Respiratory Disease Morbidity Research Articles

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) in Post-Weaning Calves with Different Prevention Strategies and the Impact on Performance and Health Status

Our study aimed to compare Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) morbidity, mortality, and growth in dairy and dairy beef cross-bred calves during the commingle period, 81–120 days of age, using two different BRD prevention strategies. The calves (n = 1799) were randomly assigned into groups: (1) Control (CON; received no vaccine or metaphylaxis); (2) Tulathromycin metaphylaxis (TUL; IncrexxaTM, Elanco Animal Health Inc., Greenfield, IN, USA); and (3) Mannheimia haemolytica vaccine (VACC; Nuplura® PH, Elanco Animal Health Inc., Greenfield, IN, USA). Calves were individually weighed three times during the study to estimate average daily gain (ADG). Deep nasopharyngeal swabs, thoracic ultrasonography, health scores, and treatment records were collected during the study. Ultrasound and health score results were not different across treatments. In this study, the TUL group had a lower cumulative BRD incidence than CON. The cumulative incidence and 95% CI of BRD during the commingle period, 81–120 days of age for CON, TUL, and VACC were 0.43 (0.38 to 0.47), 0.36 (0.38 to 0.40), and 0.39 (0.35 to 0.43), respectively. The ADG for CON, TUL, and VACC were 0.25 ± 0.15, 0.32 ± 0.15, and 0.17 ± 0.15 kg, respectively. There was no difference among the treatment groups for ADG. Management and environmental conditions were variable at this operation throughout the study period and likely impacted the calves. Earlier interventions may be needed when the BRD incidence is elevated in high-risk calves.

Serum IgG Immunoglobulin Levels are Associated with Reduced PCR Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in Naturally Infected American Bison (Bison bison).

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen of American bison (Bison bison), associated with high morbidity and mortality epizootics of respiratory and reproductive disease. Despite the significant negative impact on bison health, little is known about the kinetics of disease and the host immune response to infection. To address these questions, a cohort of bison calves was created and serially sampled 5 times, once every 2-3 mo, over a 12-mo period. At each sampling period nasal swab samples were collected and tested by PCR for the presence of M. bovis. Serum samples were also collected and assessed for M. bovis-specific antibodies using both a commercial and an in-house ELISA. Overall, 19/41 bison (46.3%) had positive PCR tests, and 31/41 (75.6%) were seropositive. Over the course of the study, the frequency of PCR-positive nasal swabs and the ELISA scores decreased, although serum samples remained positive for at least 6 mo following the final positive PCR test. Bison were grouped according to results from the in-house ELISA into high-responder (n=7), low-responder (n=5), and seronegative (n=7) groups. M. bovis-specific IgG antibody levels were significantly elevated in the high-responder group compared to the low-responder and seronegative groups. The differences were statistically significant for 3/5 sampling periods. A trend toward increased IgG2 levels was observed in the high-responder group. High total IgG responses correlated with a decline in positive PCR tests from nasal swabs. These data provide evidence that a strong humoral response is beneficial and is probably involved in the clearance of M. bovis from bison.

Low-level PM2.5 induces the occurrence of early pulmonary injury by regulating circ_0092363

The significant correlation between particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and the high morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases has become the consensus of the research. Epidemiological studies have clearly pointed out that there is no safe concentration of PM2.5, and mechanism studies have also shown that exposure to PM2.5 will first cause pulmonary inflammation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of early lung injury induced by low-level PM2.5 from the perspective of epigenetics. Based on the previous results of population samples, combined with an in vitro/vivo exposure model of PM2.5, it was found that low-level PM2.5 promoted the transport of circ_0092363 from intracellular to extracellular spaces.The decreased expression of intracellular circ_0092363 resulted in reduced absorption of miR-31-5p, leading to inhibition of Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) and the subsequent abnormal expression of tight junction proteins such as Zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) and Claudin-1, ultimately inducing the occurrence of early pulmonary injury. Furthermore, this study innovatively introduced organoid technology and conducted a preliminary exploration for a study of the relationship among environmental exposure genomics, epigenetics and disease genomics in organoids. The role of circ_0092363 in early pulmonary injury induced by low-level PM2.5 was elucidated, and its value as a potential diagnostic biomarker was confirmed.

A prospective study on the relationship between exposure to solid fuels for heating and its duration and the risk of morbidity of respiratory diseases among residents aged 30-79 years

Objective: To research the association between exposure to solid fuels for heating and its duration and the risk of respiratory diseases morbidity. Methods: Data from the China Kadoorie Biobank project sited in Pengzhou City, Sichuan Province. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the association between exposure to solid fuels for heating and its duration and the risk of total respiratory diseases and the association between exposure to solid fuels for heating and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia among respiratory diseases. Results: A total of 46 082 participants aged 30-79 years were enrolled, with 11 634 (25.25%) heating during the winter, of whom 8 885 (19.28%) used clean fuels and 2 749 (5.97%) used solid fuels, of whom 34 448 (74.75%) did not heat. After controlling for multiple confounding factors, Cox proportional hazard regression model was used, which revealed that compared with clean fuels, unheating could reduce the risk of total respiratory disease (HR=0.81,95%CI:0.77-0.86), COPD (HR=0.86,95%CI:0.78-0.95) and pneumonia (HR=0.80,95%CI:0.74-0.86), respectively. Exposure to solid fuels increased the risk of total respiratory disease (HR=1.10, 95%CI:1.01-1.20) and were not associated with COPD and pneumonia. Compared with no solid fuel exposure, the risk of total respiratory disease (1-19 years:HR=1.23, 95%CI:1.10-1.37; 20-39 years:HR=1.25, 95%CI:1.16-1.35; ≥40 years:HR=1.26, 95%CI:1.15-1.39) and COPD (1-19 years: HR=1.21, 95%CI:1.03-1.42; 20-39 years: HR=1.30, 95%CI:1.16-1.46; ≥40 years:HR=1.35, 95%CI:1.18-1.54) increased with the length of exposure of solid fuels (trend test P<0.001). Solid fuels exposure for 1-19 years and 20-39 years increased the risk of COPD by 23% (HR=1.23,95%CI:1.02-1.49) and 16% (HR=1.16, 95%CI:1.00-1.35). Conclusion: Heating solid fuels exposure increases the risk of total respiratory disease, COPD, and pneumonia.

Respiratory Diseases Caused by Air Pollution and Interventions

Air pollution become a concerning environmental problem nowadays, and the morbidity of respiratory diseases caused by air pollution increased rapidly in recent years. Interventions for air pollution and respiratory diseases related to air pollution is essential. The essay mainly discussed the background of air pollution and respiratory diseases, the harm to public health, interventions for air pollution and factors related to respiratory diseases. Through the comparison between interventions in China and western countries, it can be seen that most interventions are the same, for example setting standards for emissions, warning people risk factors of respiratory diseases and taking protective measures. The difference between the interventions is that Chinese residents turn to have less knowledge about the diseases and risk factors and they rely on authorities more, while western people’s individual efforts and personal willing play important roles in policies and actions, both the government and individuals are important in the control of air pollution and the protection of public health towards air pollution.

What are public preferences for air quality improvement policies? Additional information from extended choice models

Effectively assessing public preferences for air quality improvement policies is extremely important to environmental policy formulation, but developing policies that cater to public tastes is a great challenge. Although the random parameters logit (RPL) model in the choice experiment is widely used in relevant studies, it remains limited in revealing additional preference heterogeneity. Given this, the study applies two extended models in exploring public preference heterogeneity for air quality policies. An RPL model with heterogeneity in means and variances (RPL-HMV) and an RPL model with correlated random parameters (RPL-CRP) are used to provide more beneficial insights for policy analysis. The study shows that better-educated groups are more willing to pay for increasing urban green coverage, and income increases the randomness of such preferences’ distribution among groups. From the perspective of preferences, reducing heavy pollution days is positively associated with decreasing morbidity of respiratory diseases caused by outdoor air pollution and negatively correlated with improving urban green coverage. In addition, compared to the RPL-CRP model, the willingness to pay in the RPL model is overestimated by 14.72%. The study further clarifies public preferences for air quality policies, and the extra information revealed by extended models provides more valuable references for policy-making.

Impact of Physical Activity on Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Muscle Strength in Obese Young Adults

Physical inactivity is a crucial contributor to the obesity epidemic. Previous studies demonstrated that physical inactivity and obesity have been linked with the impairments of pulmonary and respiratory muscle function. However, the impact of physical activity (PA) on pulmonary and respiratory muscle function in obese young adults remains unclear. The study aimed to compare pulmonary and respiratory muscle function between physically inactive and active obese young adults. Obese young adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) aged between 18 - 25 years old were included. They were classified into 2 groups, physically inactive obese (IO, n = 16) and active obese (AO, n = 14) groups according to the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) obtained from the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Then, pulmonary and respiratory muscle function were measured. The results showed that there were no differences in baseline data between groups. The AO group showed significantly higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (2.90 ± 0.55 vs 3.40 ± 0.79, p = 0.04), and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (96.25 ± 6.18 vs 124.50 ± 12.28, p = 0.01) than those IO group. There were no differences between the groups in regard to FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, %FVC, %FEV1, MVV, %MVV and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) (all p &gt; 0.05). In addition, FEV1 (r = 0.43, p = 0.01) and MIP (r = 0.40, p = 0.03) were positively moderately correlated with MET. Higher in FEV1 and MIP which observed in physically active obese young adults indicate that regular PA appears to be beneficial to pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle strength in obese individuals. HIGHLIGHTS Several epidemiological studies showed that obesity increases the prevalence of morbidity and clinical presentation of many respiratory diseases. Physical inactivity is one factor that affect respiratory function The pulmonary and respiratory muscle function between physically inactive and active obese young adults were compared Higher values of FEV1 and MIP were observed in obese young adults who were physically active, suggesting the benefits of PA in maintaining pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle strength GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Short-term exposure to ultrafine particles and mortality and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Copenhagen, Denmark

Ultrafine particles (UFP; particulate matter <0.1 μm in diameter) may be more harmful to human health than larger particles, but epidemiological evidence on their health effects is still limited. In this study, we examined the association between short-term exposure to UFP and mortality and hospital admissions in Copenhagen, Denmark. Daily concentrations of UFP (measured as particle number concentration in a size range 11–700 nm) and meteorological variables were monitored at an urban background station in central Copenhagen during 2002–2018. Daily counts of deaths from all non-accidental causes, as well as deaths and hospital admissions from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were obtained from Danish registers. Mortality and hospital admissions associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in UFP exposure on a concurrent day and up to six preceding days prior to the death or admission were examined in a case-crossover study design. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) per one IQR increase in UFP were estimated after adjusting for temperature and relative humidity. We observed 140,079 deaths in total, 236,003 respiratory and 342,074 cardiovascular hospital admissions between 2002 and 2018. Hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were significantly positively associated with one IQR increase in UFP (OR: 1.04 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.07], lag 0–4, and 1.02 [1.00, 1.04], lag 0–1, respectively). Among the specific causes, the strongest associations were found for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality and asthma hospital admissions and two-day means (lag 0–1) of UFP (OR: 1.13 [1.01, 1.26] and 1.08 [1.00, 1.16], respectively, per one IQR increase in UFP). Based on 17 years of UFP monitoring data, we present novel findings showing that short-term exposure to UFP can trigger respiratory and cardiovascular diseases mortality and morbidity in Copenhagen, Denmark. The strongest associations with UFP were observed with COPD mortality and asthma hospital admissions.

Evaluating the timing of bovine respiratory disease morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle by first treatment, fatal disease onset, and days from first treatment to death

Little research has evaluated risk factors influencing the timing of bovine respiratory disease (BRD); the main focus of previ­ous BRD research has been on environmental and demographic factors influencing disease frequency. The study objective was to descriptively evaluate typical BRD temporal patterns for cat­tle in U.S. Great Plains feedyard systems.

Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) has essential and profound effects on human health, but most current studies focus on high-income countries. Evidence of the correlations between PM and health effects in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially the risk factor PM1 (particles < 1 μm in size), remains unclear. To explore the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter on the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in LMICs. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to May 1, 2022. Cohort studies and case-control studies that examine the effects of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 on the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in LMICs were included. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. Outcomes were analyzed via a random effects model and are reported as the relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. Of the 1,978 studies that were identified, 38 met all the eligibility criteria. The studies indicated that long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and PM1 was associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases: (1) Long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (RR per 1.11 μg/m3, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.17) and mortality (RR per 1.10 μg/m3, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14) and was significantly associated with respiratory mortality (RR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.38) and morbidity (RR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.04); (2) An increased risk of respiratory mortality was observed in the elderly (65+ years) (RR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.47) with long-term exposure to PM2.5; (3) Long-term exposure to PM10 was associated with cardiovascular morbidity (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.13), respiratory morbidity (RR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.69) and respiratory mortality (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10, 1.49); (4) A significant association between long-term exposure to PM1 and cardiovascular disease was also observed. Long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10 and PM1 was all related to cardiovascular and respiratory disease events. PM2.5 had a greater effect than PM10, especially on respiratory diseases, and the risk of respiratory mortality was significantly higher for LMICs than high-income countries. More studies are needed to confirm the effect of PM1 on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

Relationship between air pollution exposure and the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Madrid: Chronic respiratory failure, hospitalizations, and mortality. A retrospective study.

Air pollution has a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of various respiratory diseases. However, this has not been widely studied in diffuse interstitial lung diseases, specifically in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this study we aimed to assess the relationship between four major air pollutants individually [carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)] and the development of chronic respiratory failure, hospitalization due to respiratory causes and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We conducted an exploratory retrospective panel study from 2011 to 2020 in 69 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from the pulmonary medicine department of a tertiary hospital. Based on their geocoded residential address, levels of each pollutant were estimated 1, 3, 6, 12, and 36 months prior to each event (chronic respiratory failure, hospital admission and mortality). Data was collected from the air quality monitoring stations of the Community of Madrid located <3.5 km (2.2 miles) from each patient's home. The increase in average values of CO [OR 1.62 (1.11-2.36) and OR 1.84 (1.1-3.06)], NO2 [OR 1.64 (1.01-2.66)], and NOx [OR 1.11 (1-1.23) and OR 1.19 (1.03-1.38)] were significantly associated with the probability of developing chronic respiratory failure in different periods. In addition, the averages of NO2, O3, and NOx were significantly associated with the probability of hospital admissions due to respiratory causes and mortality in these patients. Air pollution is associated with an increase in the probability of developing chronic respiratory failure, hospitalization due to respiratory causes and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

An Evaluation of Temporal Distributions of High, Low, and Zero Cohort Morbidity of Cumulative First Treatment Bovine Respiratory Disease and Their Associations with Demographic, Health, and Performance Outcomes in US Feedlot Cattle.

Timing and magnitude of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) can impact intervention and overall economics of cattle on feed. Furthermore, there is a need to better describe when cattle are being treated for BRD. The first objective was to perform a cluster analysis on the temporal distributions of cumulative first treatment BRD from HIGH (≥15% of cattle received treated for BRD) and LOW cohorts (>0 and <15% of cattle received treated for BRD) to assess cohort-level timing (days on feed) of BRD first treatments. The second objective was to determine associations among cluster groups (temporal patterns) and demographic risk factors, health outcomes, and performance. Cluster analysis determined that optimal number of clustering groups for the HIGH morbidity cohort was six clusters and LOW morbidity cohort was seven clusters. Cohorts with zero BRD treatment records were added for statistical comparisons. Total death loss, BRD morbidity, average daily gain (ADG), railing rate, days to 50% BRD, cattle received, shrink, arrival weight, and sex were associated with temporal groups (p < 0.05). These data could be used as a tool for earlier identification and potential interventions for cohorts based on the BRD temporal pattern.

Effects of injectable vitamin E before or after transit on receiving phase growth performance, health, and blood parameters of beef steers.

The objective was to determine the effects of injectable vitamin E (VE) before or after transit on feedlot cattle receiving performance, health, and blood parameters. Angus × Simmental steers (n = 196; body weight [BW] = 163 ± 29 kg) were utilized in a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: intramuscular injections of saline pre- and post-transit (CON), intramuscular injections of VE (2,000 mg d-α-tocopherol) pre-transit and saline post-transit (PRE), or intramuscular injections of saline pre-transit and VE (2,000 mg d-α-tocopherol) post-transit (POST). Pre-transit injections were administered on day 0, and steers were transported on day 7 for approximately 4 h (348 km). After arrival, steers were fed a common corn silage-based diet in GrowSafe bunks. Final BW tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for CON steers compared with POST steers while PRE steers were intermediate. From days 7 to 63, treatment affected average daily gain (ADG) with PRE and CON steers exhibiting (P = 0.04) greater ADG compared with POST steers. Dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, and gain to feed from days 7 to 63 were not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by treatment. Day 0 serum α-tocopherol concentrations were considered marginal (2.3 ± 0.2 mg/l). A treatment × day interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for serum α-tocopherol concentrations. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations were greatest for PRE steers on day 7 (prior to and post-transit), but greater for POST steers on dys 10 and 14. Plasma ferric-reducing antioxidant potential concentrations increased (P = 0.04) for POST steers compared with CON steers and PRE steers being intermediate. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations exhibited a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04) with CON and POST steers being 16% and 14% greater than PRE steers on day 14, respectively. On day 21, NEFA concentrations were greatest for POST steers compared with PRE steers and CON steers being intermediate. There was no main effect (P ≥ 0.14) of treatment on the number of bovine respiratory disease morbidity treatments. Hair cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) 14 days after transit for PRE and POST steers compared with CON steers. Overall, injectable VE administered before or after transit increased serum tocopherol concentrations while reducing stress, but did not improve the growth performance of beef steers during the receiving phase.

Dynamics of morbidity rates of the Orenburg Region population

The morbidity of the population includes primary incidence, prevalence (cumulative incidence), and the frequency of diseases established during medical examinations. Various data are used to analyze and process information about morbidity: data on medical aid appealability, data from the results of routine medical examinations, and data from the analysis of the causes of death. In dynamics from 2015 to 2020, general morbidity of the population of the Orenburg Region was characterized by the fact that the morbidity rates of respiratory diseases still ranked first, while diseases of the circulatory organs ranked second. Diseases of the digestive system, which previously occupied the 6th ranking position, moved to the third place. The primary incidence of the population from 2015 to 2020 was characterized by the fact that the morbidity of respiratory diseases also remained in first place, while injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes ranked second. Diseases of the circulatory system, which previously occupied the 5th ranking place, moved to the third place. In order to improve the health of citizens, reduce the population morbidity, improve the standard of living, increase the birth rate, decrease the death rate, raise the life expectancy of the population, and improve the environmental situation in our region, it is necessary to make decisions at the level of the legislative and executive authorities of municipalities and the subject of the Russian Federation, i.e. Orenburg Region.

Эпидемиологические особенности заболеваний органов дыхания у детей и подростков в Удмуртской Республике до пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции

Objective. To study the epidemiological features of respiratory diseases in children and adolescents before the COVID-19 pandemic in Udmurtia. Materials and methods. Epidemiological parameters of respiratory diseases in children and adolescents in Udmurtia (prevalence, morbidity, mortality, disability) in the period before COVID-19 pandemic from 2010 to 2019 according to the reporting forms of federal statistical observation No. 12, 14, 19. The polynomial regression was used for the prognosis of the level of prevalence and incidence of respiratory diseases in children by 2024. Results. The prevalence of respiratory diseases in the region decreased significantly between 2010 and 2019 (p &lt; 0.05): aged 0–14 years from 1642.4 (95% CI 1638.3–1646.5) to 1452.1 (95% CI 1449.1–1455.1), aged 15–17 years, from 925.7 (95% CI 924.7–926.8) to 871.8 (95% CI 870.5–873.0) per 1000 children of relevant age. The prognosed prevalence rate by 2024 was 1,080.7 per 1,000 children aged 0–14 (R2 = 0.95) and 874.7 (R2 = 0.34) per 1,000 adolescents aged 15–17. A decrease of ARVI (p &lt; 0.05) was registered at the age of 0–14 years with an average annual rate of decline of 1.2%.The incidence of pneumonia increased (p &lt; 0.05) indicators: aged 0–14 years – from 10.6 (95% CI 10.1–11.0) to 14.7 (95% CI 14.2–15.2) per 1000 children, 15–17 years from 2.4 (95% CI 2.2–2.6) to 7.1 (95% CI 6.8–7.4) in 1000 population. The prognosed incidence of pneumonia by 2024 in children 0–14 years old was 21.3 (R2 = 0.60), in adolescents – 10.1 in 1000 population of appropriate age (R2 = 0.62). Conclusion. There is a significant trend in reducing the prevalence and morbidity of respiratory diseases in children over the past decade before the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection in Udmurtia. Keywords: prevalence, respiratory diseases, pneumonia, COVID-19

Жамбылдың «Минералды тыңайтқыштар» зауытының өңірлік экологиялық жағдайы мен халықтың демографиялық ахуалына әсері

The article is devoted to the study of the ecological situation in Taraz, where the branch of Kazphosphate LLP – Mineral Fertilizers plant is located. The study was carried out within the framework of the scientific project: "National program for the introduction of personalized and preventive medicine in the Republic of Kazakhstan" IRN OR12165486. As a result of the study, the recorded concentrations of heavy metals in the atmospheric air of Taraz were at or above the permissible risk regulation and determined the direct impact of emissions from chemical industry enterprises. The total hazard index of traditional pollutants of atmospheric air in Taraz was high in terms of targeting the respiratory organs. The values of the average annual concentrations of other atmospheric pollutants in Taraz slightly exceeded their reference levels. As a result of studying the environmental situation of Taraz from the impact of the actual concentrations of the analyzed substances from the industrial zone of the plant "Mineral Fertilizers" LLP "Kazphosphate", there is a fairly high level of atmospheric air pollution for a wide range of substances. The identified risks to public health from their impacts require the development and implementation of planned environmental measures aimed primarily at improving the environmental situation in Taraz to reduce the mortality rate, morbidity of respiratory diseases, neoplasms.

Research progress on gel-based nanocomposites for diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases

This paper summarizes the classification of respiratory diseases and gels, and focuses on the application of gels in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of intraday effects of ambient air pollution and temperature on cardiorespiratory morbidities: First few hours of exposure matters to life.

A growing number of studies have reported an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease (RD) within hours after exposure to ambient air pollution or temperature. We assemble published evidence on the sub-daily associations of CVD and RD with ambient air pollution and temperature. Databases of PubMed and Web of Science were searched for original case-crossover and time-series designs of English articles examining the intra-day effects of ambient air pollution [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤10 μm (PM10), 2.5-10μm (PM10-2.5), and < 7 μm (SPM), O3, SO2, NO2, CO, and NO] and temperatures (heat and cold) on cardiorespiratory diseases within 24 h after exposure in the general population by comparing with exposure at different exposure levels or periods. Meta-analyses were conducted to pool excess risks (ERs, absolute percentage increase in risk) of CVD and RD morbidities associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in particulate matters, 0.1 ppm in CO, and 10 ppb in other gaseous pollutants. Final analysis included thirty-three papers from North America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia. Meta-analysis found an increased risk of total CVD morbidity within 3 h after exposure to PM2.5 [ER%: 2.65% (95% CI: 1.00% to 4.34%)], PM10-2.5 [0.31% (0.02% to 0.59%)], O3 [1.42% (0.14% to 2.73%)], and CO [0.41% (0.01% to 0.81%)]. The risk of total RD morbidity elevated at lag 7-12 h after exposure to PM2.5 [0.69% (0.14% to 1.24%)] and PM10 [0.38% (0.02% to 0.73%)] and at lag 12-24 h after exposure to SO2 [2.68% (0.94% to 4.44%)]. Cause-specific CVD analysis observed an increased risk of myocardial infarction morbidity within 6 h after exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and NO2, and an increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest morbidity within 12 h after exposure to CO. Risk of total CVD also increased within 24 h after exposure to heat. This study supports a sudden risk increase of cardiorespiratory diseases within a few hours after exposure to air pollution or heat, and some acute and highly lethal diseases such as myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest could be affected within a shorter time. The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42105165; 81773518), the High-level Scientific Research Foundation of Anhui Medical University (Grant No. 0305044201), and the Discipline Construction of Anhui Medical University (Grant No. 0301001836).

Causal effect of PM1 on morbidity of cause-specific respiratory diseases based on a negative control exposure

BackgroundExtensive studies have linked PM2.5 and PM10 with respiratory diseases (RD). However, few is known about causal association between PM1 and morbidity of RD. We aimed to assess the causal effects of PM1 on cause-specific RD. MethodsHospital admission data were obtained for RD during 2014 and 2019 in Beijing, China. Negative control exposure and extreme gradient boosting with SHapley Additive exPlanation was used to explore the causality and contribution between PM1 and RD. Stratified analysis by gender, age, and season was conducted. ResultsA total of 1,183,591 admissions for RD were recorded. Per interquartile range (28 μg/m3) uptick in concentration of PM1 corresponded to a 3.08% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66%–4.52%] increment in morbidity of total RD. And that was 4.47% (95% CI: 2.46%–6.52%) and 0.15% (95% CI: 1.44%-1.78%), for COPD and asthma, respectively. Significantly positive causal associations were observed for PM1 with total RD and COPD. Females and the elderly had higher effects on total RD, COPD, and asthma only in the warm months (Z = 3.03, P = 0.002; Z = 4.01, P < 0.001; Z = 3.92, P < 0.001; Z = 2.11, P = 0.035; Z = 2.44, P = 0.015). Contribution of PM1 ranked first, second and second for total RD, COPD, and asthma among air pollutants. ConclusionPM1 was causally associated with increased morbidity of total RD and COPD, but not causally associated with asthma. Females and the elderly were more vulnerable to PM1-associated effects on RD.

FGF10 mediates protective anti-oxidative effects in particulate matter-induced lung injury through Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling

Particulate matter (PM), a well-known environmental pollutant, is an independent risk factor associated with the morbidity of various respiratory diseases. Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological mechanism related to PM exposure, which mediates redox-sensitive inflammatory signaling, leading to lung injury. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), a paracrine fibroblast growth factor that mediates mesenchymal to epithelial signaling, participates in epithelial repair during lung injury. However, whether FGF10-mediated repair in PM-induced lung injury is related to the regulation of oxidative stress remains to be elucidated. In vivo, the C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided, with intratracheal instillation of 5 mg/kg FGF10 1 h before 4 mg/kg PM for 2 consecutive days. In vitro, the BEAS-2B cells were pretreated with 10 ng/mL FGF10 before exposed to 200 µg/mL PM. Besides, the specific Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 was adopted in vitro. The harvested lung tissues were pathologic grading scored. The state of oxidative stress was assessed with dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contents of IL-6 and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as culture supernatant were quantified by ELISA. The protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling from lung tissue as well as cell lysate were determined by Western blot. In this study, recombinant FGF10 administration relieved the degree of lung injury, which is characterized by bronchitis, in a mouse model of PM exposure. In addition, reduced ROS levels, which are indicative of restrained oxidative stress, were also observed. Moreover, two redox-sensitive signaling pathways, Nrf2 and NF-κB, were found to be differentially regulated by FGF10. Using a cellular model of PM exposure, we found that the anti-inflammatory effect of FGF10 on NF-κB signaling was mediated through the regulation of oxidative stress. The anti-oxidative effect relied on the stimulation of Nrf2 signaling. Blockade of Nrf2 signaling with ML385 significantly compromised the anti-inflammatory effect of FGF10. These results underscore that the protective anti-oxidative effects of FGF10 in lung injury are mediated by the stimulation of Nrf2 signaling and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.