Restoration Force Research Articles

Law consequences of invalidity in a succession law

Invalidity is widespread the legal phenomenon, thus has a substantial specific in a succession law. To research law consequences of invalidity in a succession law, in particular, such researchers applied as Ronald J. Scalise Jr., Pecheniy О., Krat V., І. Kenneth G C Reid, Marius J. de Waal, Reinhard Zimmermann. Appropriate analysis of contemporary issues legal consequences of invalidity in a succession law actually unavailable. But, of course, there is a theoretical and utilitarian need, at a minimum, to identify the kinds of invalidity, and to determine specific to its influence on inheritance rights. The article is sanctified to research the law consequences of invalidity in a succession law. In the article is analyzed the law consequences of invalidity: testament, revocation of a will, another unilateral transaction (order of bank, acceptance of inheritance, refusal from taking of inheritance), certificate of the right to inheritance. Depending on what legal fact is invalid, and legal consequences of invalidity are different that might affect the on inheritance rights. Such exposure can, for example, expressed in appearance or vice versa, is not of the right to inheritance by law, restoration force of canceled testament.

Design, implementation and analysis of full coupled monitoring system of FPSO with soft yoke mooring system

Due to the complexity of the marine environment loading and motions of vessels, many uncertainties are involved in the design of mooring systems. This paper designs a fully monitoring system, including meteorological–environmental and mechanical aspects. The environmental monitoring system is composed of current, wave and wind equipments. Fiber Bragg Gauges/FBG, incline sensors and GPS/INS form the mechanical monitoring system. On the basis of dynamic characteristic of the soft yoke system, a restore force measurement method has been proposed according to the response of the angular information of the soft yoke. The monitoring system has been installed on one FPSO in Bohai Bay, and comprehensive monitoring information has been obtained from 2011. The calculation of the restoration force of the mooring system by the present dynamic method shows high agreements with that of the FBG. The vessel motions in the frequency domain calculated by the measured wave spectrum multiplied by the designed RAO (Response Amplitude Operator) are compared with the in-site monitoring motions. The results of comparisons show the feasibility of the present monitoring system in safety assessments of FPSO and SYMs.

Reversible switching of liquid crystal micro-particles in a nematic liquid crystal.

Liquid crystal micro-particles are functional materials possessing optical and dielectric anisotropies originating from the arrangement of rod-like molecules within the particles. Although they can be switched by an electric field, particles dispersed in isotropic hosts usually cannot return to their original state, because there is no restoration force acting on the particles. Here, we describe reversible switching of liquid crystal micro-particles by dispersing them in a nematic liquid crystal host. We fabricate square micro-particles with unidirectional molecular alignment and investigate their static and dynamic electro-optic properties by applying an in-plane electric field. The behavior of the micro-particles is well-described by the theoretical model we construct, making this study potentially useful for the development of liquid crystal-liquid crystal particle composites with engineered properties.

CENTER OF MASS-BASED ADMITTANCE CONTROL FOR MULTI-LEGGED ROBOT WALKING ON THE BOTTOM OF OCEAN

This paper presents a proposed adaptive admittance control that is derived based on Center of Mass (CoM) of the hexapod robot designed for walking on the bottom of water or seabed. The study has been carried out by modeling the buoyancy force following the restoration force to achieve the drowning level according to the Archimedes’ principle. The restoration force needs to be positive in order to ensure robot locomotion is not affected by buoyancy factor. As a solution to regulate this force, admittance control has been derived based on the total force of foot placement to determine CoM of the robot while walking. This admittance control is designed according to a model of a real-time based 4-degree of freedom (DoF) leg configuration of a hexapod robot that able to perform hexapod-to-quadruped transformation. The analysis focuses on the robot walking in both configuration modes; hexapod and quadruped; with both tripod and traverse-trot walking pattern respectively. The verification is done on the vertical foot motion of the leg and the body mass coordination movement for each walking simulation. The results show that the proposed admittance control is able to regulate the force restoration factor by making vertical force on each foot sufficiently large (sufficient foot placement) compared to the buoyancy force of the ocean, thus performing stable locomotion for both hexapod and quadruped mode.

Wiggler magnetic field assisted second harmonic generation in clusters

Wiggler magnetic field assisted second harmonic generation in clusters has been investigated theoretically. An intense short-pulse laser propagating through a gas embedded with atomic clusters, converts it into hot plasma balls. For clusters with radius less than one tenth of the laser wavelength, the nonlinear restoration force dominates, which leads to second harmonic generation. The magnetic wiggler provides the uncompensated momentum to second harmonic photon, to make the process of harmonic generation resonant. We explore the impact of laser intensity and cluster size on the efficiency of second harmonic generation. Pulse slippage of second harmonic pulse out of the domain of fundamental laser pulse has been observed on account of group velocity mismatch between the fundamental and second harmonic pulse. Enhancement in the efficiency of the second harmonic is seen for the optimum values of wiggler magnetic field.

Interaction of high intensity laser with non-uniform clusters and enhanced X-ray emission

Laser irradiated clusters with non-uniform density variation are shown to broaden surface plasmon resonance very significantly. As the clusters get heated and expand hydro-dynamically, the Bremsstrahlung X-ray emission yield passes through a maximum in time. The maximum yield decreases with increase in non-uniformity in the electron density inside the clusters. At higher laser intensity, the nonlinearity in laser cluster interaction may arise even prior to electron heating, via the relativistic mass variation and the nonlinear restoration force on electrons. For clusters with radius less than one tenth of the laser wavelength, the restoration force nonlinearity dominates.

Parametric excitation of electro-mechanical vibrations of carbon nano tube with distributed surface charge

Electromechanical vibrations of carbon nano tube (CNT), mounted on a metallic base and subjected to a sum of static and radio frequency (RF) electric fields parallel to its length, are investigated. The induced surface charge on the CNT is taken suitably distributed, following Landau and Lifshitz, so that the curved surface remains an equi-potential surface. The natural frequency of transverse vibrations of CNT, ωN depends on the dc electric field, besides the mechanical properties. When the RF frequency ω0 is close to 2ωN, the RF excites the vibrations as three mode parametric instability that saturates via nonlinearity in the restoration force.

Nonlinear absorption and harmonic generation of laser in a gas with anharmonic clusters

The nonlinear absorption and harmonic generation of intense short pulse laser in a gas embedded with anharmonic clusters are investigated theoretically. When the laser induced excursion of cluster electrons becomes comparable to cluster radius, the restoration force on electrons no longer remains linearly proportional to the excursion. As a consequence, the plasmon resonance is broadened, leading to broadband laser absorption. It also leads to second and third harmonic generations, at much higher level than the one due to ponderomotive nonlinearity. The harmonic yield is resonantly enhanced at the plasmon resonance ω=ωpe/3, where ω is the frequency of the laser and ωpe is the plasma frequency of cluster electrons.

Modiolus-Hugging Intracochlear Electrode Array with Shape Memory Alloy

In the cochlear implant system, the distance between spiral ganglia and the electrodes within the volume of the scala tympani cavity significantly affects the efficiency of the electrical stimulation in terms of the threshold current level and spatial selectivity. Because the spiral ganglia are situated inside the modiolus, the central axis of the cochlea, it is desirable that the electrode array hugs the modiolus to minimize the distance between the electrodes and the ganglia. In the present study, we propose a shape-memory-alloy-(SMA-) embedded intracochlear electrode which gives a straight electrode a curved modiolus-hugging shape using the restoration force of the SMA as triggered by resistive heating after insertion into the cochlea. An eight-channel ball-type electrode array is fabricated with an embedded titanium-nickel SMA backbone wire. It is demonstrated that the electrode array changes its shape in a transparent plastic human cochlear model. To verify the safe insertion of the electrode array into the human cochlea, the contact pressures during insertion at the electrode tip and the contact pressures over the electrode length after insertion were calculated using a 3D finite element analysis. The results indicate that the SMA-embedded electrode is functionally and mechanically feasible for clinical applications.

Optical trapping of metallic Rayleigh particles by using coherently and incoherently combined beams

The effect of two beam combination schemes, i.e. combination of coherent and incoherent beam, on the radiation force and stability in trapping metallic Rayleigh particles is studied, where the dependences of the radiation force on beam combination scheme, off-axis distance, coherence parameter and particle radius are stressed and illustrated by numerical examples. It is shown that there exist critical values dc and c for different combination schemes. For 0ddc or 0cthe Gaussianthe Gaussian-like intensity profile takes place in the geometrical focal plane, so that the transverse gradient force can act as a restoration force to provide stable equilibrium point. Fordd0,c or00,cthe transverse gradient force can not trap metallic Rayleigh particles. For 0ddc the intensity, the radiation force, the trapping stiffness, and the longitudinal trapping range of coherently combined beam are larger than those of incoherently combined beams. Therefore, a suitable choice of combination scheme, smaller off-axis distance and coherence parameter is beneficial to trapping metallic Rayleigh particles in the use of combined beams.

A computational study on the flow characteristics of a self-compensating liquid balancer

An automatic washing machine undergoes rotational unbalance due to unbalanced mass during the spinning process. A liquid balancer is an assembly that plays a role in controlling this unbalance. In recent years, washing machines (drum and automatic types) are becoming larger to handle large laundry items such as comforters. A large-sized washing machine generates a huge centrifugal force in its high speed rotating drum. Thus, a specific vibration reduction technique is required. The design of a liquid balancer has, to date, depended on conventional methods such as experiments and dynamic models. A dynamic model classifies the behavior of liquid inside the balancer into three different patterns, and solutions can be obtained by approximating these patterns as rigid bodies. This method, however, is limited to two-dimensional (2-D) analysis for simple geometry. In the present study, a three dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to analyze flow characteristics inside the liquid balancer for various design parameters. The main parameters include rotational speed, eccentricities of the center of rotation, viscosity of the liquid, gravity orientation, surface tension, and the number of baffles. In particular, the effects of these parameters on the hydraulic force (restoration force) of the liquid balancer are studied.

The dynamics of ecosystem restoration: theoretical considerations on the basis of species richness

Much recent research on ecosystem restoration has focused on specific cases, restoration mechanisms, and techniques in the field. However, there has been less emphasis on the theoretical aspects. Here, species richness is considered as an indicator of ecosystem restoration. The dynamic process of ecosystem restoration is put into a coordinate system consisting of species richness s and time t. The factors affecting ecosystem restoration are introduced into the system to develop dynamic models describing the ecosystem restoration process. We propose that the forces controlling the restoration process include ecosystem restoration force (F1), disturbance force (F2), environmental resistance force (F3), resistance force to disturbance (F4), and the resultant force F, and develop models for their calculation. These forces are functions of time, climate, species immigration rate, disturbance, species richness, and soil nutrient heterogeneity. Disturbance force (F2) and resistance force to disturbance (F4) are positively related to species richness. Our models suggest that the velocity differential ψ of the change in species richness is inversely proportional to species richness and directly proportional to the resultant force F of ecosystem restoration. In the presence of a harmful disturbance, species richness is always lower than maximum species richness sm. The lower the primary richness s0 and immigration rate r in ecosystem restoration, the more obvious the logistic characteristics of the curve of the dynamic process. The dynamic models can be used to predict the restoration of species richness and analyze its dynamic mechanism, and assess the potential for ecosystem restoration. This integrated approach provides a new understanding of ecosystem restoration.

Low Torque Engine Valve System Using Conical Coil Spring and Electromagnetic Actuator

In this research, a new type valve system using a conical coil spring and an electromagnetic actuator was developed. This system uses a conical coil spring whose spring constant is low, and therefore, the valve system has a low torque in a low-speed rotation mode. As a result, the energy loss in a low-speed rotation is decreased. However, the jump and bounce phenomena would happen in the high-speed rotation mode. The phenomena are suppressed by using an electromagnetic actuator consisting of two permanent magnets and electromagnet. The electromagnetic actuator strengthens the restoration force of the spring by the repulsive force, and controls the jump and bounce phenomena. It was confirmed that the use of a conical coil spring lessened the load torque in this experiment and that the jump and bounce phenomena were suppressed by using the present electromagnetic actuator.

612 SPR法を用いた動的平面シェル方程式の数値解析(G01-1 計算力学(1)有限要素法・メッシュフリー法他,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

The SPR (Superconvergent Patch Recovery) method proposed by Zienkiewicz and Zhu (1992) is incorporated in the time integration process of the dynamic plane shell equation. The SPR method is employed to compute the second-order spatial differentiations such as Laplacian of displacement, and to evaluate the restoration force due to flexural rigidity. The defects of rank deficiency of an SPR matrix and hourglass mode instability are overcome by remedies proposed by Yue and Robbins Jr. (2007), and Flanagan and Belytschko (1981), respectively. The proposed numerical method is validated with comparison of the theoretical and numerical results of a free vibration of a circular disk.

Shape memory effect of poly(L‐lactide)‐ based polyurethanes with different hard segments

AbstractA series of biodegradable polylactide‐based polyurethanes (PLAUs) were synthesized using PLA diol (Mn = 3200) as soft segment, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as hard segment, and 1,4‐butanediol as chain extender. The structures and properties of these PLAUs were studied using infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile testing, and thermomechanical analysis. Among them, the MDI‐based PLAU has the highest Tg, maximum tensile strength, and restoration force, the TDI‐based PLAU has the lowest Tg, and the IPDI‐based PLAU has the highest tensile modulus and elongation at break. They are all amorphous. The shape recovery of the three PLAUs is almost complete in a tensile elongation of 150% or a twofold compression. They can keep their temporary shape easily at room temperature (20 °C). More importantly, they can deform and recover at a temperature below their Tg values. Therefore, by selecting the appropriate hard segment and adjusting the ratio of hard to soft segments, they can meet different practical demands for shape memory medical devices. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Particle trajectories in linear periodic capillary and capillary–gravity water waves

Surface tension plays a significant role as a restoration force in the setting of small-amplitude waves, leading to pure capillary and gravity-capillary waves. We show that within the framework of linear theory, the particle paths in a periodic gravity-capillary or pure capillary wave propagating at the surface of water over a flat bed are not closed.

A Mechanical Force Contributes to the “Osmotic Swelling” of Brush-Border Membrane Vesicles

Brush-border membrane vesicles and an osmotic swelling assay have been used extensively to monitor the pore-forming activity of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. After a hypertonic shock, Manduca sexta midgut brush-border membrane vesicles shrink rapidly and reswell partially to a volume that depends on membrane permeability and toxin concentration rather than regaining their original volume as expected from theoretical models. Because efflux of buffer from the vesicles, as they shrink, could contribute to this phenomenon, vesicles were mixed with a hypertonic solution of the buffer with which they were loaded. Under these conditions, they are not expected to reswell, since the same solute is present on both sides of the membrane. Nevertheless, with several buffers, vesicles reswelled readily, an observation that demonstrates the involvement of an additional restoration force. Reswelling also occurred when, in the absence of toxin, the buffers were replaced by glucose, a solute that diffuses readily across the membrane, but did not occur with rat liver microsomes, despite their permeability to glucose. Unexpected swelling was also observed with rabbit jejunum brush-border membrane vesicles, suggesting that the cytoskeleton, present in brush-border membrane vesicles but absent from microsomes, could be responsible for the restoration force.

Development of a large-force low-loss metal-contact RF MEMS switch

We improved the large restoration force of a radio-frequency microelectromechanical system (RF MEMS) switch, which had been a challenge in the practical application of RF MEMS switches, by adopting a non-linear spring system for the electrostatic actuator. When an electrostatic actuator with a movable electrode area of 1.4 mm 2 was driven at a voltage of 24 V, analysis showed a restoration force three-fold greater than that of conventional linear spring systems and a stable signal on–off control action. It was also established from simulation and observation of the RF characteristics in a plastic mold package that the actuator has the ability comparable to or exceeding the characteristics of positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diodes and GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs).

有接点ＲＦ ＭＥＭＳスイッチ／リレー用静電駆動アクチュエータの開発

A compact switch/relay with excellent high frequency performance at around 2GHz is developed by adopting a novel non-linear spring structure and high frequency signal line structure.The non-linear spring system applied to an electrostatic actuator of RF MEMS switch/relay increases restoration force for switching reliability. The maximum restoration force can be three times higher than that of a linear spring system actuator. No failure due to restoration force shortage is observed during switching test up to 100 million cycles. The present RF MEMS switch/relay has been shown competitive RF performance over conventional RF switches such as PIN diodes and GaAs MMIC both by the experimental results.

On the physics of the symbol—matter problem in biological systems and the origin of life: affine Hilbert spaces model of the robustness of the internal quantum dynamics of biological systems

In the present paper, some physical considerations of the biological symbol—matter problem is exposed. First of all, the physical concept of quantum dynamical internal measuremental robustness is discussed. In this context, the significance of introducing affine molecular Hilbert spaces, the original (primordeal) internal quantum measurement, and the global constraining nature of time-inversion symmetry restoring, as a special restoration force, is discussed at some length. It is pointed out, as a summary, that global robustness of the internal dynamics of quantum measurements is due to two basic factors: on one hand, the global constraining nature of the chosen specific (symmetry-) restoring force, and on the other, the individual robustness of the discrete local internal measuremental interactions. The second condition is supposed to follow from a system-internalised (“objective”) Bohr-type Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, corresponding, in an external context, to the Generalized Complementarity Principle of Bohr and Elsasser. It is not claimed, however, that this latter problem has been, as yet, satisfactorily settled physically. In fact, if it were, it would amount to a specifically biological quantum theory of internal measurement, which had to be rooted in the original primordeal global internal measurement, amounting to the origin of the genetic code.