Restorative Materials Research Articles

A clinical approach for no prep direct composite veneers with opaquer/ tint to reshape a smile: a case report

Dental aesthetic has a profound influence on both self-esteem and social interactions. Patients desire changes in their smiles, while dentists aim for the preservation of dental and adjacent structures, as well as durability. In this context, no-prep resin veneers emerge as a potential solution, as they allow for the preservation of the maximum amount of healthy dental structure, pulp integrity, and dental strength. Nevertheless, treating darkened substrates poses a challenge, and conservative options like composite resins have gained recognition as restorative materials due to their aesthetic qualities and ability to preserve healthy dental tissue. A protocol can help dentists, especially by describing the stages of making direct no-prep veneers, achieving better clinical success. This article presents a clinical step-by-step guide approach to fabricating light-cured composite prepless veneers, using opaque and tints to mask dark backgrounds, and preserving the dental substrate in a patient with multiple restorations, changes in color, and shape. Light-cured composite prepless veneers comply with the principles of biomimetics and offer advantages such as conservation of dental structures, versatility, one-session preparation, cost, mechanical properties, and excellent aesthetics, however, skill with this technique is required.

Facile Preparation and Study of Self-Healing Water-Absorbing Expanding Elastomers.

The absorbent expansion elastomer plays a crucial role in engineering sealing and holds a promising future in this field as infrastructure continues to develop. Traditional materials have their limitations, especially when used in large construction projects where the integrity and reliability of the material are of utmost importance. In this work, a self-healing water-absorbing expansion elastomer was developed for continuous production at a large scale to monitor the sealing conditions of massive infrastructure projects. At room temperature, the material exhibited a repairing efficiency of 57.77 % within 2 h, which increased to 84.02 % after 12 h. This extended reaction time allowed for effective repairs when defects were detected. The material's strength can attain 3 MPa, placing it at the upper echelon among common self-healing materials, thereby granting it a certain level of durability in its application environment. The material's volume expansion rate reached 200-400 % to achieve effective sealing, and the functional filling of the filler endowed the material itself with a favorable external force induction effect and prevented heat accumulation. The conductive detection performance of the absorbent expansion elastomer was improved by utilizing triple self-healing strategies, including dipole-dipole interaction, ion cross-linked network, and externally-aided restoration materials. These strategies were combined with a double packing strategy to enhance the material's properties. This innovative elastomer can be applied in various fields such as tunnel construction, infrastructure development, aerospace sealing, and railway transportation, showcasing significant potential for diverse engineering applications.

Exploring Dentists’ Preferences in Selecting Adhesive Systems: A Survey Analysis

Dental adhesives play a crucial role in modern dentistry by enabling the bonding of diverse restorative materials to tooth surfaces. These systems have evolved through seven generations, each characterized by unique chemical compositions and application techniques. The advancements in dental adhesives have significantly impacted restorative dentistry by preserving tooth structure, enhancing aesthetics, and ultimately improving patient outcomes and treatment options. The choice of adhesive system depends on various factors, including the clinical scenario, material compatibility, and dentist preference. Ongoing advancements in adhesive technology continue to enhance treatment outcomes and streamline procedures for dental practitioners. The development of universal adhesives capable of functioning in both etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes has further simplified clinical protocols. This study is an observational cross-sectional study conducted among Romanian dentists. A questionnaire was distributed via email to Romanian dentists, encompassing seven questions that explored the predominant use of etch-and-rinse or self-etch adhesive systems, preferred adhesive types, and commonly encountered challenges in direct restorations. Statistical analyses were conducted using DATAtab version (2024). The study highlighted the varying preferences among Romanian dentists in selecting suitable adhesive agents. Etch-and-rinse (ER) techniques predominated in direct restorations, with universal adhesives being the most frequently used. Further investigation is warranted to delve into the preferences of Romanian dentists regarding the utilization of self-etch (SE), etch-and-rinse (ER), and universal adhesives (UAs).

Bibliometric Analysis of the 100 Most-Cited Articles on the Methods of Shade-Matching in Dentistry.

The purpose of this bibliometric analysis is to identify the 100 most cited articles and delve into citation metrics to gain insights into the evolving trends in shade-matching methods in dentistry. Following PRISMA guidelines, two reviewers conducted a structured search in Scopus using keyword-based search strings. The top 100 articles were selected based on predefined criteria, and their bibliometric data were extracted. Harzing's Publish Or Perish and VOSviewer were used to generate the bibliographic network. Between 1989 and 2017, the top 100 articles were published and obtained citations ranging from 560 to 48. Twenty-eight articles received over 100 citations, deemed classic. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry and the United States of America were the primary contributors. In-vitro experimental studies employing restorative material samples were prevalent, with spectrophotometers being the favored method of color analysis. Using Python, Spearman's correlation coefficient resealed positive correlations between citation count and age of publication (r = 0.16, p = 0.12) and between citation count and the impact factor of the journal (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). However, a negative correlation was observed between citation density and age of publication (r = -0.46, p < 0.05). This study demonstrated a significant upward trajectory of citation count in shade-matching in dentistry, reflecting high-quality scientific contributions.

Proposing Novel Biological Scaffolds for the Regeneration of the Dura Mater

ABSTRACTThe dura mater protects underlying tissues and cerebrospinal fluid, but dural abnormalities can cause leaking and meningitis and wound infections. This review emphasizes the relevance of dural repair and the progress of dural reconstruction materials, focusing on biological scaffolds. A comprehensive assessment of dural substitution literature focused on composite, acellular, natural, synthetic, and homologous materials. Decellularized dura scaffolds as viable natural biomaterials for tissue engineering are explored in this overview of these materials' properties, effectiveness, and therapeutic uses. The evaluation also compares materials and assesses host tissue response in preclinical and clinical studies. The review highlights various dural substitution findings. There is no gold standard for dural repair, despite the variety of materials used. Replicating natural dura mater's mechanical and structural qualities is difficult. Recent research suggests that decellularized dura scaffolds can regenerate tissue while reducing inflammation and transplant rejection. Furthermore, the movement toward personalized medicine in this sector suggests that bespoke alternatives might be chosen depending on patient characteristics, improving treatment effects. Synthesizing dural replacement research and clinical uses in this review adds to knowledge. It tackles standard materials' shortcomings and shows how biological scaffolds might improve dural repair. The analysis opens the door to personalized dural repair research that might enhance patient outcomes and advance neurosurgery. The insights presented herein highlight the intriguing prospects for appropriate dural restorative materials, seeking to improve dural defect treatment.

Exploring the Mechanical and Biological Properties of a Resin-Ceramic Composite with Biomimetic Nacre Structure Containing Zinc Used for Prosthodontics

Enhancement of the mechanical and biological properties of dental restoration materials is of significant importance. Drawing inspiration from the architecture and mechanical properties of natural nacre, we employed a low-cost accumulative rolling process to develop resin-ceramic composites with suitable hardness and high toughness. Plate-like aluminum oxide powder with diameters of 5–10 μm and nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) with antibacterial properties were mixed as the ceramic phase of the composite. Aluminum oxide ceramic plates were stacked using an accumulative rolling process to achieve a consistent orientation, followed by sintering to obtain porous ceramic scaffolds. The ceramic scaffolds were subsequently immersed in methyl methacrylate resin to complete the fabrication of the biomimetic composites. The mechanical and biological properties of the composites were comprehensively tested. The composites had a suitable hardness (1.09–1.63 GPa), excellent flexural strength (156.7–167.8 MPa), and fracture toughness (KIC=2.66–3.59 MPa m1/2). Biomimetic composites are expected to mitigate the wear of natural teeth without developing fractures or deformations, while also exhibiting excellent cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity. This study investigated the factors influencing crack propagation in fracture tests and provided insights into enhancing the toughness of dental restorative materials. The biomimetic resin-ceramic composites containing Zn developed in this study have the potential to be used as functional dental restoration materials.

Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Provisional 3DPrinted Resin After Repair with Different Materials: An In-Vitro Study.

To evaluate the mechanical properties of the 3D printed provisional restoration material that was repaired using different materials. The bar specimens have been manufactured using three-dimensional printing technology in accordance with the ISO 10477:2020 standards and divided into 5 groups randomly. For repair material application and replacement on the standardized silicone mold, the test specimens were ground at the center by 1x2x2 mm. No grinding was done on the control group specimens. Flowable composite, bis-acrylic composite resin, polymethyl methacrylate resin, and temporary 3D printing resin are utilized as repair materials (n=16). The specimens underwent a three-point-bending (3PB) test, with a cross-head speed of 1mm/min, in order to assess their flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM). The data received statistical analysis with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. A Weibull analysis was performed, and the Weibull modulus of specimens was calculated. Control group specimens were showed the highest FS (142±12.6 MPa) and FM (4497±1205 MPa) values. Among the test groups, the utilization of temporary 3D printing resin as a repair material exhibited the greatest FS (67±33.3 MPa) values and showed statistical significance when compared to all other groups. Repairing 3D-printed provisional resin material weakens its mechanical properties. However, utilizing the own resin made of 3D-printed provisional resin material can be an effective choice for implementing minor modifications and additions.

Surface characteristics, cytotoxicity, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed hybrid resin-ceramic materials for definitive restoration

ObjectiveThis study investigated the surface properties, cytotoxicity, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed specimens made from hybrid resin-ceramic materials intended for use in definitive crowns. MethodsDisc-shaped specimens were 3D-printed using six different hybrid resin-ceramic materials recommended for definitive restorations: Crowntec (CT), VarseoSmile Crown Plus (VS), Tera Harz TC-80DP Graphy (TH), C&B Permanent ODS (CB), Formlabs Permanent Crown (FP), and HeyGears (HG). Surface topography, surface roughness, and water contact angle values were measured for each material (n = 6). Cytotoxicity was assessed using direct contact and extract tests on human gingival fibroblasts (n = 4). Additionally, the adhesion of mixed oral bacteria to the surfaces of the specimens was evaluated by counting colony-forming units (CFUs) after a 2-hour incubation period (n=6). ResultsThe TH group exhibited significantly lower surface roughness (Ra: 0.28 ± 0.13 μm) compared to the other materials (CT: 1.87 ± 0.34 μm; VS: 1.13 ± 0.09 μm; CB: 2.91 ± 0.27 μm; FP: 2.50 ± 0.08 μm; HG: 1.50 ± 0.55 μm). The VS group had the highest water contact angle (129.5 ± 1.1°), indicating greater hydrophobicity, in contrast to the other groups (CT: 72.6 ± 2.1°; TH: 75.0 ± 0.3°; CB: 69.1 ± 0.2°; FP: 93.0 ± 1.6°; HG: 77.7 ± 0.3°). Cytotoxicity testing showed no harmful effects, as relative cell viability exceeded 70%, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release remained below 30% for all materials. The TH specimens also demonstrated the lowest bacterial adhesion. ConclusionsThe surface characteristics of the tested resin-ceramic materials varied significantly, with TH showing the smoothest surface and the least bacterial adhesion. All materials were found to be non-toxic. Therefore, TH material has the potential to provide definitive restorations with less microbial adhesion. Clinical SignificanceThe type of resin-ceramic material significantly affects the surface properties of 3D-printed specimens. These findings are crucial for selecting the appropriate resin-ceramic material for definitive restorations.

Effects of Finishing on Surface Roughness of Four Different Glass-Ionomer Cements and One Alkasite: In Vitro Investigation over Time Using Aging Simulation

In 2017, Europe implemented a ban on amalgam restorations for children aged &lt;15 years and for pregnant/breastfeeding women, highlighting the need for alternative filling materials exhibiting less surface roughness and enhanced longevity. This in vitro study aimed to examine the surface roughness variations of five amalgam-replacement materials across three time points and using six finishing methods: (1) no finishing (control), (2) Arkansas burs, (3) diamond burs, (4) tungsten carbide burs, (5) SofLex discs in descending grit size, and (6) coarse SofLex discs combined with silicone polishing. We prepared 960 samples. Each material group, i.e., Cention Forte (CNF), DeltaFil (DLF), Ketac Universal (KTU), IonoStar Molar (ISM), and Equia Forte HT (EQF), comprised 60 samples (n = 10 per finishing method) created using standardized 3D-printed metal molds. Surface roughness (Sa) was measured immediately after finishing, after 30 days of storage in distilled water, and after thermocycling (5000 cycles) using a non-contact profilometer. The results indicate that conventional and hybrid glass-ionomer cements have smoother surfaces than high-viscosity GICs. The DLF and CNF groups exhibited stable outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate finishing methods based on the restorative material to minimize surface roughness.

Design and Development of Infiltration Resins: From Based Monomer Structure to Resin Properties.

The resin infiltration technology concept is one of the most widely used minimally invasive restorative techniques in restorative dentistry with the most outstanding therapeutic effect, and it is also one of the key research directions in restorative dentistry. "Infiltration resin" is the specialty restorative material for the technology, which is the key factor to success. The specialized restorative material is commonly known as "infiltrant/infiltration resins" "resins infiltrant" "infiltrant" or "resins," which will be consistently referred to as "infiltration resins" throughout the article.-The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of infiltration resins by introducing the development of their therapeutic mechanisms, basic components, current challenges, and future trends, Based on existing literature, we analyze and compare how changes in the base monomer's structure and ratio affect the effectiveness of infiltration resins, from the material's structure-effective relationship. After compiling the information, the existing solution strategies have been listed to offer substantial support and guidance for future research endeavors.

EVOLUTION OF DENTIN ADHESIVES: LITERATURE REVIEW

The aesthetic demand has culminated in the improvement of restorative dentistry through new products, such as dentin adhesives, so commonly used in current restorative procedures. The quality of the bond between the restorative material and the dental substrate is essential for the longevity of the treatment; therefore, dentin adhesives with different compositions are commercialized, aiming to achieve ideal adhesion. The present study aimed to review the literature on the evolution of dentin adhesives, since research can bring to light innovations that overcome the limitations of contemporary adhesive systems. This article shows the evolution of dentin adhesive agents, their effectiveness and clinical relevance. Knowing new dentin adhesives, techniques and necessary care before and during the application of the chosen adhesive contributes to increasing the durability of adhesive restorations, in order to ensure satisfactory results in the bond between the resin and the dental substrate, avoiding the repetitive restorative cycle.

Advancing Diabetic Dental Restorations: A Comparative Analysis of Alveolar Bone Loss in Class II Composite Resin Versus Amalgam Fillings.

Introduction This study evaluated the impact of Class II composite resin and amalgam restorations on alveolar bone loss in diabetic patients, a population more susceptible to periodontal complications. The main objective was to determine whether the choice of restorative material impacts periodontal health, providing insights to optimize dental care for this high-risk group. Materials and methods This observational, comparative. cross-sectional study included 64 diabetic patients, divided into two groups based on their Class II restorations. Group 1 had 32 patients with composite resin restorations, while Group 2 comprised 32 patients with amalgam restorations. Both groups were matched for age and diabetes duration to ensure comparability. Periodontal health, specifically alveolar bone loss, was assessed through clinical and radiographic evaluations. The study analyzed the impact of the two materials on alveolar bone levels. Results Data from 64 diabetic patients (32 in Group 1 and 32 in Group 2) were statistically analyzed using PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0 (Released 2009; SPSS Inc., Chicago, United States). Three statistical tests, descriptive statistics, two-sample t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), were used. The results showed significant differences between the two groups, with composite resin restorations linked to greater alveolar bone loss. Conclusion The choice of restorative material significantly influences periodontal health in diabetic patients. Composite resin restorations were associated with a higher risk of alveolar bone loss and periodontal disease, emphasizing the need for careful material selection and regular periodontal monitoring in diabetic patients.

Histological Evaluation of Polyacid-Modified Composite Resin and Conventional Composite Resin Used for Primary Molars Restoration

Background: The present study evaluated the histological outcomes of two dental restorative materials, polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer) and conventional composite resin, in the primary molars of puppies. Materials and Methods: Twenty sound primary molars in four puppies were used. The puppies were rendered unconscious using general anesthesia. Similar cylindrical Class V cavities were prepared in 16 of the 20 selected primary molars. The teeth were divided into three groups: Group I: Eight cavities were restored with compomer; Group II: Eight cavities were restored with conventional composite resin; Group III: Four teeth remained untreated and were used as controls. In Groups I and II, four teeth were examined histologically after 2 weeks and the other four after 6 weeks. The histological findings were analyzed and compared to determine the effects of each type of resin material on the dentine and the pulp. Results: At 6 weeks, the specimens tested for compomer showed obvious destructive changes in the central region and the region of the pulp adjacent to the cavity. The specimens tested for conventional composite resin revealed, at 6 weeks, massive destruction of the pulp tissues and abscess formation was observed. All the specimens tested in the control group showed normal cellularity, normal vascularity, and proper alignment of odontoblast cells. Conclusions: The teeth restored with compomer demonstrated more favorable pulpal reactions when compared with the teeth restored with conventional composite resin after 6 weeks.

Bond strength of resin-based restorative materials to fast-setting calcium silicate cement using different resin adhesive systems.

This study assessed the bond strength of resin-based restorative materials to fast-setting calcium silicate cement (Aarhus Uinversity, Denmark) when treated with each of two one-bottle universal adhesive systems. The cement surface (N=256) was treated with a self-priming adhesive and a self-etch phosphate monomer-containing adhesive with and without etching of the cement surface. Specimens then received either resin composite or compomer restorative materials (n=32). The bond strength was measured after 1 day and 1500 thermocycles (n=16). The failure type was visually inspected. The cement-adhesive-restorative material interface was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Restorative material type, resin adhesive system, and thermocycling had a statistically significant effect on the bond strength. Compomer restorative material and self-etch universal adhesive system demonstrated statistically significantly higher bond strength values to fast-setting calcium silicate cement, predominantly exhibiting cement cohesive failure. Etching the cement surface enhanced the bond strength of the self-priming universal adhesive. Thermocycling significantly reduced the bond strength. SEM showed self-etch universal adhesive seemingly diffused over the etched cement surface compared to other groups. Self-etch phosphate monomer-containing universal adhesive and compomer resulted in the highest bond strength to fast-setting calcium silicate cement.

RESTAURAÇÃO BIOMIMÉTICA EM DENTE TRATADO ENDODONTICAMENTE: RELATO DE CASO CLÍNICO

Biomimetic dentistry is constantly evolving evolution, seeking inspiration from nature to develop technologies and biocompatible materials that mimic the structure and function of natural dental tissues. tissues. This innovative approach aims to improve the effectiveness of dental treatments by preserving tooth structure, improving the adhesion of restorative restorative materials, restoring structural integrity and replicating natural biomechanics. With a focus on regenerating and replacing lost dental tissues, biomimetic dentistry promises to revolutionise clinical practice, offering practice, offering more effective and safer solutions to patients through biomimetic products with improved properties. This study aims to aim of this study is to report a clinical case of restoration of a tooth treated tooth, using the principles of biomimetic dentistry to preserve tooth structure the tooth structure. Research was carried out in the following electronic databases databases: National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), Virtual Health Library (BVS), Brazil (BVS), Brazil Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) from 2019 to 2024. Following the Biomimetic Dentistry approach, the use of intracanal pins was avoided in the restoration was avoided, prioritising methods that improve adhesion and reduce resin shrinkage and reduce the shrinkage of the composite resin. These techniques were considered sufficient to carry out the restoration, even in cases of extensive tooth loss after root canal treatment after root canal treatment.

Zirconia endocrown with intracanal extension and zirconia posts on maxillary molars: in silicio study.

The study aims to evaluate the stress distribution on tooth and restoration of zirconia endocrowns with pulp chamber or intracanal extension and zirconia post performed maxillary first molar using finite element analysis. Three three-dimensional endodontically treated maxillary molars were modeled. Cortical bone and cementum were modeled 2 mm and 200 μm in thickness. Periodontal ligament at 250 μm thickness was constructed. Zirconia endocrown with pulp chamber extension of 2 mm (Model E&#43;PCE), zirconia endocrown with intracanal extension of 4 mm (Model E&#43;ICE), and zirconia post of 4 mm and crown (ZP) were modeled using software. All restoration models were placed on the maxillary molars. Models were subjected to 400 N loading from the three occlusal contact points. Von Mises stress was recorded. Expectingly, points where the stress was applied showed high stress compared to other regions of the models. The stress did not occur at the trifurcation in any of the models. For the stresses occurring in the restoration material, there were 14.67 MPa, 57.79 MPa, and 155.56 MPa, in Models E&#43;PCE, E&#43;ICE, and ZP, respectively. At the remaining dentin, these values were 47.04 MPa, 32.85 MPa, and 33.42 MPa in Models E&#43;PCE, E&#43;ICE, and ZP, respectively. Within the limitation of the study, zirconia endocrowns with intracanal extension exhibit more favorable stress distribution in both restoration material and dentin compared to zirconia posts and pulpal extension endocrowns. These findings suggest that endocrown with intracanal extension may be a better restorative option for reducing stress.

Marginal Degradation of Universal Adhesive Restorations in NCCLs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Purpose This systematic review aimed to answer the PICO question: do adhesive protocols used for non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using a universal adhesive system influence marginal degradation, marginal staining, and retention of these restorations? The self-etching adhesive strategy and selective enamel etching were compared with the etch-and-rinse strategy as a control. Materials and Methods The study searched various databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, Embase, and grey literature, to find randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing self-etching (SE) or selective enamel etching (SEE) to the etch and rinse (ER) strategy. The risk of methodological bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Data were dichotomized and analyzed using RevMan v 5.3, adopting the Mantel-Haenszel method. The quality of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Twenty RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed that using universal adhesives with the SE strategy resulted in clinical signs of marginal degradation at 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months of follow-up, and marginal staining at 24 months. The adhesive strategy did not interfere with the retention of restorative material used for NCCLs over 36 months, as assessed based on both the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria. Conclusion With moderate certainty of evidence, after 24 months of follow-up, the SE strategy results in the detection of clinical signs of marginal degradation and staining. The adhesive strategy adopted did not influence the retention rate of the restorations over 36 months of follow-up.

Comparative evaluation of surface roughness and bacterial adhesion on two bioactive cements: an in-vitro study

BackgroundDental restorative materials are recognized as artificial niches that facilitate the adherence and accumulation of oral microorganisms. To mitigate oral diseases and extend the lifespan of restorations, it is advantageous to use dental materials that exhibit low susceptibility to bacterial adhesion.ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare bacterial adhesion on two bioactive restorative materials, a glass hybrid restorative, and an alkasite with a nanohybrid resin composite as a positive control. The secondary objectives were to compare the surface roughness (SR) of the materials and determine the correlation between the bacterial adhesion and the SR.Materials and methodsThe samples consisted of 33 polished discs of each material: Group A: Tetric® N-Ceram (nanohybrid resin composite), Group B: Equia Forte™ HT Fil (glass hybrid restorative) and Group C: Cention N® (alkasite). Streptococcus mutans cultures were inoculated and after 24-hours of incubation, bacterial adhesion was measured by measuring optical density (OD) and number of colony forming units (CFUs). After 96-hours incubation, the bacterial cell count was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SR was assessed using surface profilometer.ResultsAlkasite had significantly lower OD and CFUs (p < 0.001 and p = 0.015 respectively). According to the SEM analysis, the glass hybrid restorative had lower mean bacterial cell count with no significant difference between the groups. The nanohybrid composite had the smoothest surface that was significantly lower than the alkasite and glass hybrid restorative (p = 0.002). None of the groups demonstrated a correlation between bacterial adhesion and SR.ConclusionAlkasite impedes bacterial adhesion better than the glass hybrid restorative and nanohybrid composite, while smoother surfaces are achieved with the nanohybrid composite.

Morphological analysis of acid effects on extracted teeth and teeth with restorative materials

Morphological analysis of acid effects on extracted teeth and teeth with restorative materials

A Study on Pigment Composition of Buddhist Cave Paintings Based on Hyperspectral Technology

The value of the Buddhist cave lies not only in the Buddha statues but also in the surface painting. Hyperspectral imaging technology, as an emerging and effective method for component identification, offers a non-contact and non-destructive approach to the preservation and restoration of oil paintings. This study employed hyperspectral cameras to capture common pigments on the surfaces of Buddhist caves. Then, the results were processed and used as a database to identify the paintings. Additionally, a series of experiments were conducted to examine the impact of binder, substrate types, and pigment sizes on the reflectance spectrum of the paints. The Spectral Angle Matching (SAM) algorithm was then used to analyze the Yuanjue Cave and Qiqushan Stone Carvings of the Tang Dynasty in China. The findings revealed that the position of absorption peaks in the reflectance spectra is not significantly influenced by the substrate but is affected by the binder. Moreover, the absorption depth varies regularly with particle size. Furthermore, the spectral matching results demonstrate that components can be accurately identified even for similar colors. Based on the pigment distribution, the study also inferred specific details of ancient paintings, including the painting steps and hidden information in the manuscript layout. These findings hold significant implications for the restoration of representative surface paintings of the Tang Dynasty Buddhist cave, providing a reference for the selection of restoration materials and methods.