measurement to be inadmissible.

Saizvršilaštvo u krivičnom zakonodavstvu u Bosni i Hercegovini

In the criminal legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the participation of several persons in the commission of a criminal offense is regulated in the provisions of the general parts of Criminal Codes in accordance with the restrictive notion of the perpetrator. (Co)perpetration is clearly separated from complicity, where the starting point is the principle of limited accessory. In addition to the above, the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a solution based on the monistic understanding of the perpetrator, thus accepting the extensive-restrictive model of perpetration. Author pays attention to the legal regulation of the model of co-perpetration in the criminal legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

On restricted diagonalization

Let H be a separable infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space, B(H) the algebra of bounded linear operators acting on H and J a proper two-sided ideal of B(H). Denote by UJ(H) the group of all unitary operators of the form I+J. Recall that an operator A∈B(H) is diagonalizable if there exists a unitary operator U such that UAU⁎ is diagonal with respect to some orthonormal basis. A more restrictive notion of diagonalization can be formulated with respect to a fixed orthonormal basis e={en}n≥1 and a proper operator ideal J as follows: A∈B(H) is called restrictedly diagonalizable if there exists U∈UJ(H) such that UAU⁎ is diagonal with respect to e. In this work we give a sufficient condition for a diagonalizable operator to be restrictedly diagonalizable. This condition becomes a characterization when the ideal is arithmetic mean closed. Then we obtain results on the structure of the set of all restrictedly diagonalizable operators. In this way we answer several open problems recently raised by Beltiţă, Patnaik and Weiss.

The rigid hybrid number for two phylogenetic trees

Recently there has been considerable interest in the problem of finding a phylogenetic network with a minimum number of reticulation vertices which displays a given set of phylogenetic trees, that is, a network with minimum hybrid number. Such networks are useful for representing the evolution of species whose genomes have undergone processes such as lateral gene transfer and recombination that cannot be represented appropriately by a phylogenetic tree. Even so, as was recently pointed out in the literature, insisting that a network displays the set of trees can be an overly restrictive assumption when modeling certain evolutionary phenomena such as incomplete lineage sorting. In this paper, we thus consider the less restrictive notion of rigidly displaying which we introduce and study here. More specifically, we characterize when two trees can be rigidly displayed by a certain type of phylogenetic network called a temporal tree-child network in terms of fork-picking sequences. These are sequences of special subconfigurations of the two trees related to the well-studied cherry-picking sequences. We also show that, in case it exists, the rigid hybrid number for two phylogenetic trees is given by a minimum weight fork-picking sequence for the trees. Finally, we consider the relationship between the rigid hybrid number and three closely related numbers; the weak, beaded, and temporal hybrid numbers. In particular, we show that these numbers can all be different even for a fixed pair of trees, and also present an infinite family of pairs of trees which demonstrates that the difference between the rigid hybrid number and the temporal-hybrid number for two phylogenetic trees on the same set of n leaves can grow at least linearly with n.

Is stage-gay queerbaiting? The politics of performative homoeroticism in emo bands

Queerbaiting is a fast-expanding topic in media and cultural studies. In 2015, this author attempted to define queerbaiting as a strategy by which writers and networks attempt to gain the patronage of queer viewers via the suggestion of queer relationships, before denying and laughing off the possibility. Joseph Brennan’s 2019 edited volume has greatly developed the concept of queerbaiting to include a range of meanings, from media industries’ pledges of allegiance to LGBT causes that are not delivered upon to courting queer viewers via paratexts that imply queer relationships that don’t exist in text. Applying the concept of queerbaiting to bands complicates these ideas, as the “truth” or “delivery” of queer representation lies not in a fictional text but the public persona of real performers. Through an examination of stage-gay, the notorious practice of queer performativity on stage by straight performers in the emo music subculture, I investigate how a restrictive notion of “truth” in discussions of queerbaiting can actually close off the very possibilities of transformation and open-ended configurations of sexuality that Alexander Doty’s formulation of queerness promised. Emo bands are the natural case study here, as emo is an offshoot of hardcore and punk that sought to complicate the hegemonic masculinities dominating those genres, both in its musical and lyric content, and the public and paratextual performativity of its artists.

A Description of Ad-nilpotent Elements in Semiprime Rings with Involution

In this paper, we study ad-nilpotent elements in Lie algebras arising from semiprime associative rings R free of 2-torsion. With the idea of keeping under control the torsion of R, we introduce a more restrictive notion of ad-nilpotent element, pure ad-nilpotent element, which is a only technical condition since every ad-nilpotent element can be expressed as an orthogonal sum of pure ad-nilpotent elements of decreasing indices. This allows us to be more precise when setting the torsion inside the ring R in order to describe its ad-nilpotent elements. If R is a semiprime ring and $$a\in R$$ is a pure ad-nilpotent element of R of index n with R free of t and $$\left( {\begin{array}{c}n\\ t\end{array}}\right) $$ -torsion for $$t=[\frac{n+1}{2}]$$ , then n is odd and there exists $$\lambda \in C(R)$$ such that $$a-\lambda $$ is nilpotent of index t. If R is a semiprime ring with involution $$*$$ and a is a pure ad-nilpotent element of $${{\,\mathrm{Skew}\,}}(R,*)$$ free of t and $$\left( {\begin{array}{c}n\\ t\end{array}}\right) $$ -torsion for $$t=[\frac{n+1}{2}]$$ , then either a is an ad-nilpotent element of R of the same index n (this may occur if $$n\equiv 1,3 \,(\text {mod } 4)$$ ) or R is a nilpotent element of R of index $$t+1$$ , and R satisfies a nontrivial GPI (this may occur if $$n\equiv 0,3 \,(\text {mod } 4)$$ ). The case $$n\equiv 2 \,(\text {mod } 4)$$ is not possible.

Finite groups, 2-generation and the uniform domination number

Let G be a finite 2-generated non-cyclic group. The spread of G is the largest integer k such that for any nontrivial elements x1,…,xk, there exists y G ∈ G such that G = 〈xi,y〉 for all i. The more restrictive notion of uniform spread, denoted u(G), requires y to be chosen from a fixed conjugacy class of G, and a theorem of Breuer, Guralnick and Kantor states that u(G) ⩾ 2 for every non-abelian finite simple group G. For any group with u(G) ⩾ 1, we define the uniform domination number γu(G) of G to be the minimal size of a subset S of conjugate elements such that for each nontrivial x ∈ G there exists y ∈ S with G = 〈x, y〉 (in this situation, we say that S is a uniform dominating set for G). We introduced the latter notion in a recent paper, where we used probabilistic methods to determine close to best possible bounds on γu(G) for all simple groups G.In this paper we establish several new results on the spread, uniform spread and uniform domination number of finite groups and finite simple groups. For example, we make substantial progress towards a classification of the simple groups G with γu (G) = 2, and we study the associated probability that two randomly chosen conjugate elements form a uniform dominating set for G. We also establish new results concerning the 2-generation of soluble and symmetric groups, and we present several open problems.

Hausdorff–Young-type inequalities for vector-valued Dirichlet series

We study Hausdorff–Young-type inequalities for vector-valued Dirichlet series which allow us to compare the norm of a Dirichlet series in the Hardy space H p ( X ) \mathcal {H}_{p} (X) with the q q -norm of its coefficients. In order to obtain inequalities completely analogous to the scalar case, a Banach space must satisfy the restrictive notion of Fourier type/cotype. We show that variants of these inequalities hold for the much broader range of spaces enjoying type/cotype. We also consider Hausdorff–Young-type inequalities for functions defined on the infinite torus T ∞ \mathbb {T}^{\infty } or the boolean cube { − 1 , 1 } ∞ \{-1,1\}^{\infty } . As a fundamental tool we show that type and cotype are equivalent to a hypercontractive homogeneous polynomial type and cotype, a result of independent interest.

On the interaction between modal and aspectual periphrases

This paper explores the semantics of combinations in which a modal verb is preceded by a progressive, an incremental or a habitual periphrasis. Two distinct readings in context, aspectualized VP and aspectualized modality readings, are found to correlate with the (not-)at- issue status of the modal according to Tonhauser's diagnostics. Implicative readings (a generalization of the more restrictive notion of actuality entailments) emerge obligatorily in aspectualized VP readings, but are also present in some aspectualized modality readings. Aspectualized modality readings provide evidence for the claim that modalized event descriptions are stative.

The Potential of Article 4(2) TEU in the Solution of Constitutional Clashes Based on Alleged Violations of National Identity and the Quest for Adequate (Judicial) Standards

The contribution aims at determining the added value, if any, of Article 4(2) Treaty on European Union (TEU) in the prevention and solution of constitutional conflicts related to the alleged violation of national identity. To that end, the article considers the growing tensions in the dialogue between constitutional courts and the European Court of Justice (ECJ), in particular those emerging from the Gauweiler and M.A.S. and M.B. cases, and examines how the Luxembourg judges have interpreted and applied the identity clause vis à vis challenges based on the need to protect national prerogatives. The contribution thus dwells on the nature and scope of Article 4(2), TEU in light of the principles of conferral, loyal cooperation, subsidiarity and proportionality. Based on the case law following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, and the recent disquietude manifested by the German and Italian constitutional courts, the article finally advocates the elaboration of a more restrictive notion of national identity by the ECJ, as well as the development of clearer rules of conflict when the constitutional specificities of the Member States are (allegedly) on a collision course with EU law.

Incremental Stability of Hybrid Dynamical Systems

The analysis of incremental stability typically involves measuring the distance between any two solutions of a given dynamical system at the same time instant, which is problematic when studying hybrid dynamical systems. Indeed, hybrid systems generate solutions defined with respect to hybrid time instances (that consists of both the continuous time elapsed and the discrete time, which is the number of jumps experienced so far), and two solutions of the same hybrid system may not be defined at the same hybrid time instant. To overcome this issue, we present novel definitions of incremental stability for hybrid systems based on graphical closeness of solutions. As we will show, defining incremental asymptotic stability with respect to the hybrid time yields a restrictive notion, such that we also investigate incremental asymptotic stability notions with respect to the continuous time only or the discrete time only, respectively. In this manner, two (effectively dual) incremental stability notions are attained, called jump- and flow incremental asymptotic stability. To present Lyapunov conditions for these two notions, in both cases, we resort to an extended hybrid system and we prove that the stability of a well-defined set for this extended system implies incremental stability of the original system. We can then use available Lyapunov conditions to infer the set stability of the extended system. Various examples are provided throughout this paper, including an event-triggered control application and a bouncing ball system with Zeno behavior, that illustrate incremental stability with respect to continuous time or discrete time, respectively.

Una reevaluación del convencionalismo geométrico de Poincaré

anet Folina ha propuesto una interpretación del convencionalismo de Poincaré frente a Michael Friedman y Robert DiSalle. Ambos afirman que la propuesta de Poincaré queda refutada por la relatividad general, por suponer una noción restrictiva de los principios a priori. Folina sostiene que el convencionalismo de Poincaré no resulta contradictorio con la relatividad general, en cuanto permite una noción relativizada de los principios a priori. Pretendemos mostrar que la estrategia de Folina es ineficaz, por cuanto Poincaré no puede explicar el papel de la variedad de Riemann en la relatividad general. Concluiremos que la tentativa de reconstruir el desarrollo de la relatividad general a partir de la filosofía de Poincaré puede constituir un obstáculo para comprender la radicalidad del cambio que la relatividad generó en las relaciones entre física y geometría.

Fashion as property in traditional culture: a Maasai case study

The cognizance of traditional knowledge and culture requires a perception into the history of a people of which their roots, culture and customs are encapsulated. In Africa, tradition existed way before its naming, definition or record during the continental wave by explorers or missionaries, and with time, colonial ideology cast it into categorizations of customs and ethnic tribes.4 The pre-existing tradition in its unaltered purity was distinct from the invented traditions Ranger5 describes as having been handed to Africans through socialization in European neo-traditions. Cultural imperialism aside, the concept of traditional knowledge and cultural expressions is a probable novelty to Western intellectual property systems depending on its discovery.6 A Western restrictive notion of intellectual property may consequently be ill-suited to incorporate other forms of property like culture or folklore outside its legal context7, posing a conflict of ideologies. The Africa Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) thorough its Swakopmund Protocol8 recognizes tangible expressions such as textile, jewellery, costumes and needlework as expressions of folklore.9 Mirrored in Kenyan legislation, the Protection of Traditional Knowledge Act10, effectuates explicit constitutional obligations on the national foundation of culture11, which requires State legislative enaction for cultural protection including compensation for such use through royalties.12

A Política de Institucionalização de Polos de Apoio Presencial da Universidade Aberta do Brasil

O artigo trata da poltica de institucionalizao de polos de apoio presencial do sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil. Apresenta-se os significados administrativos, pedaggicos e organizacionais atribudos institucionalizao dos polos com a finalidade de expanso e interiorizao do ensino superior e uma discusso sobre o conceito de institucionalizao, considerando as polticas pblicas de Educao a Distncia e o Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil. O percurso metodolgico se fundamenta na pesquisa qualitativa, com discusso da literatura, complementada por entrevistas com coordenadores de polos. Conclui-se que h uma noo restritiva do conceito de Institucionalizao, atrelada a aspectos pedaggicos, administrativos e organizacionais da modalidade de ensino a distncia, que desconsidera ou menospreza, as prprias polticas pblicas e educacionais. O consrcio que institui os polos, oriundos de uma concepo que flexibiliza uma organizao, patrocina sua prpria (des) institucionalizao.

Novel Affinities: Composing the Family in the German Novel, 1795–1830 by Sarah Vandegrift Eldridge, and: Goethe’s Families of the Heart by Susan E. Gustafson

Reviewed by: Novel Affinities: Composing the Family in the German Novel, 1795–1830 by Sarah Vandegrift Eldridge, and: Goethe’s Families of the Heart by Susan E. Gustafson Heidi Schlipphacke Novel Affinities: Composing the Family in the German Novel, 1795–1830. By Sarah Vandegrift Eldridge. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2016. Pp. x + 202. Cloth $85.00. ISBN 978-1571139597. Goethe’s Families of the Heart. By Susan E. Gustafson. New York: Bloomsbury, 2016. Pp. vii + 199. Cloth $105.60. Paper $39.95. ISBN 978-1501315763. The topics of family and kinship have recently enjoyed a renaissance in German studies in light of new approaches to thinking about the relationship between the family model and the state. The shifting contours of modern familial and marriage paradigms, evident in recent legislation supporting marriage equality for same-sex couples, have surely informed reconsiderations of the nuclear family and its origins in the eighteenth century. In addition, the enhanced visibility of both nonbiological affective communities (adoptive, increasingly international, and even virtual) and purely biological relationships (for example, sperm donor families in which members have no connection beyond the biological) spurs us to rethink assumptions about the simple mapping of the nuclear family onto the (imagined) state in the German Enlightenment. For the past few years the German Studies Association has hosted a “Family and Kinship” network that has provided a highly productive forum for new reflections on the shifting connections between blood ties, economics, and politics in German-speaking countries. Sarah Eldridge’s and Susan Gustafson’s books respond to this call for nuance and reconsideration of the definition and function of “family” in the eighteenth century. Both Eldridge and Gustafson have chaired the “Family and Kinship” network, and each has written a book that intervenes in crucial ways with cutting-edge discussions about the intersection of family, economics, politics, and aesthetics. In Novel Affinities: Composing the Family in the German Novel, 1795–1830, Eldridge offers a nuanced study of the ways in which the form of the novel mirrors, responds to, and, in turn, helps shape conceptions about family and generation that emerged in the German states around 1800. Gustafson focuses explicitly on seminal works by Goethe: one play (Stella [1775]) and three important novels (Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre [1795], [End Page 158] Die Wahlverwandtschaften [1809], and Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre [1821]), in order to elegantly show us how anathema these works are to any restrictive notion of love. On the contrary, Gustafson convincingly argues, Goethe’s works are not only nontraditional in their critical representation of nuclear families, they are likewise radically progressive (perhaps more so than our present age) in their consistently positive depiction of nontraditional affective bonds, including same-sex, polyamorous, and adoptive ones. In this sense, Gustafson’s monograph could be seen as a companion to Astrida Tantillo’s Goethe’s Modernisms (2010), in which Tantillo forcefully argues for the presciently modern nature of Goethe’s views on economics, education, and religion. Interestingly, although Eldridge’s work is not focused on Goethe per se, she concludes Novel Affinities with a beautifully astute interpretation of Die Wahlverwandtschaften, drawing out the ways in which it offers a subtle metareflection on the relationship between the genre of the novel and shifting notions of generation and testament—two concepts central to any understanding of the family. Eldridge shows convincingly in clear prose how we must think through the form of the novel together with that of the nuclear family, two “genres,” we might say, that are linked to emerging notions of subjectivity around 1800. Eldridge is particularly sensitive to the ways in which the novel—itself a malleable genre that becomes, as Eldridge argues, reflexive almost the minute it emerges as a dominant literary form—invites its readers to what she calls “imaginative engagement” with its material and form. The novel around 1800, she shows quite elegantly, is a literary genre that is not only concerned with the interior development of its protagonists but also with conceptions of generation and testament that are at the core of the bourgeois subject’s understanding of him/herself in the early nineteenth century. What is more, precisely by focusing on generation and testament, two concepts that link the...

The modularisation approach of work-based VET in Scotland

The issue of modularising vocational education and training (VET) systems has been the subject of heated debate in many European countries. In particular, in Scotland the use of modules within the curriculum has been seen as either restrictive or liberating depending upon the theoretical stance taken. At a more pragmatic level modularisation of VET has been regarded as one facet of a broader strategy to modernise training systems. Indeed, a strategy that has resulted in significant changes at the system level in VET, with a consequent impact at the institutional and practitioner levels. These discussions on modularisation have been on going in Scotland since the mid-1980s and are still of relevance today. However, rather interestingly this initial enthusiasm in Scotland for modular approaches has waned slightly and been replaced by a degree of scepticism. The work of Professor David Raffe and his colleagues at Edinburgh University has been instrumental in shaping the debate about modularisation. In particular, the conceptual contribution based upon the notion of ‘institutional and intrinsic logic’ and ‘institutional diversity’ has been very helpful. David acted as an advisor to our modularisation project with CEDEFOP and repeatedly reminded us of the need to collect data on implementation studies, with a particular comparative focus. This article will do just that, building upon a distinctive theoretical framework we will explore how modularisation has impacted on the work-based Scottish VET curriculum. Fortunately, we have substantial data on this based upon the example of a ‘mature’ VET system that has a long history of using modular based curriculum. Our findings will illustrate how modular structures can work towards both an expansive and restrictive notion of learning and assessment.

Utility-Based Scheduling of (m,k)-firm Real-Time Tasks - New Empirical Results

The concept of a firm real-time task implies the notion of a firm deadline that should not be missed by the jobs of this task. If a deadline miss occurs, the concerned job yields no value to the system. For some applications domains, this restrictive notion can be relaxed. For example, robust control systems can tolerate that single executions of a control loop miss their deadlines, and still yield an acceptable behaviour. Thus, systems can be developed under more optimistic assumptions, e.g. by allowing overloads. However, care must be taken that deadline misses do not accumulate. This restriction can be expressed by the model of (m,k)-firm real-time tasks that require that from any k consecutive jobs at least m are executed successfully. In this article, we extend our prior work on the MKU scheduling heuristic. MKU uses history-cognisant utility functions as means for making decisions in overload situations. We present new theoretical results on MKU and on other schedulers for (m,k)-firm real-time tasks. Based on extensive simulations, we assess the performance of these schedulers. The results allow us to identify task set characteristics that can be used as guidelines for choosing a scheduler for a concrete use case.