Rest State Research Articles

Analyzing Brain Connectivity Patterns in Participants at Music and Rest State Using EEG Signals

One of the most widely used methods for monitoring human brains is the brain computer interface. Cognitive neuroscience is a recently developed field of research that aims to comprehend how the brain reacts to various inputs. When compared to typically developing controls (TDC), intellectual and developmental disorder (IDD) is a result of altered brain connections, and the activity of the brain is examined using frequency bands. Electroencephalography (EEG), which analyses brain activity and used to compares IDD and TDC brain waves to identify anomalies. Participants are prone to experiment with rest and music states and EEG signal were recorded for analysis.

Оцінка змін біохімічного складу ротової рідини при фізичних навантаженнях високої інтенсивності

The purpose of the work was to study changes in the mineral composition, lactate content and pH of oral fluid under the influence of high-intensity physical exertion on the body of students with different physical training. Materials and methods. 28 students who were divided into 2 groups, depending on the level of physical training, took part in the study. Group 1 – students who attended only physical education classes. Group 2 – students who, in addition to academic classes, attended sports sections 3-4 times a week. Study participants were tested on a treadmill, performing high-intensity physical activity for 30 minutes. The research was conducted for 7 days. Saliva was taken at rest, in the morning on an empty stomach, and immediately after the end of the exercise test. The study of the content of inorganic phosphorus and total calcium was carried out using a ready-made set of chemical reagents, the pH of the oral fluid was determined using a laboratory pH meter. Lactate content was determined colorimetrically according to the Buchner method. Results and discussion. Under the conditions of intense physical exertion, in the oral fluid of students with a low level of physical training, a probable increase in the content of lactate, a decrease in the pH level and indicators of mineralization of hard tissues of the tooth, such as total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, were observed, which may indirectly indicate a violation of enamel mineralization processes and lead to the development of dental pathologies. In the oral fluid of students with a high level of physical training, only a tendency to a decrease in indicators of mineral metabolism and pH was noted against the background of a probable increase in lactate after intense exercise compared to a state of rest. Such changes may be related to the body's adaptation to intense physical exertion after several years of training. So, the proposed complex of biochemical research of oral fluid in students during constant intense physical activity made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of metabolic changes in oral fluid, which is important for more accurate diagnosis of dental diseases and the development of individual dental caries prevention programs. Conclusion. High-intensity physical exertion leads to slight fluctuations in the lactate content, pH indicator, and mineral composition in the oral fluid of students. The established changes depend entirely on the level of physical training of students and tolerance of physical load, and also reflect the adaptation capabilities of the body to physiological stress

Control of wheeled platforms straight motions taking into account jerk restrictions under speeding-up from the state of rest

The generalized mathematical model of wheeled platforms straight motions on the ideal horizontal plane under speeding-up from the state of rest mode is proposed, and the controls satisfying the restrictions of motion jerks are find. The pure mechanical and electromechanical wheeled platforms are considered, as well as the computer simulations of the researched processes are made. The jerks restrictions are reduced to limiting the value of the wheeled platform acceleration time derivative. The proposed approaches are based on the holonomic systems mechanics and on the electromechanical analogies allowing to consider the different kinds of the wheeled platforms taking into account the electric on-board systems like the drive electric motors and the control systems by using the Lagrange equations of second kind. The examples of the proposed approaches using to define the controls satisfying the jerks restrictions under speeding-up from the state of rest are considered for the pure mechanical and electromechanical wheeled platforms. It is obtained the inequality allowing to chose the instantly supplied driving mechanical couple which will provide the admissible jerks of the motion of the wheeled platform under speeding-up from the state of rest. It is shown that the rolling friction and the viscous damping are the principal causes of the wheeled platforms jerks under speeding-up from the state of rest. It is obtained the inequality defining the voltage instantly supplied on the drive electric motors which will provide the admissible jerks of the motion of the electromechanical wheeled platform during speeding-up from the state of rest, and it is shown that the proposed general approaches are suitable for considering the different kinds of wheeled platforms. The computer simulations of the processes of speeding-up from the state of rest for the electromechanical wheeled platform are considered to show results correctness and to illustrate satisfying the restrictions of the motion jerks. The obtained results of the computer simulations are in the full agreement with the well-known fundamental property inherent for the wheeled platforms. The results for the jerks show that the maximum value of the jerk is really at the initial time as was suggested before, and it is shown that the jerks values at the initial time obtained by using the computer simulations are in full agreement with the theoretically defined correspondent exact values. The big jerks of the considered electromechanical wheeled platform are due to the voltage instantly supplying on the drive electric motors at the initial time, and it is understandable that limiting of such instantly supplied voltage value cannot provide any wished small jerks. The smooth time depending for the voltages supplying on the drive electric motors are required to provide any wished small jerks of the electromechanical wheeled platforms.

A personalized 0D-1D model of cardiovascular system for the hemodynamic simulation of enhanced external counterpulsation

Background and ObjectiveEnhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a non-invasive treatment modality capable of treating a variety of ischemic diseases. Currently, no effective methods of predicting the patient-specific hemodynamic effects of EECP are available. In this study, a personalized 0D-1D model of the cardiovascular system was developed for hemodynamic simulation to simulate the changes in blood flow in the EECP state and develop the best treatment protocol for each individual. MethodsA 0D-1D closed-loop model of the cardiovascular system was developed for hemodynamic simulation, consisting of a 1D wave propagation model for arteries, a 0D model for veins and capillaries, and a one-fiber model for the heart. Additionally, a simulation model coupling EECP with a 1D model was established. Physiological data, including the blood flow in different arteries, were clinically collected from 22 volunteers at rest and in the EECP state. Sensitivity analysis and a simulated annealing algorithm were used to build personalized 0D-1D models using the clinical data in the rest state as optimization objectives. Then, the clinical data on EECP were used to verify the applicability and accuracy of the personalized models. ResultsThe simulation results and clinical data were found to be in agreement for all 22 subjects, with waveform similarity coefficients (r) exceeding 90% for most arteries at rest and 80% for most arteries during EECP. ConclusionsThe 0D-1D closed-loop model and the optimized method can facilitate personalized modeling of the cardiovascular system using the data in the rest state and effectively predict the hemodynamic changes in the EECP state, which is significant for the numerical simulation of personalized hemodynamics. The model can also potentially be used to make decisions regarding patient-specific treatment.

On stationary solution of viscous compressible MHD equations

In a horizontal layer we consider, under the action of the gravitational force field, the stationary motion of a viscous compressible fluid in a magnetic field with periodic conditions in the horizontal directions. On the other hand, on the upper and lower planes of the layer, we consider homogeneous Dirichlet conditions for the velocity and similar but non-homogeneous and large enough conditions for the magnetic field. Under these assumptions, the existence of a stationary solution close to the rest state is obtained in Sobolev spaces as a fixed point of some appropriate operator.

Powdered MnySb1–yOx Catalysts for Cerium-Mediated Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Environments

MnySb1–yOx powders with a series of compositions were evaluated as catalysts for chemical water oxidation in aqueous perchloric, sulfuric, or methanesulfonic acid. O2(g) evolved spontaneously over MnySb1–yOx catalyst powders that had been suspended in solutions that were pre-loaded with Ce4+ ions. The rate of O2 evolution depended on the amount, as well as the oxidation state, of the Mn in the powder. The highest O2 evolution rate was observed from the most Mn-rich catalyst, which had an effective surface oxidation state of Mn2.9+ in its rest state. The facile synthetic accessibility of such catalysts in powder form constitutes a step toward replacing Ir or Ru in Ce-mediated oxygen evolution in decoupled water splitting systems, as well as toward developing inks of earth-abundant catalysts for preparation of catalyst-coated membranes used in conventional proton-exchange membrane electrolyzers.

LPA maintains innate antiviral immunity in a pro-active state via STK38L-mediated IRF3 Ser303 phosphorylation.

Innate immunity is critical for the early detection and elimination of viral invasion. Extracellular signals are crucial for host resistance; however, how extracellular factors prepare the innate immunity for rapid antiviral response remains elusive. Here, we find that serum deprivation largely restricts the innate antiviral responses to RNA and DNA viruses. When serum is supplied, serine/threonine-protein kinase 38-like (STK38L), induced by serum response factor (SRF), phosphorylates IRF3 at Ser303, which prevents IRF3 from proteasome-mediated degradation in the rest state (non-infected), and ensures that enough IRF3 is called in the primed state (infected). STK38L-deficient mice exhibit compromised innate antiviral responses and elevated viral proliferation and mortality. Moreover, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the crucial activators of SRF, rescue immunosuppression caused by serum deprivation. These findings identify the SRF-STK38L-IRF3 axis as a novel mechanism that maintains the host in a pro-active state when not infected, which ensures the rapid immune response against virus.

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH OF YOUNG PEOPLE LIVING IN THE FAR NORTH

The paper considers the creation of a diagnostic system based on morphological and biophysical indicators that allows us to understand the influence of the climatic component, as well as stress factors on the general physiological state of young people for further correction of preventive measures and preservation of the health of the peoples of the Far North. The aim of the study is a comprehensive assessment of the health of young people living in the Far North based on the results of bioluminescent saliva activity, stress-emotional state obtained before and after intense mental stress, as well as anthropometric and bioimpedance indicators. 117 students of the Medical Institute of Surgut State University took part in the survey at a young age (18-23 years) during the educational process (rest) and during the examination session (mental load) in the first half of the year of study (autumn-winter 2021). The stress-emotional state was assessed using the Spielberger-Khanin test, the functional state of students They were studied using bioluminescent salivary fluid testing, anthropometric and bioimpedance methods. Samples were obtained by spitting unstimulated saliva into a test tube.
 As a result of the study, regional features of the physique of young people were revealed, which indicates the formation of a phenotype adapted to living conditions in the northern region. The relationship between the stress-emotional status of adolescents and the level of inhibition of the bioluminescent enzymatic system by saliva samples taken before and after mental stress was shown. The value of the residual glow had an increased indicator for the state of rest and significantly reduced the intensity of the bioluminescent glow under mental stress. The methodological development obtained in the future will make it possible to effectively manage the methods and methods of diagnosing young people, taking into account the influence of external factors, climatic zones and conditions.

EEG-Based Driver Fatigue Detection Using FAWT and Multiboosting Approaches

Globally, 14%–20% of road accidents are mainly due to driver fatigue, the causes of which are instance sickness, travelling for long distance, boredom as a result of driving along the same route consistently, lack of enough sleep, etc. This article presents a flexible analytic wavelet transform (FAWT)-based advanced machine learning method using single modality neurophysiological brain electroencephalogram signals to detect the driver fatigues (i.e., FATIGUE and REST) and to alarm the driver at the earliest to prevent the risks during driving. First, signals of undertaking study groups are subjected to the FAWT that separates the signals into LP and HP channels. Subsequently, relevant subband frequency components with proper setting of tuning parameters are extracted. Then, comprehensive low order features which are statistically significant for <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p&lt; 0.05$</tex-math></inline-formula> , are evaluated from the input subband searched space and embedded them to various ensemble methods under multiboost strategy. Results are evaluated in terms of various parameters including accuracy, F-score, AUC, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Results show that the proposed approach is promising in classification and it achieves optimum individual accuracies of 97.10% and 97.90% in categorizing FATIGUE and REST states with F-score of 97.50%, AUC of 0.975, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.950. Comparison of the proposed method with the prior methods in the context of feature, accuracy, and modality profiles undertaken, indicates the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method for real-world applications.

Parameterization of voice onset for automatic assessment of Parkinson’s disease

Acoustic analysis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) usually focuses on sustained oscillations of the vocal folds; however, the voice onset (transition from the rest state to a saturation value) is often neglected. In this study, we investigated the parameterization of the voice onset for the objective evaluation of PD. 50 PD patients (25 females) and 50 healthy controls (25 females) performed the sustained phonation of the vowels /ah/, /ih/, and /uh/. Three experts listened to the recordings and assessed the dysarthria level according to a modified version of the Frenchay dysarthria assessment scale (mFDA). We extracted the voice onset automatically, considering the time needed for the amplitude envelope of the acoustic signal to go from 10% up to 90% of the maximum value. Then, we computed filter bank features from the voice onset and pitch, loudness, and perturbation features from the sustained phonation. We performed automatic classification and regression analyses using support vector machines. We obtained a classification accuracy of 89% (AUC: 0.93) when we used feature importance analysis to reduce the feature set. In addition, the regression analysis showed a significant correlation (r: 0.583, p-value &amp;lt; 0.001) between the acoustic features and the mFDA scale. These results show the suitability of the voice onset for objective clinical evaluation of PD.

Fusion of electroencephalograms at different channels and different activities via multivariate quaternion valued singular spectrum analysis for intellectual and developmental disorder recognition

This paper proposes a multivariate quaternion valued singular spectrum analysis (MQSSA) for fusing the electroencephalograms (EEGs) at four different channels acquired at two different states (the rest state and listening the smooth music state) together for performing the intellectual and developmental disorder (IDD) recognition. Here, the typical development control (TDC) is used as the control for performing the IDD recognition. First, the multivariate quaternion valued EEGs are formed using the four channel EEGs acquired at two different states. Then, the correlation coefficients between the various parts of the various rows of the MQSSA components and the various channels of the EEG acquired at the various states are computed. As the sum of these correlation coefficients reflect the similarity between the EEG and the MQSSA components, the MQSSA components are selected based on the sum of these correlation coefficients. Next, the features are extracted from the reconstructed EEGs. Finally, three classifiers are employed for performing the recognition. They are the support vector machine (SVM), the k nearest neighbor (kNN) and the random forest (RF). The computer numerical simulation results show that our proposed method does not only perform the fusion of the EEGs from four different channels acquired at two different states effectively, it also yields the high accuracy of the IDD recognition compared to the other EEG fusion methods and the methods without performing the fusion.

Effect Of Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation On The Functional Activity Of Reciprocal And Presynaptic Inhibition In Healthy Subjects

The objective of our research was to examine an effect of 20-minute electrical stimulation session of the spinal cord (tESCS) on the manifestation of reciprocal and presynaptic inhibition in the system of shin antagonist muscles in healthy individuals in a state of a relative muscle rest and weak muscle effort, along with possible physiological mechanisms of these manifestations. Material and Methods — The study involved 10 healthy men 27 to 35 years of age. Reciprocal and presynaptic inhibition was evaluated by suppressing the amplitude of testing H-reflex of m. soleus under conditions of conditioning stimulation of n. peroneus profundus and testing stimulation of n. tibialis with interstimulus intervals of 3 ms and 100 ms, respectively. Reciprocal inhibition and presynaptic inhibition were recorded during a 20-minute tESCS in the area of T11-T12 thoracic vertebrae at rest, in combination with voluntary muscular effort (5% of the maximum voluntary contraction), and after the stimulation. Results — During 20-minute electrical stimulation of the spinal cord at rest, the severity of reciprocal inhibition decreased, inverting to reciprocal facilitation, while presynaptic inhibition weakened only at the twentieth minute of stimulation; and in the postactivation period, the activity of spinal inhibition processes in the antagonist muscle system corresponded to background values. The most pronounced effect of prolonged tESCS was observed when performing a weak isometric contraction, which was accompanied by an increase in reciprocal inhibition activity during 10 minutes of exposure and 10 minutes after the end of stimulation. The severity of presynaptic inhibition during and after the spinal cord stimulation remained unchanged and complied with background values. The presynaptic inhibition activity was expressed to a greater extent during prolonged stimulation of the spinal cord at rest, and when performing a weak voluntary effort, as well as during the postactivation period. Conclusion — Changes in the spinal inhibitory interactions in the system of antagonist muscles on the basis of tESCS effects during arbitrary muscle tension could probably be explained by the fact that in this case, the inhibitory interneuron circuits of spinal cord were exposed to a wider range supraspinally descending and ascending peripheral effects, compared with spinal cord stimulation in a state of a relative muscle rest.

Вплив технологій доповненої реальності на кардіологічні показники курсантів НАНГУ під час тренувальної імітації виконання бойового завдання

на сьогоднішній день, в умовах проведення військових дій на території України, значно зростає необхідність навчання та підготовки курсантів вищих військових навчальних закладів (ВНЗ) для успішного виконання різноманітних бойових завдань та готовність курсантів до виконання цих завдань в умовах значного психоемоційного, нервового та фізичного навантаження. Найкращій спосіб досягти максимального рівня готовності курсантів вищих ВНЗ – це проведення тренувальної імітації виконання бойового завдання. Проте, результати аналізу технічної та спеціальної підготовки особового складу екіпажів бойових машин вказують на недостатній рівень підготовки вищезазначених екіпажів, що не забезпечує виконання бойових завдань у повному обсязі. Під час навчального процесу недостатньо часу присвячено заняттям на навчально-тренажерних засобах. Для кращого відбору осіб, які мають проводити свою професійну діяльність в умовах хронічного стресу, постійного ризику для свого життя та здоров’я, вбачається актуальним розглянути питання оцінки кардіологічних показників курсантів при виконанні тренувальних імітацій бойового завдання. Метою нашої роботи є отримання та аналізування даних моніторингу базових показників роботи серця у категорії здорових чоловіків віком 18-31 років, які навчаються в Національної академії Національної гвардії України (НАНГУ), із метою оцінки кардіологічних показників толерантності в ході тренувальної імітації виконання бойового завдання. Було обстежено 88 курсантів 3-го та 4-го курсів НАНГУ. В дослідження не були включені курсанти з наявними хронічними захворюваннями у фазі загострення, з наявними гострими респіраторними захворюваннями, ознаками психо-емоційного перевантаження, віком менше ніж 18 років а також ті, що відмовились від проведення обстеження. Для імітації бойового завдання нами був використаний навчально-тренувальний комплексу БТР-4Е, оснащений бойовим модулем «Парус». Реакція серцево-судинної системи курсантів на тренувальне навантаження характеризується статистично значущим (p=0,025) збільшенням значенням амплітуди піків Т, зменшенням значення амплітуди піків P (p&lt;0,001) та зменшенням ЧСС (p&lt;0,001) при проведенні вимірювань негайно після завершення вправи. Нашими дослідженнями встановлено, що релаксація і швидке відновлення кардіологічних показників до значень характерних для стану спокою відбувається за 1-3 хвилини після завершення тренувальної імітації виконання бойового завдання. Це свідчить про те, що використання імерсійних технологій (в нашому випадку технологій доповненої реальності) має позитивний вплив на вегетативну регуляцію у курсантів.

Search for EEG signal patterns in simulating phobic anxiety disorder situations in a VR environment

Introduction: Effective and prompt formulation of diagnostic conclusions about the presence of anxiety-phobic disorders requires the improvement of existing and the development of new methods for diagnosing and treating patients, including the use of virtual reality technology. Purpose: To analyze a reaction of an individual to a stimulus that triggers a fear response to virtual reality scenes (height exposure). To identify electroencephalographic (EEG) signal markers related to the level of anxiety and virtual reality environment susceptibility of an individual. Methods: A group of nine conditionally healthy males aged 23 to 26 years old who reported neither history of somatic symptoms nor organic brain disorders was formed to conduct the research. The immersion into virtual reality was accompanied by the registration of EEG signals and subsequent completion of a self-assessment questionnaire by the subjects. Results: The state of rest (a reference value) and the state of high emotional stress experience (at the height of a skyscraper) in the virtual reality environment were compared. The results obtained allow to make a conclusion that the simulated situation of being at a height causes a decrease in the indices of alpha, theta, beta rhythms, and an increase in the delta rhythm index of the EEG signal relative to the state of rest in various subjects, regardless of the intensity of fear manifestation. Practical relevance: The conducted research is among the pioneering studies in assessing the effect of virtual reality technologies on human phobic anxiety state. Some objective electrophysiological markers related to the level of anxiety were determined to confirm the presence of patterns in the functional state of the cerebral cortex with a sense of anxiety in individuals immersed in a virtual reality environment.

Comparison of metabolic effects of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the context of vulnerability to fatigue: computer simulation study

In recent years, the accumulation of phosphate ions and the increase in acidity have been described as crucial metabolic fatigue-leading factors that disturb muscle fiber contractions. This fact is especially important in the context of mitochondrial dysfunctions in which excessive fatigue is one of the possible symptoms. However, little is known about the precise fatigue-inducing thresholds of work intensity in mitochondrial dysfunctions of various types and at various stages of their severity. Possible interactions of additional factors such as disturbances in electrolyte concentrations (i.e. magnesium ions) were also not precisely defined. One of the best-suited tools for this kind of problem is systems biology, which enables modeling of metabolic pathways. In this research, a computer model of working skeletal muscle was adapted. The relationship between the decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and the workload shows a linear dependence for dysfunctions that evenly disturb the activity of each element of the pathway (which is equivalent to the decrease in mitochondrial mass). In case of dysfunctions that disrupt only one element of the pathway, the relationship between fatigue threshold and exercise intensity is exponential, but with higher threshold deficiency values. Muscle phosphate levels were the most vulnerable to disruptions of complex III and ATP synthase. Surprisingly, disruptions of the ATP/ADP exchanger emerged as equally disruptive and capable of significantly increasing phosphate concentrations also in the rest state, whereas the impact of the impairment of the phosphate transporter was negligible. Perturbations in magnesium concentration also did not show a significant effect in any of these models.

Direct Transfer Manufacturing of Flexible Silicon Carbide Nanowire-Network Prototype Device

Flexible and transparent devices are expected to meet increasing consumer demands for upgrades in wearable devices, smart electronic and photonic applications. In this work, nano-manufacturing of a flexible and powerless silicon carbide nanowire network ultraviolet photodetector (SiCNW-network UVPD) prototype was investigated by a very cost-effective direct transfer method. Indeed, the powerless device exhibited a photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) of 15 with a responsivity of 5.92 mA/W at 254 nm wavelength exposure. The reliability and durability of the device was evaluated by bending tests. In fact, the PDCR of the device was still very good even after seventy-five bending cycles (~ 96 % of the rest state). In brief, our flexible, powerless SiCNW-network UVPD device with cost-effectiveness, good performance, and durability can provide feasible alternatives for new generation wearable optoelectronic products.

Analysis of Influencing Factors for Exercise Ventilation Efficiency of COPD Patients.

Dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation and abnormal air exchange are the primary causes of the exercise limitation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. During exercise, COPD sufferers' lungs are dynamically hyperinflated. Increased inefficient ventilation reduces ventilation efficiency and causes a mismatch between ventilation volume and blood flow. The ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (VeqCO2) is a physiological parameter that can be measured using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Therefore, the aim of this exploratory study was to perform cardiopulmonary exercise testing on people with COPD, investigate the impact of static pulmonary function on ventilation efficiency under the exercise state, and screen the predictive indicators of ventilation efficiency. Subject. The aim of this study was to look at the factors that influence the exercise ventilation efficiency of people with COPD. Method. A total of 76 people with COPD were recruited during the stable period. Age, gender, body height, body mass, and other basic information were recorded. The body mass index (BMI) was determined, and forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and DLCO divided by the alveolar volume (DLCO/VA) were measured. The ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) under the rest state (EqCO2rest), anaerobic threshold (EqCO2at), and maximum exercise state (EqCO2 max) were calculated to investigate the influencing factors for ventilation efficiency of people with COPD. Results. FEV1% was negatively correlated with EqCO2rest (r = −0.277, P value <0.05); FEV1/FVC % was negatively correlated with EqCO2rest and EqCO2at (r = −0.311, −0.287, P value <0.05); DLCO% was negatively correlated with EqCO2rest, EqCO2at, and EqCO2max (r = −0.408, −0.462, and −0.285, P value <0.05); DLCO/VA% was negatively correlated with EqCO2rest, EqCO2at, and EqCO2max (r = −0.390, −0.392, and −0.245, P value <0.05); RV/TLC was positively correlated with EqCO2rest and EqCO2at (r = 0.289, 0.258, P-value <0.05). The prediction equation from the multivariable regression analysis equation was Y = 40.04–0.075X (Y = EqCO2, X = DLCO/VA%). Conclusions. As the degree of ventilatory obstruction increased, the ventilation efficiency of the stable people with COPD under the exercise state showed a progressive decrease; the ventilation efficiency of the people with COPD decreased significantly under the maximum exercise state, and the ventilation capacity and diffusion capacity were the significant factors that affected the exercise ventilation efficiency. The diffusion function may predict the maximum ventilation efficiency and enable primary hospitals without exercise test equipment in developing countries to predict and screen patients at risk for current exercise based on limited information.

Effects of mindfulness in patients with mild cognitive impairment with insomnia: A double-blind randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveCurrent research on the effects of mindfulness therapy on MCI and insomnia has been inconsistent. It is still a hot topic of research and discussion. This study aimed to improve the sleep quality, cognition, and mental state of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with insomnia. MethodsA double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Seventy-five patients who met the eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to the mindfulness (n = 38) or health education (n = 37) treatment group. The primary outcomes were sleep, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, and cognition, measured by The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination. Secondary outcomes included insomnia, measured by the Insomnia Severity Index, depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. EEG signals were collected at rest with eyes closed in the mindfulness state. The power spectrum was analyzed from these data. ResultsCognitive function and sleep quality were significantly improved in the mindfulness group (95% confidence interval 0.04 - 0.05, 0.03 - 0.04, -5.58 - -1.55, respectively). Anxiety and perceived stress scores were significantly lower than those in the control group (95% confidence interval 0.002 - 0.004, 0.009 – 0.013, respectively). The power spectrum differences in δ, θ, β, and γ bands were significant between the rest and mindfulness states (P < .05). Good safety was achieved in both groups with no deaths or serious adverse events. ConclusionMindfulness improved sleep quality, cognitive function, and mentality of patients. Mindfulness practice caused deep relaxation in the brain and changes in electrical frequency bands associated with attention and cognitive tasks. Mindfulness learning can be performed successfully for individuals with MCI. Additionally, it is suitable for adoption in nursing homes.

Noncontact assessment for fatigue based on heart rate variability using IR-UWB radar

Physical fatigue can be assessed using heart rate variability (HRV). We measured HRV at rest and in a fatigued state using impulse-radio ultra wideband (IR-UWB) radar in a noncontact fashion and compared the measurements with those obtained using electrocardiography (ECG) to assess the reliability and validity of the radar measurements. HRV was measured in 15 subjects using radar and ECG simultaneously before (rest for 10 min before exercise) and after a 20-min exercise session (fatigue level 1 for 0–9 min; fatigue level 2 for 10–19 min; recovery for ≥ 20 min after exercise). HRV was analysed in the frequency domain, including the low-frequency component (LF), high-frequency component (HF) and LF/HF ratio. The LF/HF ratio measured using radar highly agreed with that measured using ECG during rest (ICC = 0.807), fatigue-1 (ICC = 0.712), fatigue-2 (ICC = 0.741) and recovery (ICC = 0.764) in analyses using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The change pattern in the LH/HF ratios during the experiment was similar between radar and ECG. The subject’s body fat percentage was linearly associated with the time to recovery from physical fatigue (R2 = 0.96, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrated that fatigue and rest states can be distinguished accurately based on HRV measurements using IR-UWB radar in a noncontact fashion.

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ МИКРОЦИРКУЛЯТОРНОГО РУСЛА В ТКАНЯХ ПАРОДОНТА У ЛИЦ МОЛОДОГО ВОЗРАСТА ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ВИДАХ КУРЕНИЯ

Subject. Tobacco smoking is one of the risk factors of periodontal disease development; therefore, special attention should be paid to this group of patients in periodontal treatment management. Any pathological process in periodontium is directly or indirectly connected with microcirculatory disturbances. Therefore, the correction of these disturbances will promote the normalization of the periodontal morphofunctional status.&#x0D; Objectives. To study functional state of the microcirculatory channel system in the periodontal tissues of the young patients with different types of smoking.&#x0D; Matodology. Clinical examination of 240 patients was carried out with subsequent division into subgroups depending on the smoking type: smoking cigarettes, electronic cigarettes with liquids, tobacco heating systems and hookah with further division into subgroups depending on the smoking experience: up to 1 year, from 1 to 5 years, more than 5 years. Subsequently indices were determined: simplified index of oral hygiene according to Green–Vermillion (OHI-s, 1964), papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA modified by Parma, 1960), bleeding index SBI (Muehlemann modified by Cowell, 1975). For objective assessment of microcirculation in periodontal tissues we used high-frequency ultrasonic Dopplerography device "Minimax-Doppler-K" (LLC "SP-Minimax", St. Petersburg) with subsequent determination of average linear blood flow rate (Vas) and Gosling (PI) and Purcelo (RI) indices. Microcirculatory channel dynamics in periodontal tissues of the studied groups was studied in the state of physiological rest, immediately after smoking, in 15 minutes, in 30 minutes and in 60 minutes. &#x0D; Results. On the basis of the carried out research the distinctive indices of microcirculation in the periodontal tissues before and after different kinds of smoking as well as the functional state of the vascular architectonics were determined. &#x0D; Conclusions. The given research allows to understand at which types of smoking the smallest and the largest changes of microcirculation in periodontal tissues are observed and that also should be taken into account in daily clinical practice when seeing young periodontal patients who smoke.