Management Responsibilities Research Articles

Stress and Burnout: From the Narratives of the Elementary Teachers

This qualitative phenomenological investigation delves deeply into the intricate experiences of stress and burnout among elementary school educators within the educational context of Tagum City, with a focused exploration of Mangga Elementary School, San Isidro Elementary School, and Visayan Village Central Elementary School. Through rigorous in-depth interviews, this study unveils a multifaceted tapestry of challenges, including the demanding responsibilities of classroom management, administrative burdens, and the pervasive influence of societal expectations. The findings reveal a spectrum of coping mechanisms adopted by teachers, ranging from drawing on spiritual resilience to fostering supportive networks among colleagues. In light of these findings, scholarly discourse emphasizes the critical need for structured support systems, resource allocation for stress alleviation, and the integration of mindfulness practices into professional development initiatives. These recommendations seek to cultivate a culture of resilience and empowerment, nurturing a sustainable educational environment conducive to the holistic well-being and professional efficacy of elementary educators in Tagum City.

Current Status and Future Prospects of Business Technology Research: A Multidimensional Bibliometric Review

In the rapidly evolving field of business technology, understanding its current status and prospects is crucial for fostering innovation and achieving competitive advantage. This study aims to dissect business technology research's intellectual and influential dynamics, offering quantitative insights and a comprehensive review of its literature. Employing a multidimensional bibliometric approach, this research scrutinizes 177 articles published in the Scopus database from 1985 to 2024. Utilizing advanced analytical tools such as RStudio and VOSviewer, the study meticulously analyzes the data, applying sophisticated bibliometric tests to decode the complex dynamics of business technology research. The results highlight the leading journals, authors, and collaborative networks shaping the domain. Notably, the Journal of Information Technology Research emerges as a central hub of scholarly activity. The research delineates several major thematic streams within business technology: Digital Transformation and Industrial Management, Technology Innovation in SMEs, Information Technology and E-Commerce, E-Business Strategies and Profitability, Information Systems and Business Processes, and Supply Chain Management and Social Responsibility. The study also uncovers significant research gaps in the current literature and proposes future research directions, setting a foundation for further empirical exploration. This research represents a pioneering effort in applying a bibliometric approach to business technology. The findings and proposed future research avenues provide both researchers and practitioners with a robust quantitative foundation for understanding the scientific development of business technology, paving the way for further scholarly inquiry and practical application in this vital field.

Kültürel Semboller ve Halkla ilişkiler: Yerel ve Küresel Yaklaşımlar

This study has comprehensively examined the critical role of cultural symbols in public relations in creating brand identity, connecting with audiences, and executing successful public relations campaigns. Cultural symbols serve not only as visual or symbolic elements when shaping the identity of brands, but also as an important means of establishing emotional and cultural bonds with target audiences. It was also emphasized in the study that these ties create a feeling of trust, belonging and shared values in consumers, thus having the potential to increase brand loyalty. For public relations professionals, the use of cultural symbols is of critical importance in various areas such as crisis management, consumer relations and social responsibility, beyond creating brand identity. Cultural symbols help a brand connect deeply with its target audience and appeal to their emotional world. Brands that communicate in harmony with local culture and traditions gain deeper acceptance within that community. At the same time, cultural symbols contribute to the brand gaining a competitive advantage in the international arena by managing the way it is perceived in local communities and the global market. With the global access opportunities brought by the digital age, the potential of brands to reach a global audience through cultural symbols has increased. However, this also brings with it the requirements of cultural sensitivity and ethical responsibility. It is critical for a brand to be careful when communicating with cultural symbols to avoid potential misunderstandings and avoid situations that could cause a negative reaction among consumers. Symbols used in harmony with local cultural values enable brands to establish strong ties with local communities and receive support from these ties. Additionally, integrating cultural symbols with universal themes increases the ability of brands to exist in global markets and contributes to effective communication at the international level. The effectiveness of cultural symbols is evaluated through criteria such as audience engagement, brand recall and sentiment analysis. Social listening tools and ethnographic research are critical to understanding how cultural symbols are perceived and resonate. Using these tools together provides a solid framework for evaluating the impact of cultural symbols in public relations. Key Words: Cultural Symbols, Public Relations, Local Approaches, Global Approaches, Brand Identity

Study on the development path of low-carbon retail clusters empowered by digital empowerment

This study provides an in-depth exploration of the mechanisms by which wholesale and retail clusters in China influence green and low-carbon synergistic development. Using the system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) method combined with the theory of industrial clusters, the contribution of digital technology application, green supply chain management, consumer behaviour, and corporate social responsibility to synergistic development is analyzed. It is found that the highly clustered wholesale and retail industry has promoted supply chain intelligence and logistics optimization through the extensive application of digital technology, creating favourable conditions for synergistic development. Regarding green supply chain management, cluster companies are more inclined to adopt green measures such as environmentally friendly packaging and energy-efficient logistics, effectively reducing carbon emission levels. In terms of consumer behaviour, the increase in the clustering rate has prompted consumers to be more inclined to consume green and purchase green products, thus promoting the decarbonization of products and services. CSR practices show that highly clustered companies are more active in implementing emission reduction measures, reflecting their responsibility for sustainable development. This study provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding the intrinsic mechanism of industrial clusters in carbon emission reduction and offers feasible carbon reduction strategies for industrial practices. In the urgent global carbon emission reduction context, this study provides essential academic and practical value for promoting China's wholesale and retail industry toward more sustainable development.

Managing medications among individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Patient-caregiver perspectives.

With changing cognitive abilities, individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia face challenges in successfully managing multidrug regimens. We sought to understand how individuals with MCI or dementia and their family caregivers manage multidrug regimens and better understand patient-to-caregiver transitions in medication management responsibilities. We conducted qualitative interviews among patient-caregiver dyads. Eligibility included: patients with a diagnosis of MCI, mild or moderate dementia, managing ≥3 chronic conditions, ≥5 prescription medications, who also had a family caregiver ≥18 years old. Semi-structured interview guides, informed by the Medication Self-Management model, ascertained roles and responsibilities for medication management and patient-to-caregiver transitions in medication responsibilities. We interviewed 32 patient-caregiver dyads. Older adults and caregivers favored older adult autonomy in medication management, and individuals with MCI and mild dementia largely managed their medications independently using multiple strategies (e.g., establishing daily routines, using pillboxes). Among individuals with moderate dementia, caregivers assumed all medication-related responsibilities except when living separately. In those scenarios, caregivers set up organizers and made reminder calls, but did not observe family members taking medications. Patient-to-caregiver transitions in medication responsibilities frequently occurred after caregivers observed older adults making errors with medications. As caregivers sought to assume greater responsibilities with family members' medicines, they faced multiple barriers. Most barriers were dyadic; they affected both the older adult and the caregiver and/or the relationship. Some barriers were specific to caregivers; these included caregivers' competing responsibilities or inaccurate perceptions of dementia, while other barriers were related to the healthcare system. To ease medication management transitions, balance must be sought between preservation of older adult autonomy and early family caregiver involvement. Clinicians should work to initiate conversations with family caregivers and individuals living with MCI or dementia about transitioning medication responsibilities as memory loss progresses, simplify regimens, and deprescribe, as appropriate.

Capacity for Competence Development: Unlocking Potential for Lifelong Learning in Later Working Life

ABSTRACT The retention of older workers has become a key policy issue in European welfare states. Consequently, there is an increased focus on how lifelong learning, or continued competence development, can extend working life. This article explores the dynamics of competence development among employees aged 55 years and older regarding their learning practices and attitudes toward competence development, based on qualitative fieldwork conducted in nine governmental workplaces across Denmark. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence willingness to participate in competence development, the article introduces the analytical framework “capacity for competence development” and highlights five factors that influence this capacity: time, economy, learning culture, energy, and purpose. The article argues that (non)participation in competence development is not static and is not solely the responsibility of employees or managers. Rather, it is co-produced by complex workplace dynamics, including policies, age stereotypes, as well as ways of organizing work and learning. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the potential for competence development and suggests that most employees aged 55 years and older want to participate but await the right circumstances. Their participation could be enhanced through an increased focus on the five identified factors in the capacity for competence development.

Self-Leadership and Task, Contextual, and Creative Performance: The Mediating Role of Job Crafting

Employees' work performance is influenced by a number of factors, including the leadership style of their supervisors. However, in certain situations, despite the fact that managers have dysfunctional leadership styles or they avoid managerial responsibilities, followers perform well. A possible explanation is that employees perform well in such situations because they lead themselves, without needing the influence of direct supervisors. In order to test this hypothesis, we investigated the link between self-leadership and three types of performance: task, contextual, and creative performance. Also, we tested the mediating role of job crafting in the relationships between self-leadership and performance. The study was conducted on a sample of 282 employees. The results indicated that self-leadership is positively associated with the three types of performance. Moreover, job crafting mediates the relationships between self-leadership and all three forms of work performance. From a theoretical perspective, this study suggests that employees can have high performances despite ineffective or absent leaders when they adopt self-leadership strategies. From a practical point of view, our results indicate that organizations may use self-leadership interventions in order to stimulate employees’ job crafting behaviors and performance.

Controversies in employee-driven innovation: Exploring the Danish public healthcare

This article applies the lens of controversies to explore tensions in the ­interactions among different actors engaged in employee-driven innovation (EDI) in the Danish public healthcare. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with innovation executives and consultants, non-clinical professionals with managerial responsibilities, and clinical professionals. In addition, observation and document analysis were conducted for triangulation purposes. The findings suggest that controversies are process-sensitive, dynamic forces that could become either destructive or constructive, with the potential to re-shape EDI. When mitigation is possible, new insights are generated; when mitigation is not achievable, the more destructive side of controversies emerges, calling for external interventions. This article contributes to the growing study of the human side of innovation and to the call for research on tensions in innovation processes. Leaders of public healthcare organizations could apply the insights to improve EDI strategies, nurture a sense of belonging in the workplace, and reduce opposition to change.

Governance of corporate social responsibility: a platform ecosystem perspective

PurposeThe sustainable development of the platform economy has been hindered by the absence and alienation of platform corporate social responsibility. Previous studies have mainly focused on the contents and governance models for platform corporate social responsibility. This study seeks to explore which strategy participants choose in the governance of platform corporate social responsibility and their influencing factors.Design/methodology/approachUsing a platform ecosystem approach, a quadrilateral evolutionary game model was developed, and the stabilities of subjects’ behavioral strategies and their combinations in various scenarios were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of key parameters on the system’s evolutionary path were simulated.FindingsThe ideal steady state system is achieved when platform enterprises, complementors and consumers adopt positive strategies while the government adopts lax regulation. Moreover, the evolutionary strategies of the subjects are influenced by several factors, including the participation costs of governance, the rewards and punishments imposed by platform enterprises, as well as the reputational losses of platform enterprises and complementors due to media coverage.Practical implicationsThis study offers insights into improving the governance effectiveness of platform corporate social responsibility for managers and practitioners.Originality/valueThis study contributes to existing literature by considering the rational orientation of platform ecosystem members and revealing the interaction mechanisms among members. Furthermore, this study combines collective action theory and reputation theory to clarify the influencing factors on members’ behaviors.

Familiarity matters: corporate philanthropy and employee workplace giving and volunteering

Employees create and enact corporate philanthropy (CP) programmes, which are a central strategy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. Employers rely on employees to donate and volunteer through the workplace. From a survey of more than 500 employees at a large corporation based in the United States, we determined that employees’ likelihood of participating in CP is affected by their length of job tenure, managerial responsibilities and work location (on- or off-site). Using structural equation modelling, we found that employee familiarity with the company’s CP programmes mediates the relationship between giving and volunteering with management positions and working on-site. Employee perception also matters. Employees who think highly of CP programmes’ community impact and workplace environment outcomes (CP ‘walk’) are more likely to give and volunteer. Conversely, perceptions of the company ‘standing out’ (CP ‘talk’) in its industry are negatively related to volunteering with the company. Findings contribute to the development of meso-level dynamics in workplace giving.

Academic or vocational education? A comparison of the long-term wage development of academic and vocational tertiary degree holders

Education is a key determinant of wage development. The relationship between education and wages is particularly strong in countries with vocationally oriented educational systems and a clear distinction between general and vocational education, such as Germany and Switzerland. However, whether general and vocational education offer the same returns to education is an ongoing debate. Previous findings from international research are still inconclusive. Against this background and based on theoretical arguments from human capital and signalling theory and the task-specific learning-by-doing approach, our paper examines the long-term wage development of Swiss university and professional education degree holders from the time they obtain their tertiary degree until their late career. It asks how differences between the two groups in wage development may be explained. Our results, produced with regression decomposition methods, show that within the first 20 years after graduation, university degree holders experience steeper wage growth. An important reason for this difference is that university graduates move more often than vocational tertiary degree holders into well-paid labour market positions endowed with formal authority, management responsibility, and a large proportion of cognitive nonroutine tasks.

Role of Knowledge Management Practices in the Economic Performance of Nepalese IT Companies

Organizations are spending substantial resources on information technology (IT) to support the capture, storage, sharing, and retrieval of knowledge as knowledge management (KM) emerges as a fundamental management responsibility. Information systems (IS) development and maintenance inside businesses rely heavily on knowledge management (KM). The major goal of this research is to evaluate how knowledge management strategies affect the organizational performance of Nepalese IT enterprises. A total of 316 respondents’ information has been collected from the Ten IT companies in Nepal. A convenience sampling technique is used to select the sample. A descriptive survey is used as the research design for this investigation. Surveys questionnaires were distributed to gather primary information from the respondents.Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze and interpret the results. It was found that all independent factors have a positive correlation with perceived organizational performance in IT companies in Nepal, demonstrating their influence on both. Independent variables have also affected how Nepalese IT businesses are considered to be satisfying the employees.

ОКРЕМІ АСПЕКТИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ БЕЗПЕКИ В УСТАНОВАХ ВИКОНАННЯ ПОКАРАНЬ

The article discusses the necessity of implementing admitted by the world community and enshrined in relevant international documents principles and norms of dynamic security as one of the forms of ensuring the security of penitentiary institutions and its implementation into the national legislation of Ukraine. In particular, the main aspects of comprehensive application of principles and forms of physical, procedural, and dynamic security are defined with the aim of transitioning from a punitive method of dealing with convicts to a rehabilitative one. The authors believe that during the study of these issues, it is necessary to outline the following questions: regarding physical security, it is a matter concerning modern approaches to equipping penitentiary institutions, modernization of perimeter security systems and other electronic security systems, physical barriers, means for localization and isolation, access control systems, means of identification and verification of people, video surveillance systems, the use of metal detectors, X-ray machines, and other detection devices; regarding procedural security, it is a matter concerning the regime as the main means of educational influence on convicts, especially related to the study of world practice regarding the organization of admission regime, search work, application of incentive and punitive measures, actions of personnel in case of emergencies while respecting the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of convicts; regarding dynamic security, it is a matter related to the introduction into the activities of penitentiary institution personnel of its principles and approaches in working with convicts, establishing trustful and positive relationships with them, forming interpersonal skills in personnel, and their training to resist manipulation by convicts, and so on. Key words: Penitentiary system, State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine, penitentiary institution, correctional colony, pre-trial detention center, security, physical, procedural, and dynamic security, convict, correction and resocialization, labor, convict labor, labor relations, ordinary and managerial personnel, discipline, responsibility, selection, conditions and terms of service.

A Pharmacist Clinician Model as part of a collaborative clinical workforce: A philosophical critique

The term ‘clinician’ is not reserved for any healthcare professional group. However, there is a general acceptance that a clinician would have the knowledge, skills and behaviours to enable them to clinically assess and manage a patient autonomously. The expectation, in a modern collaborative healthcare system, is that this work would be completed as a part of a planned and integrated multi-disciplinary care delivery structure, where any given clinician delivers a devolved element of that patient's care. Forthcoming changes to regulation and professional development pathways in the UK will have a profound impact on pharmacist professional identity and practice. From 2026, all new UK pharmacist registrants will have full independent prescribing rights. A paradigm shift is expected to enable the development of a Pharmacist Clinician Model, incorporating pharmaceutical care needs with wider clinical assessment, diagnostic, and clinical management responsibilities. Consideration is given to this model and its implications. Changes to regulation, policy, education, and the governance required to deliver safe and effective pharmacist clinicians are outlined. A philosophical critique on the nature of being a clinician, and the differentiation of pharmacist clinician roles compared to other healthcare professions, is given. A further examination of the projected risks and expected benefits of this transformative practice model are then explored.

Interrelations of managing position with person-environment fit of gender-role orientation, and burnout

BackgroundIn previous studies a moderator effect of management position could be found between Person-environment fit of masculinity, and burnout. Present study goals are to analyze previous fundings of the importance of the individual gender-role in relation to the work environment in more detail.MethodsIn this cross sectional explanative study, an online survey took place using Gender Role Orientation Scale (GTS +) by Altstötter-Gleich and DearEmployee-Survey by Wiedemann et al. The sample consists of 891 participants–516 female (58%), 373 male (42%), among those 277 executives (32%) and 594 participants without managerial responsibility (68%), age 17–70 years (M = 29.86; S = 7.67). Four groups were divided according to P-E fit in femininity and P-E fit in masculinity, this enabled a more precise distinction between the participants. The proportions of executives were determined, and compared in each group by a χ2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\chi }^{2}$$\\end{document} -Test Hierarchical linear regression models predicting burnout and proving moderator effects of managerial position were calculated for each group.ResultsThe proportions of executives were the highest in the two groups with participants, who had a higher individual masculinity compared to their work environment. A moderator effect of managerial position between P-E fit in masculinity and burnout was found in group “Indifferent” (participants with lower feminity and masculinity compared with work environment). With a worse P-E fit in masculinity burnout values rise for individuals with no managerial position. On the other hand, among leaders burnout values decrease a worse P-E fit in masculinity.ConclusionsPeople with a high individual masculinity compared to work environment tend more to be selected as managers, regardless of the individual characteristics of femininity, which may generally lead to a highly masculine and less feminine leadership and corporate culture. This culture could increase burnout risk for people with low individual masculinity and high feminity scores compared to work environment as well as for persons with low individual masculinity and feminity compared to work environment, especially if they are not in a managerial position.

Modeling the impact of an ISO 9001 certified quality management system on the organizational performance of Moroccan services firms

Statistical modeling serves as a valuable tool for analyzing and resolving complex issues through the application of mathematical and statistical techniques. In the Moroccan context, where the services sector contributes more than 50% to the national wealth, there is a noticeable absence of such applications to gauge the impact of the ISO 9001 certified quality management systems on the organizational performance of companies. To address this gap, we have constructed a causal model to quantify the strength of causeand- effect relationships among the following key elements: • processes within a quality management system and their impact on organizational performance, • the influence of management responsibility process on all aspects of the quality management system, and • the relationship between the organizational and financial performance. This model is developed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and estimated through the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach, utilizing the XL-Stat software. The research involved a sample of 55 Moroccan service firms certified with ISO 9001 across various sectors. Face-to-face surveys were the primary data collection method, engaging multiple executives within the organizations. The findings of this research validate our conceptual model, revealing that: • certain processes within the quality management system positively and weakly correlate with the organizational performance, • the 'Management Responsibility' process has a positive influence on all aspects of the quality management system, and the organizational performance strongly and positively impacts the financial performance. Moreover, our model facilitates the computation of direct and indirect effects among its components, transforming cause-and-effect relationships into structural equations. Our research contributes to enhancing the understanding of the dynamics between quality management systems and the organizational performance in the Moroccan service sector.

Assistance in Preparing Islamic Boarding School-Based Financial Reports Based on Psak No. 45 Parepare City Scope

Islamic boarding schools have an important role in their development. not only in Parepare, but also throughout Indonesia and even in other Muslim countries. Islamic boarding schools are non-profit organizations because Islamic boarding schools are institutions that do not aim to make a profit for individuals or their managers. However, preparing Islamic boarding school financial reports is a form of managerial responsibility to interested parties, so the resulting reporting must be accountable and free from misstatement. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach where we will hold meetings with Islamic boarding school foundation managers and will focus on financial reporting by providing assistance, discussions and questions and answers. The result of this service is that the financial reports of Islamic boarding schools in the Parepare City area have not fully adopted an accounting system that is in line with the Islamic Boarding School Accounting Guidelines. Currently, the reports submitted are limited to cash inflows and outflows, so Islamic Boarding School Accounting Guidelines are needed to provide non-binding, but supportive, direction in preparing financial reports.

A review of flash‐floods management: From hydrological modeling to crisis management

AbstractIn a context of climate change, flash‐floods are expected to increase in frequency. Considering their devastating impacts, it is primordial to safeguard the exposed population and infrastructure. This is the responsibility of crisis managers but they face difficulties due to the rapidity of these events. The focus of this study was to characterize the extent of the link between hydrologists and crisis managers. It also aimed to determine the limiting and the fostering factors to an effective integration of forecasting in crisis management during flash‐floods. This was achieved through an extensive and methodological study of available literature in selected platforms. The models encountered were characterized on multiple levels including the physical, geographical and crisis management level. The results revealed a limited link between the two involved parties with limiting factors such as the complexity of the modeling approach, the insufficient projection in the implications of operationality of the models proposed and the financial aspect. On the other hand, acknowledging the threat of flash‐floods and conducting cost–benefit‐analysis were pinpointed as fostering factors. This study showed to reconsider the forecasting methods employed, particularly, the integration of machine learning, and the needs of end‐user in these applications in a crisis management context.

Analisis Tanggung Jawab dan Kedudukan Hukum Perseroan Terbatas Dalam UU Perseroan Terbatas dan UU Cipta Kerja

Limited Liability Companies (PT) are legal entities that have an important role in the modern economy. This research aims to analyze the responsibilities and legal position of PT in the Limited Liability Company Law. Through a descriptive-analytical approach. First, this research reviews the regulations governing PT organizational responsibilities, which include the separation between ownership, management and legal responsibilities. Second, this research discusses the legal position of limited liability companies The research results show that PT plays a key role and responsibility in increasing economic growth and providing legal protection for stakeholders. Careful and comprehensive regulations are needed to ensure that HEIs operate ethically, transparently and in accordance with sustainability principles. The implication of this research is the importance of a deep understanding of PT regulations for legal practitioners, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders to create a stable and sustainable economic environment.

Democracia Participativa e Esporte-Lazer: Análise da participação popular na cidade de Fortaleza-Ceará-Brasil nas políticas públicas desportivas no período de 2018 a 2020

The main objective of carrying out this investigation was to verify the existence of popular participation in public sport and leisure policies, from the Department of Sport and Leisure (Secel), in the “Areninhas” equipment in the city of Fortaleza in the period from 2018 to 2020. Conditioned on pedagogical elements of administrative understanding regarding Democratic Participation: strategic decisions by managers; sports equipment construction sites; sport and leisure programs. The sample categorization included a total of 63 people, stratified into 4 managers and 59 participants in social projects/or sports equipment belonging to and under the management responsibility of Secel. The methodology applied had as its guiding parameter a field study, with a predominantly quantitative-qualitative data collection approach via descriptive, exploratory and observational analysis of the speeches of managers, the community and the analysis of legal documents. For the interpretative analysis of the data, triangulation of the inventoried sources was considered, in light of the literature achieved through interpretation and description of the collected data, with statistical interpretation of the variables, tabulated and analyzed in the Microsoft Office Excel 2020 program. Descriptive analysis is often used, percentage, mean and standard deviation using SPSS 2020. The results found indicate that Areninhas Equipment is extremely important for the inclusion/reintegration of the individual, as they are social modifiers and consolidators of community empowerment. However, despite the efforts of the managers to establish a rapprochement between Secel and the population of the city of Fortaleza, especially with regard to the management and preservation of the aforementioned equipment, which has its own Management Council, a mistake can be seen on the part of public administration, in the interpretation of what is democratic participation in the decisions of this department, which justifies the need for training actions to value and effect popular participation in the areas of sport and leisure, seeking strategies for decentralizing decision-making power, with the with the aim of enhancing the success of actions and ensuring compliance with CF/1988 and UN Charter 78, which provides access to sport and leisure as a social right, and a key factor in improving quality of life.