Responsive Budgeting Research Articles

Policy and Planning of Responsive Gender Budgeting Model in Indonesia

The study’s objective was to analyze the influence of Responsive Gender Budgeting Policy and Planning (PPRG) in regional development. This research is quantitative descriptive. The data collection was done using questionnaires, analysis of related documents, including; RPJMD (Regional Medium-Term Development Plan), RKPD (Regional Development Working Plan), and APBD (Regional Government Budget) from 2012 to 2017, as well as conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with Local Governments, NGOs and academics. The results of the study indicated that there was considerable segregation in the government and society regarding to responsive gender policy and budget assessments. Secondly, in the budgeting preparation, there was no application of gender analysis in the form of GAP (Gender Analysis Pathway) nor GBS (Gender Budget Statement) while the government had lacks of understanding on PPRG resources. Third, there was a correlation between two independent variables namely the policy of linearity above 0.578 and planning at 0.079 on development equality. Keywords: Policy, Budgeting Process, Responsive Gender, and Development. DOI : 10.7176/PPAR/9-7-02 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

Gender Responsive Budget (GRB) Initiatives in Nepal: Achievements and Challenges

Gender responsive budgeting (GRB) aims at raising awareness of the gendered impacts of budget and to make governments accountable for ensuring gender equality and women's rights. Government of Nepal has introduced gender budgeting system in 2007/08 for direct, indirect and neutral benefit to women. This paper examines the effectiveness of GRB implementation at local level. The descriptive technique is used to explain the gender sensitivity of policies, planning and programming and budgeting process of the selected five municipalities in Kathmandu Valley. The analytical technique is used to assess implementation and impacts of gender-focused policy, strategy and plan. The effectiveness of GRB is measured using two models: Integrated Organizational Model (IOM) and CAMELS rating. The results clearly show that mere preparing GRB and strategies does not solve the problem of inequality. Therefore, translating gender mainstreaming into actual action requires re-examination of the policies, programs and planning/budgeting process from a gender perspective. Analysis also shows that due to lack of gender need analysis before planning and allocating gender budget, implementation of GRB program are fully dependent on service provider's strength, interest and capacity to implement women development programs. This has encouraged a kind of ad-hoc system which did not guarantee the immediate benefit to the participants in terms of income generation and employment creation.

Planning and Budgeting for Women’s Empowerment in India: A Historical Process

This article is an overview of the Indian planning exercise from the lens of women. It provides a historical examination of the overall plan process in India, beginning from the First Five Year Plan and how it journeyed through the several plans to finally integrate with the women’s question in India and connect with the larger women’s movement. The article traces the emergence of gender responsive budgeting as part of the process financing the development of women. It argues that while the Planning Commission has been abolished, yet the historical significance of planning for women still remains and the experiences can be used to adopt a more inclusive process of gender responsive budgeting, rather than having a narrow and targeted approach to financing for women’s needs.

Gender Responsive Budgeting Across Municipal Offices of Education : What Has Changed and Determined?

이 연구는 시 도 교육청 성인지 예산의 변화 추이를 살펴보고, 성인지 예산에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 지방교육재정알리미에서 제공하는 시 도 교육청의 성인지 예산 관련 자료를 활용하여 성인지 예산의 규모 및 대상사업수의 추이를 살펴보았고, 이원고정효과모형(two way fixed effect model)을 활용하여 성인지 예산 총액과 성인지 예산 대상사업수의 결정요인 분석을 실시하 였다. 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전체 시 도 교육청의 성인지 예산 규모 및 대상사업수는 2013년부터 2015년까지 감소 추세를 보이다가 2016년을 기점으로 증가하는 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났 다. 그러나 시 도 교육청별 성인지 예산 규모의 변화를 살펴본 결과, 각 시기 및 지역별 격차가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한 시 도 교육청별 성인지 예산의 사업별 규모 및 대상사업수를 살펴본 결과, 각 사업별 규모는 모두 증가하였으며 대상사업수 역시 비슷한 수준을 유지하거나 증가한 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 시 도 교육청 성인지 예산 총액의 결정요인을 분석한 결과, 사회적 요인인 여학생 비율과 정치적 요인인 시·도의회 여성의원 비율이 성인지 예산 총액 증가에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 지역성평등지수는 성인지 예산 총액에 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 시 도 교육청 성인지 예산 대상사업수의 결정요인을 분석한 결과, 학생수는 대상사업수에 부적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 시 도 교육감의 정치성향이 보수일 경우, 시 도 교육감이 초선일 경우 대상사업수가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 분석 결과를 바탕으로, 시 도 교육청이 성인지 예산 제도를 운영하는데 있어서 안정적인 예산 확보를 위한 노력, 지역성평등지수와 연계한 제도 운영을 위한 노력이 지속될 필요가 있으며, 시 도 교육청 성인지 예산 제도에 대한 관심을 제고할 필요가 있음을 제언하였다.This study is an initial attempt to empirically analyze the gender responsive budgeting across 17 metropolitan and provincial offices of education. Using relevant data from The Local Educational Finance Disclosure System, established respectively for all the 17 offices of education, we probe what has changed over years and the determinants thereof in the relevant. On the basis of two way fixed effect model, major findings demonstrate as follows. First, in general, the volume and the projects of gender responsive budget have reduced from 2013 to 2015 where they rebounded to grow in 2016. In specific, however, large variation between regions and years is observed. Comparing across the offices, the results show that every office had coherent budgetary expansion. Also, the number of projects has increased as the kinds are added or maintained. Second, factor analysis showed that the number of female students and female members of the local assembly have significant positive impact on the amount of gender responsive budgets while Regional Equality Gender Index(REGI) has negative relation with it. Third, the number of students has negative impact on the number of gender equality projects whereas the conservative and newly-elected superintendents have positive impact on it. Based on the findings, we suggest to ensure the fiscal stability in regional levels, to revise and develop the system based on the REGI and to enhance the municipal attention to the gender responsive budgeting.

Gender-Responsive Budget Analysis on Social Protection Programs in Indonesia: A Case Study in Two Districts and A City

<p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" lang="EN-AU">Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 9 of 2000 about Gender Mainstreaming is a mechanism to in National Development has impacts on the planning and implementation of public policy in Indonesia. Public policy becomes an important arena for the struggle to realize gender equality and justice. One of the government’s commitments to this matter can be seen through Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB). This study analyses gender responsive budgeting in social protection programs in Indonesia, with case studies in three regions, namely Gunungkidul Regency, North Lombok Regency, and Padang City. Data collection is carried out by in-depth interviews and literature studies, including the Indonesian Budget and Regional Government Budget documents. This study conducted GRB analysis in three regions with three categories of budget expenditure analysis, namely specifically identified gender-based expenditure, equal employment opportunity expenditure, and mainstream budget expenditure. The results of the study show that in several regions there have been gender-responsive specific budget allocations for affirmation programs for women, children, the elderly, and dissability. However, it can be seen that the budget and gender-specific expenditure are still centralized in services that are identical to women's affairs, and not yet mainstreamed in all of the budget allocation.</span></p><p> </p>

Gender Responsive Budgeting for Indian Cities: The Case of Bhopal and Pune

Women contribute significantly to the prosperity of cities through their paid and unpaid labour. However, limited or lack of access to essential infrastructure services such as water and sanitation, restricted mobility, tenure security and so on increase their burden of unpaid care work, thereby aggravating gender-based disadvantage and resulting in ‘time poverty’, which is largely overlooked by policymakers. This article assesses whether metropolitan cities of India, Bhopal and Pune have integrated a gendered perspective in their development using the gender responsive budgeting (GRB) tool from the expenditure side. Using Maxine Molyneux’s conceptualization of ‘strategic gender needs’ and ‘practical gender needs’, the article develops gender-sensitive indicators to assess progress on four categories of urban infrastructure: water supply, sanitation, housing and public transport. It then uses the benefit incidence analysis (BIA) of public expenditure tool to arrive at expenditure benefits reaching women in both cities. This article is as much a methodological contribution as budget analysis.

Making Gender Responsive Budgeting Works in Makassar City: A Study on Makassar Health Department

The gap between gender equality policies and gender responsive budgeting still occurs in Indonesia’s public finance. This gap has brought negative impacts to the society, in particular women, because the proportion of public expenditure for women’s needs is still very low. Such condition requires the commitment of the government to realize gender equality by mainstreaming gender perspective on various mechanisms, policies and budgeting. This research aimed to analyze the integration of gender responsive budgeting in local government budget at Department of Health in Makassar Municipality of Indonesia in 2014. This research used qualitative method of which the primary data were collected through in-depth interview and documentations. The result indicated that the allocation of gender specific budgeting was 4% with 26 posts and allocation of gender equality budgeting was 3% with 3 posts. Meanwhile, general gender mainstreaming budgeting was unavailable or 0% of total direct expenditure at the Health Department. There were several obstacles in implementing gender responsive budgeting at the department including the obstacles on policies, structural and cultural. Therefore, this research strongly recommends the national and provincial governments to actively plan the budget in gender responsive budgeting, conducts socialization and campaign on the implementation. Finally, local government should integrate local budgeting and plan in responsive gender budgeting perspective.

Gender responsive budgeting as a vector of development of public finances

Gender responsive budgeting as a vector of development of public finances

Gender Responsive Budgeting in the Local Self-Goverments in the Republic of Serbia

Gender equality and gender non-discrimination issues belong to the set of basic principles of human rights being a very relevant research topic in many developed countries worldwide. To the large extent, this issue is becoming increasingly important in less developed economies including the Republic of Serbia. In this paper, the focus will be on one specific aspect of gender equality – gender sensitive or gender responsive budgeting in the local self-government units. Considering that economic equality is almost always a pre-condition for any other equality, success in incorporating the gender equality concept into the budgetting process might determine the nature of relationship between the genders. This also (as the most frequent manifestation of these relationships) includes the position of women in local communities. Special attention in the paper will be paid to development and functioning of the institutional mechanisms for the achivement of gender equality, as well as specifics of gender responsive budgeting in the local self-governments in Serbia.

Gender Responsive Budgeting and Women in Sri Lanka

This paper investigates, through a gender lens, how budgets are conceived, planned, approved, executed, monitored, analyzed and audited. It involves an analysis of government expenditure on women as compared to expenditure on men. The methodology was designed to analyze the budgets of two Provincial Councils and selected budgets of 11 Ministries with 6 Ministries in more detail at a national level to understand how budget allocations prioritize the needs of women. As monitoring of the impact of financial policies on women is more complex, the study was re-focused to include selected Districts level budgets and the involvement of Civil Society Organizations. The analysis of financial policies and budgets shows that it is a complex process due to lack of clarity in how budgets are allocated and there was no reliable information generated, and the funding system itself is a challenge for tracking as the provincial councils, ministries and other agencies through which state services are delivered received funds from the state sources and donors which leave many gaps in data. Generally, Sri Lanka’s budgeting process and outcome monitoring was gender neutral. Impact monitoring in health and education is the strongest as gender disaggregated data and considerable attention has been paid in bridging the gender gaps but not in all other sectors. Also, the study found that there were significant disparities in how women access and benefited from economic development especially because of their triple roles of production, reproduction and social. It was found that there is no consistent analysis of how government budgets are gender responsive or accountable. Therefore, a more comprehensive study of the impact of budgetary and social protection policy and practice on the women members is required.

성인지 예산 제도화의 정책적 효과 분석- World Bank 73개 국가를 중심으로 -

성인지 예산 제도화의 정책적 효과 분석- World Bank 73개 국가를 중심으로 -

Gender Responsive Budgeting In Education: A Case Of Punjab Budget (2013-14)

The aim of present research study is to analyze the differences in budget allocations of education sector “through gender lens”. In order to find out whether the resource allocations in Punjab budget FY 2013-2014 are in line with the different priorities and needs of girls/women and boys/men or vice versa. The research is exploratory in nature and study is based on Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) and divides public expenditures into two main categories as gender specific budgetary allocations and mainstream (non-gender targeted) budgetary allocations. The study is based upon secondary sources of data. Findings show that spending on education was low in Punjab Province as it is only 18.8 percent under the head development further budgetary allocations targeted women and girls are low only 6.7 percent while budget targeting both gender allocations are 92 percent which widens the gap between both genders. Therefore, it is the high time to realize that budget is not a gender blind instrument hence needs to spend more on development side for gender parity. Gender responsive analysis of Punjab budget shows that province is needed to take steps towards improvement in literacy rates of women and girls through appropriate approach.

Urgensi Penerapan Anggaran Responsif Gender Di Pemerintah Daerah

This study aims to know why gender responsive budgeting is not responsed by
 local government. Since it was issued by president as we know as Presidential Instruction Number 9 of 2000, there was no any significance changin in gender equality. This research was developed by some previous researches in Indonesia that found many regulations have setted to promote gender equality, but there was no significant action that showed by local government to implement it. So, this study try to seek what the obstacle that hampered gender reponsive budgeting implementation in local government. Documentation study and depth interview were the the tools to capture the data. The research found some obstacles such us the understanding of gender concept among government official, political will, and resistance to change. Some strategies to handle these obstacles are (1) political committment affirmation; (2) technical capacity affirmation; (3) accountability; (4) establish planning and budgeting department; (5) build the network with private sector, academicion, and society empowerment activity group. Contribution of this research include to developed theory in public sector accounting especially in budgeting process, and give understanding about gender responsive budgeting in local government. The last important contribution is to give suggestion and overview for Manado City governement to start gender responsive budgeting implementation.

Gender Responsive Budgeting in India

Gender Responsive Budgeting in India

Analisis Program Perencanaan Penganggaran Responsif Gender (Studi di Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan, Perlindungan Anak, Pengendalian Penduduk dan Keluarga Berencana Kota Batu Jawa Timur)

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Gender Responsive Planning and Budgeting (PPRG) in Batu City. Analytical techniques use qualitative methods with a focus on general budgets, which incorporate gender assumptions and distribute budget allocations that take account of their gender impact. Data obtained through in-depth interviews with purposive sampling on staff and employees who know and engage in budgeting. Furthermore, to study strategic policy document of Batu City, that is; RPJMD documents, RKPD documents and APBD documents by 2016. The results of research on gender responsive planning and budgeting process in the Regional Government Work Units (SKPD) have not been fully implemented due to the fact that the Regional Regulation (Perda) has not yet been established as the basis of Gender Equality Gender (PUG) . There is no PUG Working Group at city and Focal Point level in SKPD. Budgeting also does not use gender analysis in the form of Gender Analysis Pathway (GAP) and Gender Budget Statement (GBS). In fact, these instruments become formal evidence of the existence of gender responsive planning and budgeting in Batu City Local Government. DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/pjiap.v3i1.2275

Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penyusunan Anggaran Berbasis Kinerja di Pemerintah Provinsi Gorontalo

This study aims to describe the factors that influence the performance-based budgeting Gorontalo provincial government by using descriptive research method approach. As for the background of this research is with the issuance of Law No. 17 of 2003 on State Finance which includes a variety of fundamental changes in the approach to budgeting. Such changes would require the support system that is more responsive budgeting, which could facilitate efforts to meet society's demands for improved government performance in the areas of development, quality of service and efficiency of resource utilization.Seeing the conditions in local and central government and supported by the applicable rules then it should budgeting system in Indonesia is still input-based budgeting system was replaced with that is able to respond to those changes. In its place is the State Budget Based on Job Performance or term that is more commonly used is the Performance-Based Budgeting. The process of drafting and targets to be achieved from performance-based budgeting system illustrates the opportunity for the regions to develop vision and mission and realize the wishes and expectations of society in accordance with the potential of the area in question.

The pursuit of political will: decision makers’ incentives and gender policy implementation in the Western Balkans

ABSTRACTIn the Western Balkans, just as in newly democratized countries in other regions, failures in gender policy implementation are often attributed to lack of “political will.” There is however a surprising lack of specificity concerning what is meant by it and how to measure its influence on the observed implementation gaps. To help to begin filling this research gap this article examines the extent to which Western Balkans countries might be failing in the implementation of their adopted gender policies and the reasons why decision makers seem to lack the political will to implement them. To allow for a more in-depth perspective, the analysis will concentrate on the case of the implementation of Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) on the municipal level in the three countries in its focus: Bosnia and Hercegovina; Macedonia; and Serbia. The empirical material used for it consists of primary data from telephone surveys, in-depth interviews with actors involved in GRB policy processes and official documents.

Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Lesson Learned and Way Forward

Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) creates a direct link between two different issues which are not associated with each other – i.e. Budget and Gender Equality. GRB is an important mechanism in order to maintain a greater balance between economic and social goals. GRB are used in order achieve Gender Equality and to close Gender gap. In order to address this issue Government has taken various steps towards women empowerment in the recent past. Women’s Equality and empowerment is one of the important goals of the Government. India should emphasize more on strengthening of gender focused institutions, effective implementation, coordination and investment on gender based schemes.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PERENCANAAN DAN PENGANGGARAN YANG RESPONSIF GENDER DI PEMERINTAH KOTA PALEMBANG

In every current National Government policy, it explicitly makes women and children an integral part of the overall achievement of full human rights fulfillment in Indonesia. This is stated in the second priority agenda of Nawacita namely: increasing the role and representation of women in politics and development. Others are stated also in the eighth priority agenda of Nawacita: protecting children, women and marginalized groups. In this context, the strategic issues to be addressed during the 2015-2019 development period are: (1) improving the quality of life and the role of women in various fields of development; (2) protection of women against various acts of violence including TPPPO; and (3) enhancement of institutional capacity of PUG and institutional protection of women from various acts of violence. This article will examine the implementation of gender responsive planning and budgeting policies with case studies in the city government of Palembang.

Iniciativas de presupuestos sensibles al género en América Latina. Una ruta hacia la institucionalización

El presente trabajo busca analizar algunos de los elementos que contribuyeron, de manera más significativa, al proceso de institucionalización de los Presupuestos Sensibles al Género en América Latina. El artículo describe brevemente el contexto en el que surgen las iniciativas en la región para posteriormente analizar los elementos mediante los cuales dichas iniciativas promovieron su transformación en prácticas regulares vinculadas al proceso presupuestario. Si bien no es posible hablar de "recetas únicas", estos elementos adaptados a cada realidad y contexto, pueden constituirse en referencias para apoyar el desarrollo de otras experiencias promoviendo la plena incorporación de la igualdad de género como un principio esencial de la gestión de los recursos públicos.