Sensitive Response Research Articles

Spectral SPR effect in thin films of high-conductive metals and features of SPR-biosensors implementation in chromatic mode

In this paper, we have evaluated the application of various types of highly conductive metals for implementing the effect of spectral surface plasmon resonance (SPR) within a visible spectrum range to achieve more efficient and productive registration of biomolecules in a liquid medium using tricolor RGB cameras. Thin films of gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, as well as a bimetallic coating of silver with a gold superlayer on a glass substrate, are considered. Detailed calculations of the spectral characteristics of reflection at SPR excitation in the Kretschmann geometry are performed, particularly when a thin dielectric film is formed on the metal surface that imitates a layer of biomolecules. For each of the specified metals, the width of the region of implementation of the full-fledged SPR effect in the visible range of the spectrum is determined, and the sensitivity of the optical response to the influence of an external dielectric layer is assessed.

Effect of PMMA additive on thin film morphology and charge storage in Fe(II) spin-crossover complexes

This study explores two Fe(II) spin-crossover (SCO) complexes; mononuclear ionic [Fe(LC12)3](BF4)2] (Fe-mono) and dinuclear molecular [Fe2(CH3COO)4(LC12)2] (Fe-dinuc), focusing on the effects of adding polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) on the thin films properties. PMMA improved film morphology, with Fe-dinuc/PMMA composites showing more uniform surfaces due to better miscibility. Optical analysis revealed that both complexes undergo gradual high-spin (HS) to low-spin (LS) transitions, with PMMA reducing the optical bandgap through enhanced molecular packing. Fe-dinuc/PMMA composites showed higher capacitance, higher voltage response sensitivity (3.44 µV K−1), and strong memory effects, making them suitable for thermal charge capacitors, switching, and memory devices. These findings highlight PMMA-enhanced SCO thin films for advanced electronic applications.

A Flexible Sensing Material with High Force and Thermal Sensitivity Based on GaInSn in Capillary Embedded in PDMS.

Flexible sensing materials have become a hot topic due to their sensitive electrical response to external force or temperature and their promising applications in flexible wear and human-machine interaction. In this study, a PDMS/capillary GaInSn flexible sensing material with high force and thermal sensitivity was prepared utilizing liquid metal (LM, GaInSn), flexible silicone capillary, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resistance (R) of the flexible sensing materials under the action of different forces and temperatures was recorded in real-time. The electrical performance results confirmed that the R of the sensing material was responsive to temperature changes and increased with the increasing temperature, indicating its ability to transmit temperature signals into electrical signals. The R was also sensitive to the external force, such as cyclic stretching, cyclic compression, cyclic bending, impact and rolling. The ΔR/R0 changed periodically and stably with the cyclic stretching, cyclic compression and cyclic bending when the conductive pathway diameter was 0.5-1.0 mm, the cyclic tensile strain ≤ 20%, the cyclic tensile rate ≤ 2.0 mm/min, the compression ratio ≤ 0.5, and the relative bending curvature ≤ 0.16. Moreover, the material exhibited sensitivity in detecting biological signals, such as the joint movements of the finger, wrist, elbow and the stand up-crouch motion. In conclusion, this work provides a method for preparing a sensing material with the capillary structure, which was confirmed to be sensitive to force and heat, and it produced different types of R signals under different deformations and different temperatures.

Sex-dependent effects of chronic jet lag on circadian rhythm and metabolism in mice

BackgroundThe circadian clock integrates external environmental changes into the internal physiology of organisms. Perturbed circadian clocks due to misaligned light cycles increase the risk of diseases, including metabolic disorders. However, the effects of sex differences in this context remain unclear.MethodsCircadian misalignment was induced by a chronic jet lag (CJL) shift schedule (light-on time advanced by 6 h every 2 days) in C57BL/6N male and female mice. Core body temperature and activity rhythms were recorded using a nano tag, and the gene expression rhythms of clock and clock-controlled genes in the liver and adrenal glands were analyzed using qPCR. Glucose metabolism and insulin response were evaluated using glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and glucose response assays. Castration and testosterone replacement were performed to assess the fundamental role of testosterone in male phenotypes under CJL.ResultsUnder CJL treatment, male mice exhibited increased weight gain, whereas females exhibited decreased weight gain compared to that of the respective controls. CJL treatment induced a lower robustness of circadian rhythms in core body temperature and a weaker rhythm of clock gene expression in the liver and adrenal glands in females, but not in males. Only male mice exhibited glucose intolerance under CJL conditions, without the development of insulin resistance. Castrated mice without testosterone exhibited decreased weight gain and reduced robustness of body temperature rhythm, as observed in intact females. Testosterone replacement in castrated mice recovered the CJL-induced weight gain, robustness of temperature rhythm, and glucose intolerance observed in intact males.ConclusionsSignificant sex-based differences were observed in circadian clock organization and metabolism under CJL. Testosterone plays a crucial role in maintaining the circadian clock and regulating CJL metabolism in males.

Introducing the Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations—II: Illustrative Application to Heat and Energy Transfer in the Nordheim–Fuchs Phenomenological Model for Reactor Safety

This work presents an illustrative application of the newly developed “Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (2nd-FASAM-NODE)” methodology to determine most efficiently the exact expressions of the first- and second-order sensitivities of NODE decoder responses to the neural net’s underlying parameters (weights and initial conditions). The application of the 2nd-FASAM-NODE methodology will be illustrated using the Nordheim–Fuchs phenomenological model for reactor safety, which describes a short-time self-limiting power transient in a nuclear reactor system having a negative temperature coefficient in which a large amount of reactivity is suddenly inserted. The representative model responses that will be analyzed in this work include the model’s time-dependent total energy released, neutron flux, temperature and thermal conductivity. The 2nd-FASAM-NODE methodology yields the exact expressions of the first-order sensitivities of these decoder responses with respect to the underlying uncertain model parameters and initial conditions, requiring just a single large-scale computation per response. Furthermore, the 2nd-FASAM-NODE methodology yields the exact expressions of the second-order sensitivities of a model response requiring as few large-scale computations as there are features/functions of model parameters, thereby demonstrating its unsurpassed efficiency for performing sensitivity analysis of NODE nets.

Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Sensors for Mercury (Hg) Detection: Design Strategies and Recent Progress.

Monitoring mercury (Hg) is critical for environmental and public health. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based sensors demonstrate the advantage of high sensitivity and rapid response. We summarize the advances of MOF sensors for Hg2+ detection from the perspective of MOF type and role in the sensors. First, we introduce three MOFs used in Hg sensors-UIO, ZIF, and MIL-that have demonstrated superior performance. Then, we discuss the specifics of MOF-based sensors for Hg2+ detection in terms of the recognition and signal elements. Currently, the recognition elements include T-rich aptamers, noble metal nanoparticles, central metal ions, and organic functional groups inherent to MOFs. Sensors with fluorescence and colorimetric signals are the two main types of optical MOF sensors used for Hg detection. Electrochemical sensors have also been fabricated, but these are less frequently reported, potentially due to the limited conductivity and cycling stability of MOFs. Notably, dual-signal sensors mitigate background signals interference and enhance the accuracy of Hg2+ detection. Furthermore, to facilitate portability and user-friendliness, portable devices such as microfluidics, paper-based devices, and smartphones have been developed for Hg2+ detection, showcasing potential applications. We also address the challenges related to MOF-based sensors for Hg2+ and future outlook.

Design and analysis of a far-infrared metamaterial perfect absorber with sensing applications

In this paper, we present an analysis and design of a metamaterial as the perfect absorber and refractive index sensor in the far-infrared (IR) region, utilizing the finite element method (FEM). The structure consists of a metal resonator on a silicon dielectric with a bottom copper layer beneath the dielectric. Our results demonstrate that the designed structure achieves nearly perfect absorption of transverse electric (TE) polarization at a resonance wavelength of λ r =9.40µm. This occurs because of the perfect impedance matching condition, which achieves a 99.47% absorption efficiency. This condition is also sensitive to the angle of incidence and causes minimal reflection at the resonating wavelength of λ r . This characteristic makes the designed metamaterial structure suitable for use as a sensor. The structure enables maximum electric field confinement in the gap region (g) of the split ring resonator (SRR) at the metal-dielectric interface. The resonance wavelength can be effectively tuned and optimized by varying the gap size (g), dielectric material, dielectric thickness (t d ), copper layer thickness (t c ), and incident angle of the metamaterial absorber (MA). The absorption peak shows a highly sensitive response to changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium, with a sensitivity of 1600 nm/RIU. This absorber, with its excellent absorption in the far-IR spectrum, holds promising potential for applications in energy harvesting and IR sensing.

2D Flower-like CdS@Co/Mo-MOF as Co-Reaction Accelerator of g-C3N4-Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride.

In this study, we have proposed an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signal amplification system which is based on two-dimensional (2D) flower-like CdS@Co/Mo-MOF composites as a co-reaction accelerator of the g-C3N4/S2O82- system for ultrasensitive detection of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH). Specifically, the 2D flower-like Co/Mo-MOF with mesoporous alleviated the aggregation of CdS NPs while simultaneously fostering reactant-active site contact and improving the reactant-product transport rate. This allowed the material to act as a novel co-reaction accelerator, speeding up the transformation of the S2O82- into SO4•- and enhancing the cathodic ECL emission of g-C3N4. Moreover, the signal probe which was synthesized by coupling the 2D CdS@Co/Mo-MOF and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) achieved the generation of SO4•- in situ and reduced energy loss. The results confirmed that the ECL signal was enhanced 6.2-fold and stabilized by CdS@Co/Mo-MOF. Based on the extremely strong quenching effect of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH) on this system, a "signal-off" type sensor was constructed. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and linear response to CPH concentrations ranging from 1 pmol L-1 to 100 μmol L-1, with a low detection limit of 0.4 pmol L-1 (S/N = 3).

Thrombin Nanochannel Logic Gate Inspired by BioMemory.

The process of "reading" and "writing" in biomemory involves the transmission of electrical signals between neurons, with ligand-gated ion channels assuming a key role. The solid-state nanochannels exhibit certain similarities with neurons. Information transmission can be achieved by controlling the flow of ions within nanochannels, rendering them potentially suitable for simulating neuron behavior. Herein, thrombin (Thr) was chosen as the target protein, and a functionalized nanochannel sensing system was successfully constructed using DNA aptamers, enabling a highly sensitive Thr response with a detection limit of 0.221 fM. Simultaneously, based on Watson-Crick base pairing and programmable chain displacement reactions, controlled release and cyclic response of the target molecule were further achieved. This mechanism elucidates the rules governing specific input-output relationships, innovatively linking them with memory storage and recognition through the Thr-nanochannel logic gate, thereby realizing the reading of biomemory at the hardware level. In summary, the biological hybrid nanofluidic control device of this invention converts molecular events into electrical signals, providing potential avenues for establishing connections between the mechanisms of biomemory and solid-state nanochannel biosensing and recognition in the future.

Radiation-photon converter based on GaN single crystal coupled with multi-quantum-well luminescence structure

Converting radiation into optical signals is a fundamental method for nuclear radiation detection. However, traditional scintillators encounter a trade-off between efficiency and response speed. This research proposes a radiation-photon converter constructed from multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures integrated into radiation-sensitive materials, providing a unique solution to this challenge. The prototype was fabricated using a homogeneous epitaxial layer of GaN on a semi-insulating substrate. The radiation-photon conversion process was facilitated by directing charge carriers generated from radiation energy deposited in the semi-insulating substrate to the MQW layer via an external electric field. The converter exhibited a sensitive and rapid response to x-ray irradiation, enabling modulation of the excited photon wavelength through the MQW layers. Luminescence spectrum tests demonstrated that the net luminescence intensity increased with rising device voltage. Imaging experiments revealed that the grayscale values of device photographs, under the combined influence of electric fields and x rays, correlated with the trend in net current variation. These findings confirmed the effective conversion of radiation into optical signals through the modulation mechanism of the electric field, highlighting significant implications for the development of advanced radiation detection methodologies.

NaCl-Responsive Ultrashort Peptide to Trigger Self-Assembly of TPE-Capped Supramolecular Hydrogelator.

With the advantages of less invasiveness and better shape adaptability, in situ-forming hydrogels are desired biomaterials as scaffolds, drug carriers, and so on. Herein, a negatively charged NaCl-responsive ultrashort peptide sequence (EEH) is reported whose electrostatic repulsion can be reduced through the charge-shielding effect. Under physiological conditions, its AIEgen-capped amphiphile TPE-GEEH of low concentration (1 mg/mL) presents NaCl-triggered morphological transformation from micelle to closely packed fiber with enhanced emission, which can be applied to biosense sodium ion (Na+) with high sensitivity and quick response. At a slightly acidic pH, 10 mg/mL TPE-GEEH undergoes sol-gel transition upon addition of NaCl (100 mM) with improved mechanical properties, which should be useful to develop an in situ-forming hydrogel. Overall, our report provides a simple strategy to construct NaCl-responsive assemblies for potential application in biosensors and drug delivery system.

Exploring Attachment Differences Across the Contexts of Sports and Academics: A Qualitative Exploration of Child and Parent Experiences.

This study aimed to explore the nature of contextual differences in child-parent attachment relationships and examine how these experiences relate to children's psychological outcomes. A theoretically informed qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 15 participants across four groups of Taiwanese youths and parents, representing different contextual attachment combinations. Data were analyzed using a hybrid thematic analysis approach, integrating both inductive and deductive methods. The findings revealed two key characteristics of secure attachment across contexts: (1) parental timely and sensitive responsiveness enhances children's openness to share personal thoughts, and (2) parental empathic and genuine concern fosters children's empathy. Conversely, insecure attachment across contexts was marked by (1) inappropriate parental responses reducing children's willingness to share their inner feelings, and (2) parental lack of empathy frustrating children and discouraging communication. In addition, parental beliefs about children's achievement behaviors (e.g., expectation primarily centered on academic achievement and viewing athletic achievement as an alternative pathway to higher education) and parenting practices (e.g., performance- vs. mastery-oriented achievement goals, conditional negative regard, and psychological control through invalidating feelings and demeaning the child) significantly influenced children's psychological outcomes, particularly in terms of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration (autonomy and competence) across academic and sports domains. These findings advance our theoretical understanding of contextual attachment dynamics and provide practical insights for fostering optimal parenting strategies, particularly in academic and sport-related contexts.

Probing Deep Hydrogen Polysulfides Fluctuations In Vivo by Engineering Activatable Fluorescence Reporters with Second Near-Infrared Window Emission.

Deep and comprehensive understanding of the intricate biochemical processes mediated by H2Sn (n ≥ 1), but not H2S, is of paramount importance. A few fluorescent probes have been developed with the intention of addressing this issue. However, there is currently no evidence of any activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes for H2Sn-specific imaging over H2S. In this study, we developed the inaugural H2Sn-activated NIR-II probe for specific and deep imaging of H2Sn through a series of molecular engineering strategies. Strong electron-absorbing moieties enabled the redshift of the emission of the designed reporter, while leaving groups with different dissociation capacities were responsible for modulating the selective and sensitive responsiveness to H2Sn over H2S. By using this activatable specific probe for deep tissue mapping of endogenous H2Sn fluctuations, accurate identification of acute inflammation in animal models was achieved. It is anticipated that the advancement of this activatable NIR-II probe will facilitate a more profound comprehension of the physiological implications of H2Sn.

High strength, high sensitivity, hydrophobic and conductive vegetable oil-based composites for human motion detection

The vulnerability of infants and young children due to their fragile bodies and inability to effectively express physical discomfort has raised widespread of concern in the society. As it continues to be difficult to develop sensors with superior mechanical qualities and response sensitivity for use in health monitoring and recognition. Here, a polymer known as, Polyurethane Thermoplastic Elastomer, enhanced by crosslinking which is prepared from Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI), soybean oil polyol ED, and polycaprolactone triol (PCT-L) also referred to as PTIED, was prepared based on previously prepared soybean oil polyol ED and polycaprolactone triol (PCT-L) as soft segments, with IPDI as hard segments. This was followed by the preparation of the PTIED-CNT sensor by using PTIED as a matrix and hydroxyl carbon nanotubes (CNT) as a conductive filler. The mechanical properties of the obtained PTIED-CNT sensor have been enhanced, with a tensile strength of approximately 5 MPa. The sensitivity GF of the PTIED-CNT7 % can reach up to 805.67 and remains stable after 4500 seconds of continuous operation at 10 % strain. Moreover, the device can support high stability in a simulated sweat environment and exhibit antibacterial and hydrophobic, which could be used to check for small movements, such as those of the face and throat, and could also recognize sound. Therefore, its potential applications in respiratory monitoring of infants as well as other health monitoring applications are expected.

Assembling MOF on CNTs into 0D-1D heterostructures for enhanced volatile organic compounds detection.

The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things has created a substantial demand for portable gas sensors. Nevertheless, the development of gas sensors that can fulfill the demanding criteria of high sensitivity and rapid response time continues to pose a considerable challenge. Herein, an in-situ anchoring strategy is proposed to construct CNTs@MOF heterostructure to establish strong electronic coupling and charge relocation for enhancing the monitoring capabilities of isopropanol (freshness markers for fruits) at room temperature. The in-situ anchoring process prevents Zn-MOF (ZIF-8) self-aggregation, ensuring efficient transport channels for target analytes and enhancing active site utilization. Moreover, the synergistic effect of each component in the composite is optimized. Consequently, the gas sensor based on the CNTs@ZIF-8 heterostructure achieved an ultrahigh isopropanol response of 57.87 (40ppm, Ra/Rg) at room temperature and 60% relative humidity, exhibiting rapid response kinetics (38s, 30ppm) and durability. This study offers a fresh perspective on the structural design of oxygen-inert CNTs materials.

Identification of Cuproptosis-Related Patterns Predict Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

A novel copper-dependent mode of death, cuproptosis, has been newly identified. This study developed a cuproptosis score (CS) based on the cuproptosis model to analyse the association of CS with prognosis, immune cell infiltration, drug sensitivity and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. A typing model of cuproptosis was constructed based on the expression of 19 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs). A total of 485 samples were divided into high scoring group (HSG) and low scoring group (LSG) according to CS, and the drug sensitivity and responsiveness to immunotherapy were evaluated by combining the immunophenotype score (IPS), oncoPredict, the tumour immune dysfunction and rejection (TIDE). The use of weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) identified key prognostic genes for cuproptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the expression level of the key gene. The CRG key gene glutaminase (GLS) is highly expressed in HCC, and patients with high expression of GLS have a poorer prognosis. Furthermore, cell function experiments, such as proliferation, migration and invasion assays, confirmed that GLS knockdown significantly changed the incidence and progression of HCC. This study suggests that new biological markers associated with cuproptosis can be used in the clinical diagnosis of HCC patients to predict prognosis and therapeutic targets.

MCTP controls nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs during lateral root development.

The plant hormone auxin orchestrates almost all aspects of plant growth and development. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs) control the transcription of auxin-responsive genes, forming cytoplasmic condensates to modulate auxin sensitivity and diversify auxin response regulation. However, the dynamic control of ARF distribution across different subcellular compartments remains largely obscure. Here, we show that three MULTIPLE C2 DOMAIN AND TRANSMEMBRANE REGION PROTEINs (MCTPs), MCTP3, MCTP4, and MCTP6, control ARF nucleocytoplasmic partitioning and determine lateral root development. MCTP3/4/6 are highly expressed in lateral roots and specifically interact with ARF7 and ARF19 to dissolve their cytoplasmic condensates. This promotes ARF nuclear localization in lateral root primordia and enhances auxin signaling during lateral root formation. Our findings confer MCTP as a key switch to modulate auxin responses and outline an MCTP-ARF signaling cascade that is crucial for the establishment of the plant root system.

Pollution investigation of wintertime VOCs in the coastal atmosphere of the Yellow Sea: Insights from on-line photoionization-induced CI-TOFMS.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are pivotal in tropospheric atmospheric chemistry, significantly impacting the formation of photochemical smog, fine particle pollution, and the atmospheric oxidizing potential, all of which affect air quality. Chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, renowned for its exceptional sensitivity, precision, and swift response time, has proven to be exceptionally effective for real-time VOCs monitoring. In this study, a custom-built photoionization-induced CI-TOFMS was deployed to individually detect 116 VOCs standard gases specified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, quantifying their responses and establishing a distinctive mass spectrogram database. A 12-day comparative analysis with online gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector and mass spectrometer demonstrated the high reliability of the PICI-TOFMS, confirming its effectiveness for field VOCs monitoring. During two months of stationary monitoring, the PICI-TOFMS could further refine the timing of pollution events with high temporal resolution and identified four distinct air pollution episodes, including local emissions, coal burning, sand and dust transport and festival-related pollution. Employing a Hysplit model, the Concentration Weighted Trajectory model, and a source apportionment method based on tracer gases, the air trajectories were calculated and contributions from different potential source areas were quantified. Our findings reveal that transport was the main contributor to pollution in December 2022, while burning was the primary source in January 2023. This study refines our understanding of the dynamics of air pollution, providing valuable insights into the temporal and spatial distribution of VOCs and their sources.

Design of fluorescent sensors for the detection of human serum albumin structure employing nitrogen-by modulation of molecular containing heterocycles

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in mammalian plasma. It occupies an extremely important position in organisms as an early indicator of the development of many diseases. The development of fluorescence sensing technology has revolutionized the drawbacks of traditional methods. In this strategy, we designed and synthesized three dual fluorophore organic sensors TPA-IPA-T1, TPA-QL-T2, and TPA-Py-T3 for the detection of serum albumin. The rotation of the C–C bond of sensors is restricted and the molecular structure forms a rigid plane that contributes to the fluorescent emission intensity of the sensor. The fluorescent skeletons were successfully constructed by triphenylamine composed the electron-withdrawing nitrogen-containing compounds benzopyrrole (indole), benzopyridine (quinoline), and pyridine, respectively, with piperazine as a rigid connecting bridge. The addition of human serum albumin (HSA) turned on the fluorescent emission of the sensor near 580–600 nm. The color of the sensor solution changed from colorless to pink and bright orange, respectively. The fluorescent intensity increased by 24, 67, and 31 fold, respectively. The sensors have the advantages of sensitivity and fast response, strong anti-interference ability, low detection limit and good water solubility. Drug experiments in artificial urine demonstrate the characteristics of sensors, which has a very high potential for biological feasibility and medical applications. The sensors facilitaty the binding of the HSA through electrostatic interactions. The sensors were explored to be able to efficiently bind the IB structural domain of HSA, which had a good meaningful of avoiding the interference of commonly drugs in clinical medicine and in artificial urine on the detection of HSA.

Ultrastretchable and highly sensitive ionic conductive hydrogel for environmentally resistant all-in-one human-motion sensors.

Conductive hydrogels have been considered ideal candidate materials for fabricating human-motion sensors due to their combination properties of electronic and tissue-like soft nature and the similar functions of human skin with mechanical and sensory properties. However, the perfect integration of multiple functionalities such as environmentally tolerant, stretchable, self-adhesive, self-healing, transparent, high sensitivity, and rapid response in one system (all-in-one) is still a significant challenge. Herein, a novel ionic conductive hydrogel platform with excellent comprehensive performance through multiple dynamic interactions was prepared by employing [BMIm]BF4/glycerol/water ternary solvent system. The dynamic hydrogen bonds, coordination bonds, and electrostatic interaction within the network endows the hydrogel excellent mechanical performance. The synchronous effect of ionic liquids and glycerol realized the high ionic conductivity, transparency, environmentally tolerance, and long-term stability. Sensors based on this hydrogel have a relatively high sensitivity, a fast response time, and a wide linear sensing range in monitoring human movements. It can also serve as electronic skin, like human skin, for touchscreen pen and writing. Thus, the all-in-one hydrogel was concluded to hold considerable promise for constructing the next generation of hydrogel platforms for human-motion sensors.