Pigmentation Response Research Articles

Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on Broiler Pigmentation When Used With Different Coccidiostats: 2. Clopidol

In the second of a series of evaluations of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on broiler pigmentation in the presence of different coccidiostats, Clopidol was used at a level of 0.0125% in all diets. Flavomycin was included in the feed at 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg./kg. and 3-Nitro-10 was added at levels of 0, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 mg./kg. The broilers were grown at five different Agricultural Experiment Stations. Shank pigmentation evaluations were made with a reflectance colorimeter. The data thus obtained (dominant wavelength, excitation purity and luminosity) represent the hue, intensity and brightness of the shank sample, respectively.In four of five experiments significant pigmentation responses were noted for Flavomycin and for 3-Nitro-10 fed in graded levels in the presence of Clopidol. Flavomycin produced significant increases in excitation purity (EP) in three experiments and in dominant wavelength (DWL) in one experiment. Significant responses in EP were produced by 3-Nitro-10 in two experiments and in DWL in two experiments. The pigmentation responses resulting from these two additives generally follow the production responses of body weight and feed efficiency to Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10.

Laboratory mill

Because pigments vary widely in their properties, various procedures for making them up into test formulations must be adopted. Thus, some require pot mill treatment, others can be ground on the laboratory roll mill, while a few respond to high speed stirrers. A further variation arises in the pigment response to a formulation, which may then involve a series of experiments to find the optimum formulation. The rows of pot mills in operation bear testimony to the daily permutations involved in product development in a laboratory.

Coral health levels of wild ornamental coral in East Belitung waters, Indonesia

Abstract. Johan O, Ginanjar R, Priyadi A. 2015. Coral health levels of wild ornamental coral in East Belitung waters, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 7: 133-138. The distribution of coral diseases has been reported in waters having coral reef in the world including Indonesia, but there had been no report from East Belitung, Indonesia. This study was conducted on 25 March 2014 and on 26-27 April 2014 in nine locations, offshore of Belitung, namely in the Islands of Memperak, Bakau, Buku Limau, Pesambung, Muranai, Sembilan, Berlian, Tempuling, and Gresik. The objective of this study was to distinguish the levels of ornamental coral health due to infection and other coral health compromises. Data were collected using line transect method to estimate coral cover condition and using belt transect method to estimate coral disease prevalence. The results showed that the Black Band Disease (BBD), White Syndrome (WS), and Skeleton Eroding Band (SEB) were the main diseases, while the coral health compromisers were competition among coral, algae, sedimentation and pigmentation response. This is the first report of SEB disease from East Belitung, while other diseases have been found frequently. The prevalence of diseases was categorized as normal, and so, no management intervention is needed.

Further evidcence for an optical response of chloroplast bulk pigments to a light induced electrical field in photosynthesis.

1. In the primary processes of photosynthesis a rather strong electric field (~105 V/cm) is set on across the thylakoid membrane. This field has been detected by absorption changes attributed to chlorophyll-b (1). 2. In this paper it is demonstrated that the optical response to the field is not restricted to chlorophyll-b. Responses of the other bulk pigments which are embedded in the thylakoid membrane, as several types of chlorophyll-a and carotenoids, are detected.

Tapetal pigment response of elasmobranchs

In vivo, comparative data on the responses of the chorioidal tapetal pigment of a variety of elasmobranchs from different habitats and with different habits have been obtained. Two members of the family Scyliorhinidae had non-responsive pigment cells. All other species tested had occlusible tapeta. Exposure in darkness took 30–60 min to complete, while occlusion in light took 60–90 min.

Major Factors That Influence Bleaching Performance

AbstractThe three major factors which affect bleaching performance are type of clay, bleaching method, and oil quality. These are discussed in order. Under the first are such topics as purpose of clay in industry, source of raw material, clay types, physical structure, effect of activation on structure, variation in effectiveness of clays produced from different raw materials, and mechanism of the clay's action. Also covered is the effect of the clay's properties‐moisture, apparent bulk density, specific gravity, acidity, pH, hydrated silica, particle‐size distribution, and the theory of variability. Under the second are effect of bleaching conditions, such as temperature, time, agitation, temperature of clay addition, vacuum versus atmospheric bleaching; commercial methods including atmospheric batch, vacuum batch, vacuum continuous; and effect of oil quality. Under the third are response of different color pigments to bleaching, effect of moisture, oxidation, and organic impurities in the oil. Of the three factors, oil quality has the greatest influence upon bleaching performance.

Onset of chromatophore-stimulating activity by the hypothalamus and adenohyphysis in Hyla regilla and Ambystoma tigrinum

Infundibular and adenohypophysial analagen were homoplastically transplanted to subcutaneous tissue of larvae previously hypophysectomized at the tailbud stage. Results indicate that at the stages employed in this study differentiation of the grafts proceeded at a rate reflected by the stage of development of the donor. The onset of chromatophore-stimulating activity by hypothalamic grafts from tailbud embryos of the Pacific Treefrog, Hyla regilla, occurred at post-tailbud stages 20 and 21 (Eakin's series). Adenohypophysial grafts, on the other hand, evoked initial responses in the host melanophores at young larval stages 23 and 24. Similarly in the Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum, initial pigment responses by hypothalamic and adenohypophysial grafts occurred at post-tailbud stages 37 and 38 and larval stages 39 and 40 (Harrison's series), respectively. By triturating individual grafts the chromatophorotropin was detected approximately one stage prior to the initial release.

The Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Tissue

Cytologic and histologic effects of ionizing radiations are reviewved. Topics discussed include alteration of the mitotic pattern, giant cell formation, endothelial response, alteration of elastic tissue, relative tissue radiation sensitivity, pigment response, physical factors, and time-dose factors. Classic examples of chromosome abnormalities in the active mitotic stages are described and illustrated. The liver of rats receiving 1000 rad showed little morphologic change. Partial hepatectomy- produced accelerated growth, but without the high numbers of aberrant mitoses; combined irradiation and hepatectomy demonstrated radiation effects otherwise not apparent. In studies of the relation between radiation mitotic suppression and giant cell formation, within a certain range (50 to 1000 rad) an inverse relation was shown to exist between radiation and cell division. Cells showed increasing size and irregularity as they failed to undergo mitotic division. These larger cells constituted an increasing percentage of the tissue culture cells with increased radiation. Giant cell formation also occurs in tumor tissue following the absorption of ionizing radiation; in tissue culture of tumor strains, cells were observed 200 times as large as controls following irradiation. Their increase in volume and mass was exponential, ceasing at 12 days. The endothelial response to internal radiation from Thorotrast is discussed. Themore » effect is described of doses of 2-Mev electrons of 4000 rad at the basal layer in pig skin, resulting in the destruction of pigment-forming cells. A theoretical representation is presented of the ionizing and absorption events resulting from exposure to 1Mev BETA particles. The number of events of a given energy within the BETA spectrum and the depth to which these particles may penetrate in tissue or equivalent density material are discussed. It was shown that a fixed depth cannot be represented for the skin structures, particularly the hair follicles. It is suggested that biologic systems respond to total dose rather than dose rates; i.e., in general, a large dose in a short time has the same effect as a small dose over a long time. Cytologic changes in reticuloendothelial cells subjected to high doses of radiation are described. In the splenic follicles of animals exposed to 9000 rad and above there is evidence of nuulear damage, extensive cytologic reaction, and failure of phagocytic activity, as indicated by cellular debris present on the sixth day, justifying the term irreversible damage. Morphologic changes indicative of cell death have been noted with uniformity in the reticuloendothelial tissues at levels of 9000-rad total-body irradiation and above as a single dose. This finding of a breaking point points to the ultimate limits of supportive and replacement therapy. (BBB)« less

The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Melanogenesis

The most commonly observed hyperpigmen-tation is that caused by exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. The melanin pigment response is said to be of three types; melanin darkening, melanin migration and melanin formation (1). Melanin darkening appears within a few minutes after exposure to irradiations of relatively long wave length (3,000-4,200 A) with a maximally effective action spectrum of 3,400 A. This response is said to be oxygen-dependent as it is abo.ished if the skin is blanched by pressure applied with a quartz plate. Melanin migration is said to occur several days after exposure to an ultraviolet source and consists of an upward migration of melanin granules in the epidermis (Keller (2)). Melanin formation, according to the reflectance studies of Edwards and Duntley (3) begins after two days and reaches a maximum after nineteen days, and ceases after one month. The skin does not return to its initial melanin content until nine and a half months later.

Effect of Fractionation of Beta Irradiation on Rat Skin

Various reports (1-6) have characterized the gross effects resulting from both single and periodic external exposures to 3-radiation in laboratory animals and man. This report is one of a series of investigations designed to impart information regarding dose-effect relationships of skin subjected to f-radiation and the gross pathology of skin response to such treatment. The relationship between total dose and time required to produce tissue breakdown has been demonstrated to be essentially dose-independent for a total dose up to 20,000 rads, occurring at 9 to 11 days postexposure (1). The threshold for wet desquamation of the skin of the rat (1), the pig (2), and man (5, 6) is approximately 2000 rads; the guinea pig (1) and the rabbit (3) require much higher doses to elicit this same effect. When the total dose is divided into fractional parts and given at intervals, the dose required for an equivalent effect is increased. Various investigators have utilized the erythema or pigmentation response as an index of the degree of damage incurred (4-8). We are concerned here primarily with a consideration of the damage to skin induced by ionizing radiation as separate from the deep effects associated with more penetrating radiation such as X-rays, y-rays, and fast neutrons. Moreover, rather than rely on either the sharp erythema reaction as did Reisner (9) or the threshold erythema dose of Duffy et al. (10), we set about first to establish a standard reaction which would be applicable in the case of the rat. Erythema may be the earliest reaction or gross response to radiation skin damage (6), but it most certainly cannot be used as a reliable criterion of injury in the rat. At low doses (below 2000 rads) it is fleeting, inconstant, and, more often, indistinct. Above 5000 rads, it is definitely recognizable; it occurs early and persists until more severe injury becomes apparent (a matter of 3 to 7 days, depending on the severity of the dose, i.e., 5000 to 50,000 rads) (1). Pigmentation, used by MacComb and Quimby (7) as a standard threshold skin dose in human studies in preference to the more transient threshold erythema dose, is of no use in the albino rat for obvious reasons.

Effects of oral methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) on sunburn and suntan; a blind clinical trial.

Introduction Following the introduction of methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen, Oxsoralen, Xanthotoxin) into this country for the treatment of vitiligo, 1 there was observed an increased melanin (pigmentation) and tolerance to sunlight in the nondiseased areas of some vitiligo patients taking this drug plus sunlight. This led to preliminary trials of the preparation in subjects with tendency to sunburn and poor tanning. Enthusiastic testimonial evidence was rapidly obtained from users of the material who claimed reduced sunburn and increased tanning. Laboratory and field trials 2 indicated that pigmentation responses to sun could be augmented in human subjects with either topical or oral use of this compound. As previously reported, a sunburn or sunburn-like reaction could also be produced. 2 That tolerance to sun and capacity to develop a healthy-looking tan are associated with various value systems in our culture is confirmed by the many letters received from patients pleading

Responses of the Distal Retinal Pigment of Palaemonetes to Illumination

Responses of the Distal Retinal Pigment of Palaemonetes to Illumination

Function Tests in the Diagnosis of Biliary Tract Disease Using Sodium Dehydrocholate Or Secretin

Studies by Agren and Lagerlof3 on pancreatic function using intravenous secretin demonstrated that changes in the duodenal biliary pigment concentration might be of use in determining the functional status of the gallbladder. Diamonds, Lakel7 , Snape22 , Dreiling and Hollander9 , have described this biliary pigment response in the secretin test and concluded that good correlation exists between the results of the test and gallbladder function. These workers found that prior to injection of secretin, bile was present in the duodenal contents and that after secretin was injected, all visible evidences of bile disappeared for a variable period of time if a normally functioning gallbladder was present; otherwise the bile color persisted throughout the test period. Tanturi25 , and Still24, have demonstrated that secretin acts directly upon the liver in producing hydrocholeresis. The secretin induced hydrocholeresis tests the capacity of the gallbladder to act as an expansile reservoir. Grossman and co-workers12, have shown that the hydrocholeresis reSUlting from secretin stimulation is less than that resulting from the injection of bile salts. Dr. M. 1. Grossman, suggested to us the use of a bile salt as a means of testing the reservoir capacity of the gallbladder. Sodium dehydrocholate was chosen for use in this study because of its potent hydrocholeretic effect and low toxicity4. 5. ll. 21, even when administered intravenously. Studies by Ivy14, Berman5, Grodinsll, and their associates, have demonstrated that sodium dehydrocholate produced agreater increase in the volume output of bile than did any other agent tested. Clinically, these results have been confirmed in patients with T -tubes. Our previous studies using duodenal intubation, show that an increased volume output of at least 100 per cent over a one-hour period occurs in response to 10 cc of 20 per cent sodium dehydrocholatet intravenously. The peak of this response occurs, on the average, fifteen minutes after injection and an increased flow of bile is noted for at least forty minutes after injection.

Responses of the Proximal Retinal Pigment of the Isolated Crustacean Eyestalk to Light and to Darkness

Responses of the Proximal Retinal Pigment of the Isolated Crustacean Eyestalk to Light and to Darkness

Retinal pigment responses following hypophysectomy in amphibia

Retinal pigment responses following hypophysectomy in amphibia

THE ACTION OF EYE-STALK EXTRACTS ON RETINAL PIGMENT MIGRATION IN THE CRAYFISH, CAMBARUS BARTONI

A substance similar to, or identical with, the eye-stalk or chromatophorotropic hormone may be obtained from the eye-stalks of crayfishes. When injected, in proper amount, into light-adapted crayfishes it causes the distal and proximal pigments to migrate to more extreme "light positions" than normal. When injected into dark-adapted crayfishes which are allowed to remain in the dark it causes the migration of one or both sets of screening pigment to their "light positions." The distal pigment has a lower threshold than the proximal pigment, as it is affected by lower concentrations of the active substance. It is suggested that such threshold differences may account, in part, for the unusual pigment responses which have been observed in compound eyes in studies of 24-hour cycles in pigment migration.

STUDIES IN THE PIGMENTARY SYSTEM OF CRUSTACEA. IV. THE UNITARY VERSUS THE MULTIPLE HORMONE HYPOTHESIS OF CONTROL

1. Experiments were performed to determine whether one or more than one hormone is involved in the control of the crustacean pigmentary system.2. Transfusions of blood from black- and from white-adapted individuals into white-adapted Crangon result in the darkening of an equally low percentage of the test animals. Injection of rostral region extract produced darkening in slightly over 50 per cent of the injected animals.3. Superficial cautery of the rostral region has no permanent effect on color mutability. Deep cautery in 69 animals resulted in 9 individuals which became permanently pale. In each of these 9 Crangon, however, swimming and equilibratory movements were abnormal. It is suggested that the deep cautery injured the supraesophageal ganglion, resulting in interference with the regulation of Hanström's sinus gland.4. The validity of the unitary hormone hypothesis was subjected to a biological test by a study of the retinal and integumentary pigments in Hippolyte which has been reported to undergo a diurnal rhythm in the activity of the integumentary effectors.5. No evidence of persistent activity could be found in the retinal pigments of H. varians; the eyes of H. pleuracantha showed a persistent cyclic rhythm of the distal retinal pigment, but this was not in the phase expected in H. varians.6. Further study showed that the reported periodicity of color change in H. varians was due to a direct effect of darkness on the body chromatophores.7. The threshold limits of the retinal and integumentary pigment cells to eye-stalk hormones were determined in Leander adspersus. The lower threshold limit for the distal retinal pigment was found to be equivalent to 0.016 mg. (wet weight) of eye-stalk; that for the integumentary pigment was 0.0008 mg. These values do not support the unitary hormone hypothesis which requires that the minimal threshold for the retinal pigments be lower than that for the body chromatophores.8. The responses of the distal retinal pigment to various concentrations of stalk extract are plotted in curves which show a direct relation between the response and the injected dosage.

Electrostatic Responses of Pigments in Relation to flooding, dispersion and flocculation

Electrostatic Responses of Pigments in Relation to flooding, dispersion and flocculation

Book Reviews

THE new section of Abderhalden's invaluable “Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden “contains a very useful resume of methods for the study of digestive secretions in the lower forms, an account of the technique of gonadectomy and transplantation of germinal tissue in insects, together with a rather longer review of experimental procedure in the study of pigmentary responses. This section, by Diirken, suffers, like the author's recent “Einfiihrung in die Experimentalzoologie” (1919), from a complete disregard of the large volume of experimental work on amphibian metamorphosis and the illuminating observations on colour response which have emerged from it during the past eight years; consequently it deals exclusively with methods for studying factors which induce pigmentary responses rather than the mechanism which co-ordinates them. Perhaps it is inevitable that such omissions should occur owing to the economic handicaps under which scientific workers are pursuing their labours in Central Europe at the present time. Still, it is difficult to believe that the author of the “Methoden zum Studium des Pigment-wechsels “had no opportunities of consulting the extremely important work of Spaeth, Redfield, Smith, Allen, Laurens, and Swingle, none of whom is mentioned in his survey, though there have been since 1918 few numbers of the Journal of Experimental Zoology which do not contain some contribution to the physiology of pigment response in amphibia, reptiles, or fishes.

Experiments on Amphibian metamorphosis and pigment responses in relation to internal secretions

The problem of metamorphosis in Amphibia attracts attention from many points of view. These organisms have, one may say, acquired interest as being indicators for the action of certain internal secretions; the underlying mechanism of metamorphosis is still imperfectly understood; and the general biological problems involved, especially with respect to the neotenous and perennibranchiate forms, are remarkably fascinating. The experiments here recorded were undertaken with a view to elucidating these issues more fully, and in the course of them data relevant to the pigmental responses of Amphibian larvae also emerged. For various reasons it was deemed desirable to publish an account of the observations so far completed. Acknowledgment is made to Mr. D. F. Leney of New College for assisting in the care of animals, to the Royal Society and the Trustees of the Dixon Fund for grants in aid of the expenses incurred by the authors respectively, and to Prof. E. W. MacBride, F. R. S., for his kindness in reading the MS. 1. Metamorphosis of the Axolotl by Thyroid Administration . ( a )When a note (Huxley, ‘Nature,' 1920) on the metamorphosis of medium-sized but immature Axolotls by means of thyroid feeding was published by one of the authors a year ago, and confirmed a few months later (Hogben,‘ P. Z. S.,' 1920), our attention had not been called to Jensen’s work (1916). Since this appears to be little known and is not readily accessible to English-speaking workers, it is proposed to give a short of some of his most important findings.