Restitution Of Rights Research Articles

Claiming rock art, claiming indigeneity: Spaces and scales of recognition in Khoe and San identity claims

Based on research conducted in South Africa, this work revolves around the observation that certain rock art sites (Wildebeest Kuil, Northern Cape; Game Pass Shelter, KwaZulu-Natal) are utilized within identity and political frameworks—and a question: what role do rock art sites play in the construction of Khoe and San indigeneity? Contemporary indigeneity is closely linked to issues of recognition, which are themselves related to the restitution of rights, objects, and knowledge. Acknowledging the central role of objects in identity claims, this article proposes to analyze the place of these two rock art sites in the political construction of Khoe and San indigeneity. Based on a corpus of interviews, observations, legal texts, and press articles, certain uses of rock art sites will be presented as strategic means within a broader context of claims.

Returns, Marches and Countermarches: The Agony for Truth and Justice

The present research aims to describe and characterize the actions in the reparation processes of Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, and Mothers and Relatives of Disappeared Detainees, in Argentina and Uruguay respectively, in the period from 2005 to 2015, in the face of the effects of political violence and state terrorism. It is proposed to make visible what the organizations' actions have been to influence advances in reparations, with special emphasis on concrete actions in contexts of self-styled "progressive" governments. A qualitative research is proposed, with the substantive use of the technique of documentary analysis and in-depth interviews for data collection, and for the analysis of said data we proceeded through discourse analysis. The results indicate that the central axes linked to comprehensive reparation in each organization are oriented towards: psychosocial reparation, accompaniment in the search process, progress at the legal level, recognition by the State of its responsibility before the crimes committed, the clarification of the truth, especially in the awareness of young people, with an educational paradigm that encourages education for memory. Reparatory mechanisms have manifested themselves in a similar way in the contexts of political progressivism, both in Argentina and Uruguay. However, the Argentine context has established a greater deployment of policies, with a special focus on the restitution of rights, and guarantees of non-repetition, developing an instituting policy promoted by the human rights movement. In the Uruguayan case, although progressivism enabled the creation of new institutions, providing new spaces and a budget to respond to the citizenship and mainly to the victims' relatives, for truth, justice and reparation, these have been poorly satisfactory measures, in where there is still a consolidation of policies, demanded by the human rights movement.

From Petitions to Demands, Restitution to Representation

From Petitions to Demands, Restitution to Representation

Between the Roll of Paper and the Role of Paper: Governmental Documentation as a Mechanism for Complying Incompliantly

AbstractIn 2009, through Court Order 004, the Colombian Constitutional Court declared that thirty‐four separate groups of Indigenous peoples were at risk of extermination due to armed conflict, and it ordered the government to protect them. In 2013, the court then ordered the government to prove its compliance with Order 004. The government did so through a complex documentation process. The production of documents in Colombia not only records compliance but also constitutes compliance even if the actions are limited. In this article, I examine the role of documentation in mediating legal protection in a violent context. How does a governmental report obscure a persisting threat that is mostly ignored? Using participant observation at the Colombian Interior Ministry on the government's response, I illustrate how this documentation converts ordinary governmental actions into restitution of rights and manufactures compliance via the display—and concealment—of numbers through a focus on aesthetics. This generates the effect of sufficient state response while obfuscating the failure to achieve any intended changes: a phenomenon that I term complying incompliantly. Transforming negligence into a proper response through a paper trail outsmarts auditing and maintains the state's legitimacy by normalizing the government's shortcomings. This article contributes to the analysis of the relationship among law, documentation, and transparency. [Colombia, Indigenous peoples, human rights, documentation, compliance]

Coping Strategies and Tactics to Deal With Social Vulnerability in the Flood Disaster of March 25, 2015, in Chañaral and Diego de Almagro, Chile

A socio-natural disaster event exacerbates pre-existing socio-economic crises and disrupts the life projects of the people affected, generating the deployment of strategic or tactical actions to deal with it. When societies have populations living in conditions of social vulnerability prior to disasters, such actions are more complex and difficult to manage. On March 25, 2015 (25M), the inhabitants of the towns of Chañaral and Diego de Almagro, in the Atacama Region of Chile, were faced with a flood that produced a crisis of great magnitude. This qualitative research describes the actions the inhabitants used to reduce social vulnerability, before, during and after the emergency. These actions were analyzed to describe the extent of planning, meanings, resources and structures of opportunities present in the actions. Content analysis was carried out on semi-structured interviews with 38 affected people, selected using intentional sampling technique together with snowball sampling. Subjective resources were identified: sense of family, solidarity, autonomy and restitution of rights. The superimposed mobilization of these resources resulted in a complex situation of resilience. It is concluded that the way of learning actions includes family and cultural habits, daily learning and previous experiences, and imitation, among others. Recommendations are made to be considered for the reduction of risks of socio-natural disasters. Specifically, policies that include educational strategies that are based on theways of acting shown by the communities.

Menores infractores y procesos educativos: análisis cualitativo desde la perspectiva de los actores en Santander Colombia

El Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) en Colombia es un sistema penal diferenciado fundamentado en la resocialización, restitución de derechos e inclusión educativa. Este artículo analiza los procesos de educación de la Fundación Hogares Claret, operario del SRPA en Santander. Es de resaltar que, el proceso educativo requiere un modelo pedagógico propio acorde al perfil de los jóvenes, así como la revisión de los criterios de selección y la calidad de los profesores y las instituciones educativas.

حق الاطفال في التعويض عن جريمة الاختفاء القسري في الصكوك الدولية واثره في التشريعات العراقية

The crime of enforced disappearance had a significant impact over a victim and family members, requiring integrated compensation programs, including restitution of rights, rehabilitation, and financial compensation, for their losses. Furthermore, moral compensation for their satisfaction. The importance of this research lies to clarify international instruments and Iraqi legislation which affirmed the right of children to compensation for the crime of enforced disappearance and gave specific importance to vulnerable group of victims, in addition to indicate to what Iraq fulfills its obligations in that respect. Therefore, the researcher divides the research into an introduction and three sections, the first section is allocated, to demonstrate the international instruments concerned with children's rights to compensation, and forms of compensation are included by these instruments, while the second and third section are illustrated, the impact of international instruments in Iraqi legislation and forms of compensation that included in Iraqi legislation. Finally, the research is completed, to a conclusion that implied the most important results and suggestions.

دور السياسة الأمريكية في ضبط التوازنات الإقليمية في شرق آسيا (الصين واليابان إنموذجاً)

The crime of enforced disappearance had a significant impact over a victim and family members, requiring integrated compensation programs, including restitution of rights, rehabilitation, and financial compensation, for their losses. Furthermore, moral compensation for their satisfaction. The importance of this research lies to clarify international instruments and Iraqi legislation which affirmed the right of children to compensation for the crime of enforced disappearance and gave specific importance to vulnerable group of victims, in addition to indicate to what Iraq fulfills its obligations in that respect. Therefore, the researcher divides the research into an introduction and three sections, the first section is allocated, to demonstrate the international instruments concerned with children's rights to compensation, and forms of compensation are included by these instruments, while the second and third section are illustrated, the impact of international instruments in Iraqi legislation and forms of compensation that included in Iraqi legislation. Finally, the research is completed, to a conclusion that implied the most important results and suggestions.

Coffee, Farmers, and Trees—Shifting Rights Accelerates Changing Landscapes

Deforestation and biodiversity loss in agroecosystems are generally the result of rational choices, not of a lack of awareness or knowledge. Despite both scientific evidence and traditional knowledge that supports the value of diverse production systems for ecosystem services and resilience, a trend of agroecosystem intensification is apparent across tropical regions. These transitions happen in spite of policies that prohibit such transformations. We present a participatory modelling study run to (1) understand the drivers of landscape transition and (2) explore the livelihood and environmental impacts of tenure changes in the coffee agroforestry systems of Kodagu (India). The components of the system, key actors and resources, and their interactions were defined with stakeholders, following the companion modelling (ComMod) approach. The underlying ecological processes driving the system were validated through expert knowledge and scientific literature. The conceptual model was transformed into a role-playing game and validated by eight workshops with a total of 57 participants. Two scenarios were explored, a No Policy Change as baseline, and a Restitution of Rights where rights to cut the native trees are handed over to farmers. Our results suggest that the landscape transition is likely to continue unabated unless there is a change to the current policy framework. However, the Restitution of Rights risks speeding up the process rather than reversing it, as inter alia, the differential growth rate between exotic and native tree species, kick in.

The historical archaeology of black people and their descendants in cauca, Colombia

This historic-archaeological study examines the settlements of Africans and their descendants in Cauca during the Colonial and Republican periods. Given that this line of research has never really been pursued by archaeologists, we have tried to address Afro-Colombian issues by examining the abundant archival resources; Afro-Colombian archaeological sites in both urban and rural contexts; and oral tradition in territories occupied historically. This information has been used to analyse the slave trade, daily life, servitude, resistance, emancipation and ancestry, an approach suggesting great cultural affinity between these communities and their ethnic African roots. Studies of this kind in Colombia are scarce by comparison with Brazil, the United States, Argentina and the Caribbean region. We have focused on studies of African descendants connected with social movements for the restitution of rights, memories, traditions and cultural heritage within the African diaspora in the context of Colombian and Latin American society. Examples will be presented from Popayán, a colonial centre of slavery, as well as from the Afro-Colombian past in northern Cauca.

Practices of restitution of rights of Afro-descendant and indigenous organizations in displacement in Bogotá

<p dir="ltr"><span>El artículo que se presenta a continuación expone algunos de los resultados parciales de la investigación “Prácticas de restitución de derechos y resignificaciones culturales en las organizaciones de la población afrodescendiente e indígena en situación de desplazamiento de la ciudad de Bogotá”, la cual se ha venido desarrollando desde 2013 por los integrantes del grupo de investigación “Procesos sociopolíticos contemporáneos” del Programa de Trabajo Social de la Fundación Universitaria Monserrate. El artículo se centra en la descripción de las prácticas puestas en marcha desde las organizaciones de las comunidades afrodescendientes e indígenas dentro del proceso de restitución de derechos en la ciudad de Bogotá. Finalmente, se identifican algunas dificultades de los procesos organizativos de las comunidades en mención.</span></p><div><span><br /></span></div>

Public Memory and Public Mourning in Contemporary Colombia

Colombia today has advanced in setting experience narratives as a resource in the pedagogical practices, cultural agenda, mass media and political action. Beyond classrooms, these narratives include short stories from victims and victimizers of internal war, historical memoirs, artworks, movies, soap operas and testimonial narrative. Rather than simple historical randomization, these phenomena project the dignity and greatness of “small lives” above powerful metanarratives within the current cultural transmission crises. This paper reveals the existing asymmetrical relationship between the social practice of historical memory, as reflected on the “places of memory,” artworks, cinema, testimonial narrative, and the political as well as judicial practice of memory, as manifested in struggles for both dignity and restitution of rights, lands, and property to victims. However, the pedagogical practice of historical memory remains as an unachieved goal in Colombia.La Colombia de hoy ha avanzado en utilizar las narrativas de experiencia como recurso en las prácticas pedagógicas, la agenda cultural, la comunicación en masa y en la acción política. Más allá de los salones de clase, estas narrativas incluyen cuentos cortos de las víctimas y victimarios de las guerras internas, memoirs históricos, trabajos de arte, películas, novelas y testimonios narrativos. En lugar de ser una simple aleatorización histórica, estos fenómenos proyectan la dignidad y la grandeza de las “pequeñas vidas” sobre las metanarrativas poderosas dentro de las crisis de transmisión cultural actuales. Este trabajo revela la relación asimétrica existente entre la práctica social de la memoria histórica, la cual se encuentra reflejada en los “lugares de memoria”, trabajos de arte, cine, testimonios narrativos y la política, así como la práctica judicial de memoria manifestada en las luchas por la dignidad y la restitución de derechos, tierras y propiedades para las víctimas. Sin embargo, la práctica pedagógica de la memoria histórica permanece una meta inalcanzable en Colombia.

Holocaust Restitution: The End Game II?

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsAharon MorAharon Mor is a PhD candidate in history at Tel Aviv University and a Fulbright Scholar. He was previously Senior Director for Restitution of Rights and Jewish Property at Israel's Ministry for Senior Citizens. He participated in the 2009 Prague Conference on Holocaust Assets as a member of the Israeli delegation, and in the 2010 negotiations, which resulted in the creation of the Guidelines and Best Practices for Restitution. He attended the 2012 Prague Review Conference as an observer.

Conocimientos tradicionales Ticuna en la agricultura de chagra y los mecanismos innovadores para su protección

La vinculación de los pueblos indígenas al mercado global es una realidad y en ella se configuran estrategias de apropiación del conocimiento tradicional, sin que medie norma alguna que permita restituir los derechos que ostentan los poseedores de dichos conocimientos, en tanto que las poblaciones indígenas vienen solicitando un sistema sui generis para su protección y vinculación equitativa en dichos mercados. El artículo presenta los resultados de un proceso de investigación participativa desarrollada con comunidades Ticuna, en el sur de la Amazonia colombiana, territorio fronterizo que Colombia comparte con Brasil y Perú en el alto río Amazonas, y analiza cómo, a partir del conocimiento sobre los usos y manejos de las chagras indígenas, se estructura la cadena agroalimentaria de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), proceso que ha permitido adelantar la discusión sobre los derechos de propiedad intelectual con énfasis en las indicaciones geográficas y las marcas colectivas, como posibles mecanismos idóneos a ser utilizados por los productores indígenas para la protección de los conocimientos tradicionales asociados a la biodiversidad.

In the Wake of '89

In 1990, in a striking but now largely forgotten prediction, the Anglo- German sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf wrote that the political problem left by communism in the newly liberated states of Central-Eastern Europe could be resolved in six months, the economic problem in six years, but that the social problem would take sixty. Bearing in mind that by the political problem he meant constituting a multi-party system, he was remarkably prescient. West Europeans who have come to take for granted the integration of most of the region in the European Union have only recently been alerted by stances of leaders like the Polish Kaczynski twins and the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban to the deeper stresses their societies have inherited from the communist experience. But communism in the region itself emerged from the Second World War, Nazi occupation and Holocaust. These traumatic, interlocking events and the questions they have raised about past criminality, the restitution of rights and in general the overcoming of a fraught past, have made post-communist Central-Eastern Europe fertile soil for the developing field of memory studies. While from the 1980s literary and cultural theorists influenced by post-modernism lent the field a dose of post-modernist scepticism about traditional historiog- raphy (reflected in this journal in Susannah Radstone's fear that it might not be able to 'assimilate' memory-studies insights), 1 Pierre Nora offered a specifically historical perspective. The decline of traditional peasant society and its unselfconscious ritualized memories, together with the retreat of the historian to the academic sphere, made modern collective memory, Nora argued, a matter of official orchestration. Nora's work led to a spate of studies on commemoration, monument building and musealization based round his notion of lieux de memoire (sites of memory). Historians of the late Habsburg monarchy have been to the fore in investigating memor- ialization, both by the regime and its nationalist opponents. The region's even more fraught history after 1918 helps to explain why a Cambridge University course prospectus speaks already of a 'sub-discipline' of 'East European memory studies'.

Rights, Governance, and Conservation of Biological Diversity

Losses of biological diversity, or diversity of life at all levels of biological organization, have crossed a boundary beyond which they pose serious consequences for humanity (Rockstrom et al. 2009). Despite enormous effort by state and global actors to arrest declines in biological diversity, rates of deforestation in the tropics remain high (Asner et al. 2009). Centralized state control of forests and other ecosystems, in the form of national parks and other protected areas, has been a dominant conservation paradigm, and it has been fueled by neoliberal approaches in international conservation (Brockington et al. 2008). The protected-area approach has often resulted in adverse effects on the livelihoods of local people (Saberwal et al. 2001; Adams & Hutton 2007). Due to the high spatial correlation between poverty and high levels of biological diversity (Sachs et al. 2009), attempts have been made to link conservation of biological diversity with livelihoods and poverty alleviation (Adams et al.2004). Such efforts have had limited success due to a lack of understanding of the linkages between poverty and conservation and the absence of state support for alternative approaches (Agrawal & Redford 2006; Lele et al. 2010). Conservation projects in which increasing income is assumed to decrease dependence on resources (Brechin et al. 2002) treat poverty too simply (Sen 1999). We propose that the process of conservation be reenvisioned to include political empowerment to people,restitution of rights and human dignity, and building of local institutions. A human-rights-based approach increases the role of local communities in conservation and the potential for democratic governance of natural resources. Using India as an example, we offer suggestions for developing decentralized mechanisms to restorerights to local communities. Our suggestions are applicable to much of the developing world, where poverty and centralized management of protected areas have not curtailed losses of biological diversity and have alienated local communities (Sodhi et al. 2006). We do not assume that rights-based approaches will mitigate loss of biological diversity, but suggest that efforts based on local knowledge, institutions, and practices will empower local communities to better manage biological diversity.

Undoing the injustices of the past: restitution of rights in land in post-apartheid South Africa, with special reference to the North-West Province

This article is concerned with the important question of the restitution of rights in land to individuals and communities, dispossessed of such rights under racially discriminatory laws. These laws were buttressed by policies such as "the clearance of blackspots" and "poorly situated areas", "betterment schemes" and "cancellation of title deeds". In the process some three and a half million people were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands leading to the notorious statistics where the white population, comprising less than 20% of the country's total population, owned 87% of the land, leaving 13% to the black peoples. In what is now the North-West Province, the land question was further complicated by the discredited policy of Bantustans. Under this policy, Botswana people were forcibly removed from their ancestral land to form the so-called homeland of Bophuthatswana. South Africa's history of conquest and dispossession, of forced removals and a racially-skewed distribution of land resources has left a painful legacy. This paper examines the achievements and challenges of the land restitution process since its inception in 1994. It is evident from the discussion below that while the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights has achieved some notable results in this complex and dynamic process, much remains to be done in addressing and overcoming an intricate web of challenges in the delivery process. It is hoped that this discussion will make a modest contribution to the on-going debate about reconciliation, reconstruction and development in post-apartheid South Africa. Regstelling van die verlede se ongeregtighede: die herstel van grondregte in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika, met spesiale verwysing na die Noordwes Provinsie Hierdie artikel handel oor die belangrike vraagstuk van die herstel van grondregte aan individue en gemeenskappe, wie se regte ontneem is as gevolg van diskriminerende wetgewing wat op ras gebaseer is. Hierdie wetgewing is ondersteun deur beleid wat daartoe aanleiding gegee het dat drie en 'n half miljoen mense met geweld van hul voorvaderlike grond verwyder is, wat tot gevolg gehad het dat die blanke bevolking, wat minder as twintig persent van die land se bevolking uitgemaak het, sewe-en-tagtig persent van die land besit het. In die gebied wat vandag as die Noordwes Provinsie bekend staan, is die grondkwessie verder vertroebel deur die gediskrediteerde Bantoestan-beleid waarvolgens die Batswana met geweld van hulle voorvaderlike land verwyder is om die sogenaamde tuisland, Bophuthatswana te vestig. Suid-Afrika se geskiedenis van verowering en ontneming, van gedwonge verwyderings en rasbevooroordele grondverdeling, het 'n pynlike erfenis nagelaat. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die uitdagings en welslae van die grondherstelproses wat in 1994 ingestel is. Daar word aangetoon dat die kommissie op die Herstel van Grondregte redelike sukses in hierdie komplekse en dinamiese proses behaal het, maar dat nog baie gedoen moet word om 'n verwikkelde web van uitdagings in die leweringsproses aan te spreek en te oorkom. Daar word gehoop dat hierdie bespreking 'n beskeie bydrae tot die voortdurende debat aangaande versoening, rekonstruksie en ontwikkeling in 'n post-apartheid Suid-Afrika kan maak. (Journal for Juridical Science: 2002 27(2): 88-114)

DEVELOPING THE DOCTRINE OF ABORIGINAL TITLE IN SOUTH AFRICA: SOURCE AND CONTENT

Richtersveld Community and Others v. Alexkor Ltd and Another is the first case to consider whether aboriginal title is part of South African law. Aboriginal title is asui generis proprietary interest in land recognized in common law jurisdictions such as Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. It recognizes the prior occupation of those territories by aboriginal peoples before the arrival of settlers or colonization. Richtersveld was brought before the Land Claims Court which under the 1994 Restitution of Land Rights Act considers claims to restitution of rights in land to individuals or communities dispossessed of such rights after 19 June 1913, as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. The Court's jurisdiction is confined to redressing the discriminatory effect of land policies of the apartheid era, “considering the fact that more than 3.5 million people and their descendants have been victims of racially based dispossession and forced removal during the apartheid era”. It cannot consider the broader issue of the effect of colonial acquisition of territorial sovereignty on pre-existing customary land tenure systems, or rights in land.

Indigenous land claims in the Anglophone world

The issue of indigenous land rights has assumed increased importance as the colonial legacy is critically scrutinized. Indigenous peoples were dispossessed of their lands in many parts of the world as European colonists settled permanently in the other continents. Their degree of dispossession depended upon the legal regime adopted and the extent of settlement. Often decimation and banishment to reservations ensued. In the present century the fate of the indigenes has been reassessed by national governments within the English-speaking world. As a result attempts have been made to effect some restitution of rights and even lands in mid-latitude countries, where the immigrant populations are now in the majority. In contrast, in Africa and other areas where the indigenes retained a numerical majority, the issue has not been significant.

Zgainski v. German Federal Republic.

Nationality — Proof of.Nationality — Expatriation — Loss of nationality — Polish lawPrisoners of War — Geneva Convention of 1929 — Article 23 — Meaning and effect of — Modification by Detaining Power of pay of its own officers — Whether such modification applicable to prisoners of war — Family allowances — Whether covered by Article 23.Treaties of peace — Analogous instruments — Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation, 1952–1954 — Restitution — restitution of rights and interests-Chapter Ten of Convention — Conditions of restitution — Nationality of claimant — Discriminatory treatment — Meaning of — Measures constituting prejudice, deprivation or impairment of right — Geneva Convention of 1929 on Treatment of Prisoners of War — Article 23.