Rule Restrictions Research Articles

The epistemic and the deontic preface paradox

Abstract This paper generalizes the preface paradox beyond the conjunctive aggregation of beliefs and constructs an analogous paradox for deontic reasoning. The analysis of the deontic case suggests a systematic restriction of intuitive rules for reasoning with obligations. This proposal can be transferred to the epistemic case: It avoids the preface and the lottery paradox and saves one of the two directions of the Lockean Thesis (i.e. high credence is sufficient, but not necessary for rational belief). The resulting account compares favorably to competing proposals; in particular, we can formulate the rules of correct doxastic reasoning without reference to probabilistic features of the involved propositions.

Identifying Pronunciation Errors in English Among Postgraduate Students: A Phonetical Perspective

This research aims to address two primary problem statements: first, to identify the types of English pronunciation errors made by third-semester students in the postgraduate English language education program; and second, to determine the sources of these pronunciation errors among the same cohort of students. This research used a combination of phonetic and quantitative error analysis to identify the pronunciation errors among postgraduate students. The results showed that there were 16.16% of omission errors, 11.97% addition errors, 71.85% of word formation errors, and students 0% of word ordering error. For the sources of errors in the pronunciation of all students during the proposal seminar, researcher found that there was incomplete application of rule is source from omission errors such as letter /g/, /ʃ/, /dʒ/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ɑː/, /t/, and /h/. The next source of errors false concepts hypothesized is source from addition errors such as letter /ɒ/, /ʌ/, /s/, /g/, /e/, /ɑː/, /u/, /w/, /a/, /j/, and /r/. There is also overgeneralization is source from misformation errors such as letter /aʊ/, /ɔː/, /h/, /ʒ, etc. Meanwhile for ignorance of rule restriction is source from misodering errors all students for misodering did not make that mistake.

Proletarian Melodrama: Censorship, Popularization, and Consumerism in Colonial Korea

This article introduces the 1933 novel After the Doll’s House by Ch’ae Mansik as an example of how revolutionary messages were presented through melodramatic narratives in colonial Korean proletarian literature. Between 1928 and 1930, several members of the Korea Artista Proleta Federacio (KAPF), most notably Kim Kijin, insisted that melodrama—a narrative form widely distributed in popular newspapers—could circumvent censorship to introduce revolutionary representations to the public. Although few proletarian authors initially agreed with Kim’s approach, many proletarian novels, especially those serialized in newspapers such as After the Doll’s House, adopted key elements from melodrama. Accordingly, this article explores how modern melodrama in colonial Korea as imported from Japan and Europe was uniquely adapted and transformed to deliver Marxist messages through localized literary symbols and tropes, despite strict censorship under the Government-General of Korea and the commercial demands of the publication market. After the Doll’s House thereby evidences how melodramatic narrative in colonial Korean proletarian literature was an effective strategy for expressing radical ideas within the restrictions of colonial rule as well as for creating a hybrid literary form under oppressive social conditions.

Topological phonons and thermal conductivity of two-dimensional Dirac semimetal PtN4C2

PtN4C2 is a recently predicted two-dimensional (2D) Dirac semimetal exhibiting significant topological quantum spin and valley Hall effects. Herein, we explore its topological phonon states and thermal transport properties from first-principles calculations. In terms of symmetry arguments, we predict the existence of multiple topologically protected phononic Dirac points in the frequency range of 0–20 THz, which are evidenced by the relevant irreducible representations and calculated nontrivial edge states on the (100) surface. In addition, anharmonic phonon renormalization is found to play a significant role in determining the phonon spectrum, especially for the out-of-plane flexural acoustic (ZA) branch. Moreover, we explicitly consider three-phonon scattering, four-phonon scattering, and phonon renormalization to predict the lattice thermal conductivity κl of PtN4C2, by solving the Boltzmann transport equation. With the incorporation of four-phonon scattering, we predict that the intrinsic κl is 68 W/mK at room temperature, which is reduced by about 45% as compared to the value obtained by only including three-phonon scattering. This reduction is found to arise mainly from the ZA phonons, whose contribution to κl is significantly suppressed by four-phonon scattering, due to the restriction of the mirror symmetry-induced selection rules on three-phonon processes. We also unveil that the presence of Dirac points steepens the surrounding phonon dispersion and thus greatly increases the phonon group velocities, thereby making a considerable contribution to κl. This work establishes a thorough understanding of intrinsic topological phonons and thermal transport in PtN4C2 and highlights the importance of phonon renormalization and higher-order anharmonicity in determining the phonon transport properties of 2D materials.

Interlanguage Pragmatic Competence of University Students: An Error Analysis of Apology Speech Act Strategies in Japanese Learners

While acquiring a second language, learners may encounter challenges and difficulties in effectively carrying out verbal communication in the second language. Mastering the apology speech act is a challenge for L2 learners. The objective of this study is to identify the apology strategies utilized by individuals learning the Japanese language, as well as the specific types and underlying causes of errors produced during the execution of apologetic speech acts. The results of this study were gathered via the Discourse Completion Test (DCT), which encompassed a sample of 150 Japanese language learners. The gathered data were further classified using eight semantic formulas based on the research conducted by Haristiani and Sopiyanti (2019), while the various types and sources of error categorization were conducted based on the theories proposed by Corder (1981) and Richards (1975). The results of this study suggest that Japanese learners utilize the same primary strategies in apology speech acts. Furthermore, the study findings indicated that learners at the intermediate level displayed a higher frequency of errors in their speech compared to learners at the beginner levels and pre-intermediate levels, particularly in the strategy of taking responsibility. The main reason for this was primarily a lack of familiarity with the conventions of sentence structures, the proper use of language, and the appropriate use of expressions. The other sources of errors in language learning are likely to be ignoring language rule restrictions, incomplete application of rules, the learner’s false hypothesis, overgeneralization, and language transfer. This study is anticipated to function as a point of reference for research in interlanguage pragmatics, second-language acquisition, and error analysis. Gaining comprehension of the various problems and difficulties encountered when performing the speech act of apology in Japanese can assist both learners and educators in reducing these errors.

NARRATIVE WRITING ABILITY PERFORMED BY STUDENTS OF ISLAMIC HIGH SCHOOL AL UKHUWAH SUKOHARJO: A SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION CASE

<p class="Keyword">The research conducted at MA Al Ukhuwah Sukoharjo aimed to explore second language acquisition among high school students, specifically focusing on error types and factors influencing these errors with a gender-based analysis. Utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach and the four stages of analysis—domain, taxonomic, componential, and cultural theme—the study identified 841 errors, with misformation errors comprising the majority at 51.6%. Female students exhibited a higher error rate at 80.38% compared to their male counterparts (19.62%). Causes of errors, such as overgeneralization, incomplete rule application, incorrect hypothesis conception, and ignorance of rule restrictions, were identified, with the latter significantly impacting language mastery. These findings provide valuable insights for educators, informing strategies to address challenges in mastering English, particularly in areas like tense usage, sentence structure, diction, and conjunctions among high school students at MA Al Ukhuwah Sukoharjo.</p>

Enhancing EFL Learners’ Conjunction Proficiency in Recount Writing: An Analytical Study

Although it seems straightforward, using conjunctions in recount text writing poses a serious challenge for Indonesian EFL learners who continue to use them incorrectly. This current research aims to identify and describe EFL learners’ types and causes of conjunction errors in writing recount texts. This research relays on a mixed-methods research design where 27 participants were 10th-grade EFL learners of SMK Muhammadiyah Berbah in the 2022/2023 academic year. Data were collected through documents and interviews. The collected data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis was used to discover EFL learners' types and causes of conjunction errors in writing recount text. In contrast, quantitative analysis was used to present the number and percentage of EFL learners' errors. This research shows that EFL learners make four types of errors in using conjunctions to write recount text. The types of errors consist of 55.81% omission errors, 23.25% unnecessary addition errors, 18.60% misuse errors, and 2.32% repetition errors. Ignorance of rule restrictions causes EFL learners to make errors of misuse, unnecessary addition, and excessive repetition. Meanwhile, the incomplete application of the rules caused EFL learners to make omission errors.

Evaluation of Written Expression Skills of Students from Turkish World through Error Analysis

The aim of the research is to evaluate the written expression skills of the students from the Turkish world and communities that are studying at Hoca Ahmet Yesevi International Turkish-Kazakh University by using the error analysis method and to develop a solution proposal for the wrong sources revealed. For this purpose, the composition was printed to evaluate the written expression skills of the students, and negotiations were held so that the wrong sources could be revealed. The results of the research showed that the mistakes most frequently made by Turkish students in written expression studies are spelling and punctuation mistakes and misuse of words. The main causes of these mistakes were determined to be excessive generalizations, not knowing the rule constraints and the main negative transfers. Another category created from student spelling mistakes is mistakes made in word selection. The situation repeated by almost all students in this category is the negative transmission caused by the mother tongue and the incorrect use of words caused by not knowing the rule restrictions. After that, the most repeated mistakes and their causes, respectively, are the unnecessary use of words in sentences due to developing incorrect concepts, excessive generalization and word omissions due to ignorance of rule restrictions, word errors brought from the mother tongue due to negative transmission from the mother tongue, and errors in the use of words that have passed from foreign languages to Turkish.

Rules of origin and exporters' value-added

We explore the non-monotonic relationship between the restrictiveness of rules of origin (ROO) and beneficiaries' value-added embedded in preferential exports. Using data for the European Union's GSP schemes, we calculate the value-added maximizing level of ROO restrictiveness. Results suggest that current levels of restrictiveness in the European Union's GSP schemes are not statistically different from optimal levels. More lenient ROO, as sometimes requested by GSP beneficiaries, would reduce their value-added to the benefit of foreign input providers.

Art Students’ Error Analysis in Using Past Tense in Narrative Essay

As EFL learners, writing a narrative essay with proper grammatical rules and good chronological order is not easy. Although simple past tense has been introduced to students, previous studies found that the misuse of past tense remains a problem. A similar case also happened to art students at Sekolah Tinggi Kesenian Wilwatikta Surabaya. Thus, this study aimed to find out the students’ errors in using past tense in their narrative essays. It is seen as an urgent point since the literature about how art students deal with English subjects is very limited. Help is still required, and it begins by identifying their errors in writing. By employing qualitative content analysis of 30 students’ narrative essays, this study found a total of 197 errors. These errors were grouped into three categories: omission (98 errors), addition (67 errors), and misinformation (32 errors). A conclusion was drawn that the students committed grammatical errors in their narrative essays due to several factors such as L1 interference, different grammatical rules between Indonesia and English, insufficient grammatical knowledge, overgeneralization, rule restriction ignorance, and false hypothesis.

Osvrt na analizu grešaka na primeru nastave engleskog jezika struke

Although largely abandoned and criticized in Second Language Acquisition research, Error Analysis is still widely employed in the field of English Language Teaching. The aim of this paper is to re investigate the potentials and limitations of the Error Analysis approach half a century after its establishment. The analysis presented in this paper is placed in the specific context of English for Specific Purposes, aimed to analyze errors in engineering students' translations. Unlike the majority of Error Analyses, this study investigates not only grammatical but also vocabulary errors. The main focus is placed on the explanation of errors, i.e. determining the sources of learners' errors, followed by further analysis of the main causes of both inter lingual and intralingual errors, including over generalization, ignorance of rule restrictions, over extension of analogy, etc. Based on the results and implications of the presented analysis, it is concluded that Error Analysis, despite its shortcomings and limitations, provides valuable insight into the strategies learners employ as well as the obstacles they encounter in the process of foreign language production, which can be used as a resource to improve or supplement the existing teaching methodologies and adapt them to the specific needs of students.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF ARABIC WRITING BY ISLAMIC VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

This research examined different types of writing errors performed by Islamic Vocational High School students undertaking the Arabic course. The current study also discussed the plausible causes of errors committed by the students. A mixed-method approach was used to investigate and analyze a corpus of students’ writing. The data were collected through documentation and obtained from the essays of tenth and eleventh-grade students with 40 respondents. The study employed error analysis steps by Corder as a framework to deal with deviated grammatical rules, including collecting, identifying, classifying, quantifying data, and analyzing sources of errors. The results showed that the most dominant error was spelling, with 35.44%, followed by 28.16% errors in phrases, 22.81% in sentence structures, and 13.59% in agreement. Several possible causes of such errors include overgeneralization, ignorance of rule restrictions, incomplete application of rules, and false concepts hypothesized.

Exploring the first-move balance point of Go-Moku based on reinforcement learning and Monte Carlo tree search

In most chess games without additional rule restrictions, the side that makes the first move (i.e., the first-move side) has an absolute advantage, which affects the game’s balance to a certain extent. Artificial intelligence (AI) training in some chess games can be bottlenecked by the imbalance of opening moves, making it challenging to improve chess strength. The first-move balance problem can be explored to achieve a balanced win rate in chess games. This study uses Go-Moku as an example to explore the first-move balance point problem for different sizes of Go-Moku boards. We design a self-playing Go-Moku intelligence algorithm using deep reinforcement learning and Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS), which can considerably save arithmetic power without affecting the strength of the AI. To address the characteristics of Go-Moku and its complexity, we propose an algorithm using dynamic MCTS simulation counts, which only employs a reasonable amount of hyperparameters to achieve better performance with the cost of a relatively small number of simulations. By symmetrically expanding the data and optimizing the exploration and selection allocation, the training efficiency of the Go-Moku AI is improved through Multiple Process Interface (MPI) multi-processes. Building the test model of first-move balance points for a universal Go-Moku board, we obtain a set of first-move balance points for different board sizes. The first-move balance point of Go-Moku that makes the game even is found by simulating the game win rate for all first-move drop points. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve world-leading chess strength in Gomocup by engine play tests and can find the first-move balance point of Go-Moku on boards of various sizes. The results of this study will help optimize the rule setting of Go-Moku and improve the training efficiency of AI in the field of Go-Moku, which can be extended to the exploration of balance in other chess games.

Entropy profiles of Schelling’s segregation model from the Wang–Landau algorithm

We evaluate Schelling's segregation outcomes from the square lattice, regular random networks, and clustered regular random networks by situating them in the probability distribution of the entire outcome space of satisfaction and segregation. To do so, we employ the Wang-Landau algorithm and calculate the entropy and the number of states as a function of satisfaction and segregation. According to the results, satisfaction tends to increase with segregation, irrespective of the network structure. Moreover, segregation occurs almost surely when satisfaction is maximized, which we also algebraically derive and confirm on infinite-size networks. The average ratios of the neighbors of the same tag are about 67% for the square lattice and regular random networks and about 73% for clustered regular random networks with a clustering coefficient of 0.37(1). Thus, clustering increases segregation on regular random networks. Further, we find that Schelling's path-dependent process generates sharper segregation than expected by random configurations, an outcome symptomatic of over-optimization from the social welfare perspective. Adopting an alternative rule restricting individuals' choice set may reduce segregation without compromising on satisfaction.

Shorting flows and return predictability in Taiwan

Wang et al. (2020) show that short- and long-term shorting flows are strong predictors of future stock returns in the U.S. markets during 2010–2015. Their results are in line with the informed shorting hypothesis that short sellers trade on long-term information that is gradually incorporated into stock prices. This study extends Wang et al.'s (2020) analyses to the Taiwan stock market by proposing that the impositions of the up-tick rule and price limits provide an ideal setting to test the informed shorting hypothesis. We show that short- and long-term shorting flows have strong predictive power for future stock returns in Taiwan, suggesting that short sellers' trading does contain significant incremental information about future stock returns under the restrictions of the up-tick rule and price limits.

Errors Found in Ayuna Silver's Emails

This paper discussed an analysis of correspondence especially about the kinds of error made by the staff in replying to emails from the customer. All the data were mostly analyzed based on the theory applied by Dulay, Heidi C, and Marina Burt in their book entitled Language Two (1982) and it was also supported by other theories. They were Error Analysis and Interlanguage written by S. P. Corder (1981), Error Analysis Perspective on Second Language Acquisition written by Richard (1974) and beside the other references about, several supporting references that were considered relevant to the topic were also used in this paper. In conducting this research, the library research was applied and there were three steps for the methodology. They were data collection, data analysis, and data source. The information for this paper came from emails written by Ayuna Silver employees. The data was then gathered by reading carefully and then classified based on the types of errors according to the theory used in this qualitative paper. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that Ayuna Silver’s staff made some mistakes, and the factor that caused the errors. There were omissions, additions, misformations, and misordering errors. Overgeneralization, incomplete application of rules, ignorance of rule restrictions, and false concept hypothesized were the factors that caused errors. Keywords: syntax, error analysis, e-mail

Error Analysis in Using Chinese Words “Qiwang期望” and “Yuanwang愿望” of STBA-PIA Second Year Student 2019/2020 Academic Year

The purpose of this research is to understand the error types and the error causes of Sekolah Tinggi Bahasa Asing Persahabatan Internasional Asia (STBA-PIA) second year students in using the Chinese words “Qiwang期望” and “Yuanwang愿望”. The design of this research is a descriptive qualitative and using both elicitation and interview methods for data collection. Picture description and elicited imitation methods are applied as the instruments used for describing the error types in using the Chinese words “Qiwang期望” and “Yuanwang愿望”, while interview method is used in defining the causes of errors occurred in using the Chinese words “Qiwang期望” and “Yuanwang愿望”. The results of this study show that there are four types of errors occured in using Chinese words “Qiwang期望” and “Yuanwang愿望” by STBA-PIA second year students which are error of addition (14.6%), error of substitution (66.5%), error of order (12.6%) and error of omission (6.3%). The results also show that there are two types of error causes, they are interlingual transfer (51.7%) and intralingual transfer (48.3%) in which the intralingual transfer includes the overgeneralization (17.2%), ignore of rule restriction (13.8%), incomplete application of rules (10.3%) and false concept hypothesized (7%). Keywords: Error, Chinese Word, 期望(qiwang), 愿望(yuanwang)

Do US exporters take advantage of free trade agreements? Evidence from the US‐Colombia free trade agreement

AbstractUsing novel transaction‐level data, the author has studied the determinants of the utilization among US exporters of preferential treatment under the US‐Colombia free trade agreement (FTA). This study finds FTA's use is incomplete and increases based on the magnitude of duty savings, which suggests the existence of a fixed cost to taking advantage of these preferences. To shed light on the nature of this fixed cost, the author shows that after controlling for duty savings FTA use increases over time, is higher among larger exporters, and is positively associated to an exporter's past experience in using the FTA. This suggests the fixed cost of using the FTA falls over time and with exporter size and experience. Finally, the author constructs a measure of the restrictiveness of rules of origin specific to this FTA and find that more restrictive rules of origin lead to a lower use of the FTA, especially among producers of differentiated goods.

ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ERROR IN DESCRIPTIVE WRITING AMONG STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF STKIP AGAMA HINDU SINGARAJA IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2020/2021

The present study aimed at: (1) investigating the types of grammatical errors committed by the second semester students of English Education Department of STKIP Agama Hindu Singaraja in writing descriptive text and (2) explaining the causes of grammatical errors committed by the second semester students of English Education Department of STKIP Agama Hindu Singaraja in writing descriptive text. The data were collected by using documentation, questionnaire and interview. The study was descriptive study. The instruments were writing instruction, self assessment, questionnaire, interview guide and tape recorder. The study revealed that there were four kinds of errors found in their writing text, such as: verb errors, preposition errors, article errors and pronoun errors. Total of errors that the students committed was 538 errors. The most frequent errors were in the use of verb as many as 285 errors or 52.97%. There were 189 errors in the use of article or 35.13%. In the use of pronoun was found as many as 39 errors or 7.24%. Meanwhile, there were 25 errors in the use of preposition or 4.64%. There were four causes of errors committed by the students namely: the interference of the learners’ mother tongue, context of learning, overgeneralization, ignorance of rule restrictions. The result from interview showed that the students’ grammatical errors were mostly caused by intralingual factor which is grammar and structure.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF USING SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IN DESCRIPTIVE TEXT WRITTEN BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP BINA SATRIA MEDAN

This research is aimed to find out types of error analysis of using simple present tense in descriptive text written by the eighth grade students of SMP Bina Satria Medan. This research used the qualitative research design. The sample of this research was the eighth grade students of SMP Bina Satria Medan which consisted of 20 students. The result of the data analysis showed that there were the types of errors made by the students on writing descriptive text based on surface strategy taxonomy which are classified into omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The types of errors made by the students on writing descriptive text were 25% in errors of omission, 22,4% in errors of Addition, 49,2% in errors of Misformation, 3,4 % in errors of Ordering. From this data, it can be said that the misformation error was the highest number of errors made by the students in 49,2%.There were some causes of errors made by students in misformation. Firstly, the students felt confused with tense formula, they still could not distinguish regular and irregular verbs, which are present tense and past tense. Secondly, the students made mistakes in arranging word or confused to select the word sequence in sentence which important to formation writing that meanwhile to arrange the word and group of words in English and Indonesia are different. Thirdly, The students made errors because they didn’t know grammar rule, they were lazy to learn about tense, they couldn’t interpret sentences or paragraph directly and many other reasons. Therefore, it can be stated that source of the errors made by students influenced by interlingual and intralingual transfer(Corder, 2000). Interlingual transfer is errors that are influenced by the interference of users’ mother tongue. The users still apply Indonesian pattern into English when they translate the sentences. Then Intralingual transfer occurs when students get difficulty learn the second language. Three causes of errors in intralingual transfer, namely; errors caused by over-generalization, errors caused by ignorance of rule restriction, and errors caused by incomplete application of rules.