Response Of Cultivars Research Articles

Morphophysiological responses of bean cultivars in competition with Conyza bonariensis

Morphophysiological responses of bean cultivars in competition with Conyza bonariensis

Assessment of nitrogen response in promising cotton cultivars in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra

Assessment of nitrogen response in promising cotton cultivars in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra

Responses of tomato hybrid cultivars to soil application of humic acid under greenhouse conditions

Abstract Responses of three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hybrids viz. 'Luanova', 'Savarona' and 'Tessera' to various doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1) of soil application of humic acid (HA) were evaluated in terms of plant growth, productivity and quality of fruits, under greenhouse conditions, during 2011-12 and 2012-13. In addition to improved quality characteristics, higher values for yield and yield components were recorded for tomato fruits harvested from plants of 'Tessera' cultivar compared to those harvested from other hybrids tested, regardless of growing seasons. Plants from 'Luanova' cultivar were, however, earlier in fruiting with higher number of fruits per plant. Soil application of HA presented positive effects on yield and physicochemical quality of tomato fruits irrespective of the dose of HA and the cultivar investigated, in both seasons. Soil application of HA at higher dose 1.5 g L-1 exhibited better results in all the three tomato cultivars tested, in terms of their vegetative and reproductive growth, and significantly improved the physicochemical quality of their fruits. Conclusively, the tomato hybrid 'Tessera' was found suitable for cultivation under greenhouse conditions while soil application of aqueous solution of HA @ 1.5 g L-1 substantially resulted in higher production of quality tomato fruits.

Response of Rice Cultivars to Elevated Air Temperature and Soil Amendments: Implications towards Climate Change Adaptations and Mitigating Global Warming Potentials

Response of Rice Cultivars to Elevated Air Temperature and Soil Amendments: Implications towards Climate Change Adaptations and Mitigating Global Warming Potentials

Cultivares de mandioca de mesa eficientes e responsivas ao uso do fósforo

ABSTRACT Table cassava cultivars efficient in the use of phosphorus (P) and responsive to phosphate fertilization represent a crop option for regions with low availability of the nutrient and for crops using technological packages, such as investment in fertilization. The objective of the study was to classify table cassava cultivars regarding efficiency and responsiveness to P application in two agricultural crops. For this, four table cassava cultivars (Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, Recife and Venâncio) were evaluated under conditions of low P availability (and without phosphate fertilization) and high availability (and fertilized with 240 kg ha-1 of P2O5). The Água Morna cultivar proved to be efficient and responsive in the two harvests evaluated. Only the Venâncio cultivar was classified as non-efficient. There was variation in the response of the Recife cultivar between the crops evaluated.

In vitro evaluation of apricot cultivars response to Pseudomonas syringae pathovars: Image processing as an alternative method

Turkey, with an apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) production amount of 833,398 tons per year, ranks first in fresh apricot production and dried apricot export in the world. Malatya, Iğdır, and Elazığ with amounts of apricot production constitute the main apricot production centers in Turkey. Many table and dried apricot cultivars have been grown in Turkey. Economically important apricot cultivars such as cv.Şalak (or Aprikoz), cv.Tebereze, cv.Ordubat, cv.Ağcanabat, and cv.Ağerik are widely grown in the Aras Valley, including Iğdır and Kağızman. In this study, DNA barcoding of local cultivars based on the ITS region was performed and their distribution was shown in the Aras Valley. The reactions of these apricot cultivars to the causal agents of bacterial canker, which negatively affect the yield and quality of apricot cultivation, were also determined. Alternative methods such as image-processing technology and CHAID analysis have also been successfully used for cultivar reaction tests. It was determined that "cv.Şalak" is the most common apricot cultivar in the Aras Valley. In addition, the Ağcanabat cultivar was sensitive to the causal agents of disease, and other local apricot cultivars were tolerant to it.

Assessment of salt and drought stress on the biochemical and molecular functioning of onion cultivars.

Salt and drought stress are the main environmental constraints that limit onion growth and productivity. Türkiye is the fifth largest onion producer, whereas the stress conditions are increasing in the region, resulting in poor crop growth. A current study was conducted under greenhouse conditions according to a completely randomized design with factorial arrangements to evaluate the performance of onion cultivars. Plants were subjected to salt stress with an application of 750 mM NaCl and drought stress was applied by depriving plants of irrigation water for 20 days to measure biochemical and transcript changes. The antioxidant activities of the cultivars were quantified by using four different methods, i.e., 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The damage to pigments, phenolic, osmolytes, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation was also evaluated. Results revealed that the cultivars "Elit and Hazar" had higher H2O2, maximum damage to pigments, and least accumulation of phenolics and osmolytes under both stress conditions. The cultivar "Şampiyon" performance was better under salt stress but exhibited a poor antioxidant defensive mechanism under drought stress conditions. The remaining cultivars suggested a resilient nature with a higher accumulation of osmolytes, antioxidants and phenolics. The change in transcript levels further strengthened the response of resilient cultivars; for instance, they showed higher transcript levels of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate oxidase and transcription factors (WRKY70, NAC29). It helped alleviate the oxidative stress in tolerant cultivars and maintained the physio-biochemical functioning of the cultivars.. The results of the current study will fill the gap of missing literature in onion at biochemical and molecular levels. Additionally, resilient cultivars can effectively cope with abiotic stresses to ensure future food security.

Host suitability of pepper cultivars to (a)virulent root-knot nematodes isolates

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are polyphagous and cause yield losses to crops worldwide. Using the resistant plant is the most effective and environmental method to manage RKNs. Mi-1.2 gene in tomatoes is commonly used to control Meloidogyne. However, the Mi-1.2-virulent isolates can overcome this gene. In fields infested with Mi-1.2-virulent populations, plant species with different resistance genes are recommended instead of tomatoes. Therefore, investigating the host suitability of pepper cultivars to Mi-1.2-virulent RKNs is needed for management practices. This study was conducted in Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Plant Protection Nematology Laboratory in 2019. In this study, the response of resistant and susceptible pepper cultivars was investigated to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White,1919), Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), Mi-1.2-virulent M. incognita and Mi-1.2-virulent M. javanica. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and Mi-1.2-virulent M. incognita isolates multiplied very well on susceptible peppers but did not reproduce on resistant peppers. Mi-1.2-(a)virulent M. javanica isolates did not multiply on any pepper cultivars. Meloidogyne luci reproduced on all peppers tested. A pepper carrying N resistance gene was first tested with M. luci and did not confer resistance to M. luci. These results could be used to control RKNs in vegetable-growing areas.

Biochemical, physiological, and molecular responses of diverse olive cultivars to different irrigation regimes

Olive is an essential industrial crop in the Mediterranean region with valuable economic and agricultural concerns. Despite its drought resistance, its productivity is restricted by extreme drought stress. Olive cultivars display considerable variation in response mechanisms to drought stress. Accordingly, the impact of mild and extreme water deprivation over two seasons compared to full irrigation requirements on growth and physiological characteristics of three diverse olive cultivars. Three olive cultivars, ‘Manzanillo’, ‘Eggizi-Shami’, and ‘Tofaahi’, were evaluated under three irrigation regimes 100% ETc, 75% ETc, and 50% ETc. Characteristics of shoot and root, as well as physio-chemical constituents, were determined. Besides, the gene expression of dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB), dehydrin (DHN), and catalase (CAT) genes in olive cultivars were explored under different irrigation regimes. The results indicated a substantial impact of irrigation level on all studied parameters. The mild and extreme drought stress treatments caused a gradual reduction in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content, relative water content, root and shoot length, root and leaf numbers, branch count, and leaf area across both seasons. Conversely, proline content was considerably increased under drought treatments compared to well-watered conditions. Similarly, the assessed cultivars exhibited significant variation in all studied parameters, with ‘Eggizi-Shami’ demonstrating superiority. Under mild and extreme drought stress conditions, the cultivar ‘Eggizi-Shami’ displayed the highest proline content and most growth characteristics. Besides, the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis displayed significant alterations in gene expression of the tested three genes related to drought response (DHN, DREB, and CAT). The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that under drought stress conditions (75% and 50% ETc), ‘Eggizi-Shami’ exhibited higher expression compared to the other two cultivars (‘Tofaahi’ and ‘Manzanillo’). Combining the results of morphological and physiological parameters with gene expression analysis of drought-related genes can offer highly validated information about drought-tolerant olive cultivars. This integrated approach serves as an innovative methodology to identify and confirm genes involved in abiotic stress.

Biomass yield and chemical composition of the cassava plant over two vegetative growth cycles

The objective of this work was to study the biomass production and chemical composition of the different parts of the cassava plant during the first and second vegetative cycles, with the aim of providing data that can contribute to the understanding of the response of cassava cultivars to different harvest ages. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in split plot scheme. Plots were represented by cultivars IAC 90 and IAC 118-95 and subplots by crop age (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months after planting). Our results showed that the ‘IAC 90’ allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to the leaves, stem and planted cutting than the ‘IAC 118-95’, which was more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. Storage roots showed an increase of more than 50% in starch content 14 months after planting. The cultivar IAC 118-95 is distinguished by the higher harvest index, allowing earlier harvesting, with possible valorisation of the leaves as industrial raw material. Variables showed different degrees of inter-relationships amongst themselves. Total plant fresh matter and dry matter yields were positively correlated with growth parameters and root starch for both cultivars. Harvest time and cultivar are key factors that should be considered to increase profits in the cassava agro-industrial chain.

Physiological and morphological responses of Arabica coffee cultivars to soil compaction

ABSTRACT Compaction caused by mechanization affects soil quality and, consequently, the development of crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different degrees of soil compaction on the physiology, morphology, and anatomy of different coffee cultivars in a controlled environment. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with randomized block design in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement, with five coffee cultivars (Arara, Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Catuaí Vermelho 144, MGS Paraíso 2 and Mundo Novo IAC 379-19) and five degrees of compaction (68, 74, 80, 86 and 92 %), with four repetitions, totaling 100 experimental units. The following variables were evaluated in the aboveground biomass: plant height, number of leaves, diameter of the orthotropic branch, fresh mass of leaves and stem, leaf area, gas exchange, and chlorophyll a and b index; in the roots: length, surface area, volume, diameter of fine and coarse roots, fresh and dry mass of roots, as well as anatomical characteristics. Results showed that soil with degrees of compaction above 80 % negatively affected the variables evaluated. Catuaí Vermelho 144 presented the worst performance regardless of the degree of compaction, while Arara and MGS Paraíso 2 showed the best performance under the evaluated compaction degrees. Anatomical structure of the roots was modified with soil compaction, and no differences were observed among cultivars.

Varietal Differences in Wet Damage of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) Under Waterlogging Conditions

Abstract Broccoli is a typical wet-sensitive vegetable. Precipitation levels in Japan have been unusually high recently, so the wet tolerance of broccoli is of great interest to farmers. The purpose of this study is to gather basic information to help with broccoli cultivation in unusually wet conditions by investigating the varying responses of different cultivars to wet conditions. In two-year pot experiments, the early stage of broccoli growth was compared using on cultivars that exhibit unique characteristics in terms of tolerance to wet conditions, and differences in yield were also confirmed during the harvest season in a field experiment. Broccoli plants subjected to three days of waterlogging treatment exhibited wilting, yellowing and reduced biomass. Significant interactions between treatment and cultivar were also detected for biomass, water content, and photosynthetic ability. The ‘Shigemori’ cultivar showed less susceptibility to wet damage compared to the other cultivars. The trend could be observed in the head yield in the field experiment. The unique cultivars shown in this study may be helpful in broccoli cultivation and may be suitable for use as parent material in breeding. Furthermore, a short-term pot experiment can help evaluate broccoli wet tolerance during the early growth.

Response to salinity stress in four Olea europaea L. genotypes: A multidisciplinary approach

Despite a drought- and erosion-tolerant root system, olive trees are vulnerable to abiotic stress due to limited genetic variability. Though some olive cultivars are moderately tolerant to salinity stress, soil salinity is increasing in the semi-arid and arid regions where olive cultivation is common, significantly reducing overall production. In response, breeding programs may rely on proper selection markers for abiotic stresses, including salinity, but these are generally lacking for olive. Here, physiological and biochemical parameters were measured in four Olea europaea genotypes (Frantoio, Leccino, Lecciana, and Oliana) subjected to different intensities of salinity stress (0 mM, 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl). At moderate and high salt concentrations, Na+ exclusion, higher photosynthetic productivity and tissue water content in the tolerant cultivar Frantoio were linked with increased production of polyphenols, with more favorable K+/Na+ values (quercetin and rutin), mitigation of oxidative stress (oleuropein) and increased water absorption (luteolin). In Frantoio and Leccino, a significant change of the proteome repertoire occurred, with overrepresentation of components regulating cellular metabolism, ion transport, redox insult and dissipation of excess photochemical energy. Conversely, Lecciana and Oliana showed increased sensitivity to salinity stress in terms of photosynthetic parameters and elevated internal Na+ concentrations, together with the lowest number of differentially represented proteins. These results highlighted olive germplasm strategies to cope with osmotic stress, suggested a physiological and molecular basis for the augmented responsiveness of tolerant cultivars and identified specific biomarkers as useful targets for future breeding programs.

Response of Soybean Cultivars to Foliar Fertilizers Using Iron and Boron in Gypsum Soil

To examine the response of soybean cultivars to foliar fertilizers using iron and boron, a field experiment was applied in the Agriculture College, Tikrit University, using Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) and three replications. Four soybean cultivars were used (Lee, Dee, Shaimaa and Laura) and four combinations of foliar fertilization (distilled water (comparison), iron (0.1 mg L-1), boron (0.3 mg L-1) and iron + boron (0.1). +0.3 mg L-1, respectively). Some growth traits and yield were measured to determine the effect of the factors used. The results indicated a significant increase in plant height (7%), 100 seeds weight (0.5%), and plant yield (3%) when plants fertilized with boron compared to spraying with distilled water. The number of pods per plant also increased significantly when adding boron (34%) and iron (37%) compared to distilled water. The cultivar Shaima was significantly higher in plant height (85.36 cm) and plant dry weight (328.43 gm plant-1), 100 seeds weight (11.67 g) and plant yield (48.44 gm plant-1), while the cultivar Lee took a shorter period to 50% flowering (70.25 days) and the number of pods per plant (125.58 pod plan-1). The results of this study will help increase the information in the growth of soybean cultivars in gypsum soils and help in the differentiation among cultivars and using fertilizer combinations of microelements.

Response of Wheat Cultivars to Combinations of Chemical, Bio and Nano Fertilizers and their Effect on Vegetative Growth Traits

Wheat cultivar response to chemical, bio, and nano fertilizer combinations and their effect on vegetative growth traits were investigated in a field experiment with three replicates arranged in a split-plot in The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at Al-Qasim Green University during the 2022-2023 growing season. The main plots consisted of three different types of wheat, while the sub plots tested various fertilizer mixes. Wheat cultivars and fertilizer combinations both had a substantial effect on the attributes we measured, and there was also a significant interaction between the two, as shown in the analysis of variance table. The averages of wheat cultivars show that IPA 99 is superior to the other two cultivars by providing the tallest plants by an average of 104.21 cm, while Bohuth 22 provides the shortest times to 100% flowering (108.66 days) and physiological maturity (146.14 days). Baghdad variety yielded the highest mean The trait states that the flag leaf area is 42.94 cm2, the leaf chlorophyll concentration is 49.51 Spad, and there are 449.52 tillers per square meter. The average fertilizer combinations showed that plant height was best at 98.96 cm, flag leaf area at 44.47 cm2, leaf chlorophyll content at 50.08 Spad, and tiller density at 417.56 tillers m-2 with the fertilizer combination of 50% compound fertilizer + 50% bio-fertilizer + 50% nano-fertilizer. However, the optimal results were achieved using the specified fertilizer compound with nano fertilizer, which required only 109.88 days to achieve 100% blooming and 147.33 days to reach physiological maturity. With a mean flag leaf area of 47.73 cm2, the Baghdad cultivar emerged victorious in the study of cultivar by fertilizer combination interactions. When using a fertilizer mixture of 50% compound fertilizer, 50% bio-fertilizer, and 50% nano-fertilizer, the chlorophyll content of the leaves was 53.76 spad and the number of tillers was 470.67 strands m-2.

Growth and Yield Response of Several Cultivars of Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. to Spraying of NPK Nano Fertilizer

During the winter of 2021–2022, a field experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in Habbaniyah district, Anbar Governorate. ln order to investigate the effects of various nano-fertilizer (NPK) concentrations on specific growth and yield traits of several wheat cultivars. A Randomized complete block design was used with split plot arrangement and three replications, and the main plots included two concentrations of NPK (1, 2) g L−1 as well as the comparison treatment without spraying. As for the subplots included three cultivars of wheat (Chihan, Ibaa 99, Bora). The results showed Chihan cultivar plants excelled in all growth and yield characteristics except for the number of grains per spike, as no significant differences were observed in the mean of this trait. While the plants of this cultivar recorded the highest averages for the traits (plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll index, spike length, number of spikes, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield) and reached 89.31 cm, 45.47 cm 2, 49.54 spads, 11.900 cm, 348.1 spikes, 42.44 gm and 7.865 Mg ha, respectively. The interaction between the various cultivars and nano fertilizer concentrations had a significant impact on the majority of the examined traits, which was reflected in the overall yield, with the Chihan cultivar plants producing the highest average grain yield of 10.935 Mg ha-1.

Response of Bread Wheat Cultivars to Deficient Irrigation: a Morphological and Molecular Study

During the agricultural season of 2022-2023, a field experiment was conducted at the second agricultural experiment station of the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University in the Al-Bandar area (3 km from the city center) to study the molecular and phenotypic response of bread wheat cultivars to the effect of incomplete irrigation. An experiment was conducted using the Randomised Complete Block Design with split plots and three replications, the primary plots included the deficient irrigation factor, coded: D1 control, D2 tillering stage, D3 elongation stage, and D4 booting stage, while the secondary plots included cultivars and were coded V1 Mawada, V2 Bohuth22, V3 Baraka, and V4 IBAA99. The statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the water stress stages. The D1 treatment produced superior spike length (13.17) cm. Regarding cultivars, the cultivar Baraka excelled in the majority of field characteristics, including spike length (17.09) cm, leaf area (42.33) cm2, number of grains per spike (67.78) grains spike-1 and grain weight (61.02) g. While the cultivar Mawadah excelled in the number of days up to 50% flowering (88.50), plant height (93.17), and spike m-2 yield (364.4), the cultivar IPA99 excelled in the number of spikes (364.4). Regarding the interpenetrate, it had a significant effect on the majority of the traits, as treatment D1V2 excelled in the number of spikes (396.7) spike m-2, while treatment D1V3 excelled in the number of grains per spike (76.11) grains spike-1 and treatment D1V4 excelled in grain yield (7.30) ton ha-1. The combination D4V1 was also superior in terms of the number of spikes m-2 (408.3). The D4V4 treatment produced a superior grain yield (8.54) ton ha-1. The results of the molecular analysis by ISSR-PCR technique indicated that the primer (HB13) had 33 bands, and the primer (HB14) had 40 bands. Electrophoresis on agarose gel revealed that the primer (HB15) recorded the highest number of bands with 57 bands, 41 differentiated and 16 common, representing the main binding sites.

Growth and Yield Response of Masakwa Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Cultivars to Supplementary Irrigation in a Nigeria Sahel Savanna Vertisols

Masakwa sorghum, a post-rainy season crop is commonly grown using residual moisture without supplementary irrigation on heavy clay soils or Vertisols during cool harmattan period. Field experiments were conducted to determine response of masakwa sorghum cultivars to supplementary irrigation during 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 dry seasons in sahel savanna vertisols in Monguno Local Government Area of Borno State NE Nigeria. Four irrigation treatments applied at 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 liters/stand constituted the irrigation treatments, while Adja’ama and Tumbuna constituted the cultivars. The treatments were replicated three times in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Plant heights were significantly higher for 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9 liters (P<0.01) than 1.2 liters at 4 WAT, 0.6 and 0.9 liters (P<0.05) than 0.3 or 1.2 liters at 8 WAT, and 0.3 liter (P<0.01) than 0.6 or 1.2 liters at 10 WAT. Panicle length was significantly (P<0.01) greater for 0.6 and 0.9 liters, while grain yield per plant was significantly (P<0.01) greater for 0.3 liter than the other irrigation levels. Grain yield per hectare was significantly (P<0.01) greater when irrigation was applied at flower inception (0.9 liter), while the cultivar Tumbuna significantly (P<0.01) produced superior grain yield than Adja’ama. Straw yield per plant was significantly (P<0.01) greater for 1.2 liters, but harvest index was significantly (P<0.01) greater for 0.3 liter than the other treatments. The economic returns from the irrigation levels were negative as the marginal rate of returns: – N2.64, – N 0.82 and – N 0.23 for 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 liters per stand, respectively, however, the farmer practice (0.3 liters at transplanting only) realized the net benefit of N 42,960.00 per hectare. It is apparent therefore that the flower inception is the most critical stage for moisture stress in masakwa sorghum; however, there is no economic benefit of supplementary irrigation of the sorghum cultivars after transplanting as observed from the current study.

RESPONSE OF COTTON CULTIVARS TO SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLIED FERTILIZER IN KABBA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

The experiment was carried out at Kabba College of Agriculture experimental field in 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons to evaluate response of cotton cultivars to soil and foliar applied fertilizer. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with two factors arranged in split plot arrangement in three replications. The first experimental factor was a cultivar, include two cotton varieties Hybrid and Lokoja local (abbreviated as C1 and C2) were used. The second experimental factor was the different nitrogen sources applied at five levels, NS1 = No Nitrogen source (control), NS2 = NPK (20:10:10 plus boron) fertilizer applied into soil alone = 80kg NPK & B, NS3 = NPK & B at 50% (40kg N) + Agric Zyme 50% (40 kg N), NS4 = NPK & B at 75% (60kg N) + Agric Zyme at 25% (20kg N) and NS5 = NPK & B at 25% (20kg N) + Agric Zyme at (60kg N). Data were collected on growth characters such as plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area fresh and dry weight of cotton. Yield characters observed were number of flowers per plant, cotton ball per plant, cotton yield per plant and cotton lint yield. All plots with NPK&B and Agric Zyme produce better growth and yield characters than the control. All plots with NPK&B alone or in combination with Agric Zyme at reduced level produced similar growth characters. Cotton with fertilizer application either singly or combined produced higher number of flowers and cotton balls compared to the control. Cotton grows through hybrid seeds gave more flowers and cotton balls more than Lokoja local seeds used. Cotton with fertilizer application were susceptible to pest attacked compared to cotton grow in the control plots. Cotton grows with the use of hybrid seed gave higher number of aborted flowers than the Lokoja local seed used. Though, cotton plant grows with NPK&B at 80 kg /ha gave the highest yield of cotton. All other plots with combined application of NPK&B and Agric Zyme produced yield comparable to plots with NPK&B at 80 kg /ha. Among cotton with combined application of NPK&B and Agric Zyme, plots treated with NPK & B at 25% (20kg N) + Agric Zyme at 75% (60kg N) gave the greatest yield. Cotton with hybrid seed produced cotton yield higher than the Lokoja local seed. The increment in hybrid cotton yield over Lokoja local seed is 58.52%. Cotton farmers in the study area should grow hybrid cotton using any of the treatment combinations especially NPK & B at 25% (20kg N) + Agric Zyme at 75% (60kg N).

Determination of Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Infestation on Different Cultivars of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus

The responses of commercial cultivars of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to several pests were assessed. Research on okra's varietal resistance to the main insect pest, Abelmoschus esculentus (L), was carried out in the Department of Entomology's experimental field at the College of Agriculture, Gwalior, during the 2015–2016 kharif season. Where in the eight types of okra (Pusa A-4, Pusa falguni, Jaya, Swati, Shreya, Viraj, and Virat. Maximum shoot infestation (8.13%) was found in Pusa A-4, followed by Kashi pargati and Pusa falguni with 7.29% and 5.88%, respectively. Minimum shoot infestation (1.41%) was recorded in Jaya, which was on par with Shreya, followed by Swati, Viraj, and Virat with 2.03%, 4.47 %, 5.15 %, and 5.38 %, respectively. Shreya and Jaya were on level with one another. Maximum fruit infestation (19.57%) was found in Pusa A-4, followed by Kashi pargati and Pusa falguni with 17.76% and 14.62%, respectively. Minimum fruit infestation (1.99%) was found in Jaya, followed by Shreya, Swati, Viraj, and Virat with 4.46 %, 10.67 %, 12.28 %, and 12.73 %, respectively.