Respect Research Articles

The effects of group reality therapy on general health among nursing and midwifery students

Background: Nursing and midwifery students experience high levels of stress, particularly during their clinical education. High levels of stress negatively affect general health. Reality therapy (RT) is a method with potential effects on stress. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of group RT on general health among nursing and midwifery students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Autumn 2015 using a pretest-posttest design. Forty-six students were randomly allocated to an intervention (n = 23) and a control (n = 23) group. Participants in the intervention group received group RT in eight weekly sessions. The General Health Questionnaire was used for general health assessment both before and 1 month after the study intervention. The paired and the independent samples t- test and the Chi-square test were used for the data analysis. Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention and the control groups respecting the pretest mean score of general health (33.05 ± 14.91 vs. 30.34 ± 14.32; P = 0.528). However, the posttest mean score of general health in the intervention group was statistically significantly less than the control group (19.08 ± 10.27 vs. 29.39 ± 12.38; P = 0.004). Conclusion: Group RT can significantly improve general health among nursing and midwifery students.

Discrete Element Simulations of Nanoparticles Synthesis in Wet-operating Stirred Media: Effect of the Particle Material

An increasing number of applications from every branch of science and engineering are relying on the use of nanomaterials due to their peculiar properties with respect to the bulk counterpart and the potential of their employment, for example in the environmental field. Hence, there is a growing need to develop alternative strategies to produce such materials, providing first-rate performances and a fine control over the product specifications through safer and more sustainable processes.Here we focus on a low-energy magnetically driven wet milling technique for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles starting from a bulky solid, as a simple, cheap, and sustainable approach providing numerous advantages, including the minimization of nanoparticle air dispersion and greater control over the final product.We exploit discrete element method simulations to investigate the interactions among the grinding beads and the magnetic stirrer, providing information on the frequency and energy of collisions under various operating conditions, in an attempt to highlight the role of source material in the dynamics of the system. The relation of such data with the properties of the produced nanoparticles allows a fine tuning of the process parameters.

The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis

Background: Older adults who receive hemodialysis face different physiological and psychosocial stressors. Management of physiological and psychosocial stressors is among their basic needs for a desirable life. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2018 on sixty older adults who were receiving hemodialysis. Participants were conveniently recruited from the hemodialysis centers of Shahid Beheshti and Imam Khomeini hospitals, Babol and Behshahr, Iran, and were randomly allocated to a control and an intervention group. A 3-month telephone-based telenursing program was implemented for participants in the intervention group. Physiological and psychosocial stressors were assessed before and after the study intervention. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square, paired-samples t, and independent-samples t-tests. Results: The mean score of physiological stressors in the intervention group statistically significantly reduced from 17.33 ± 1.74 at pretest to 11.96 ± 3.16 at posttest (P 0.05), there were significant between-group differences respecting the posttest mean scores and the pretest-posttest mean differences of both physiological and psychosocial stressors (P

‘We condemn abusing violence against women’. The criminalization of domestic violence in Poland: „Potępiamy nadużywanie przemocy wobec kobiet”. O kryminalizacji przemocy domowej w Polsce

One can often hear Polish politicians saying there is no violence against women in Poland, since Polish men respect their women and women hold a strong position in Polish culture. The conviction rates for domestic abuse in Poland are indeed low, though the attrition rates are high. Every year, for approximately 75,000 registered cases of domestic violence, there are roughly 10,000 convictions. Most of the prison sentences are conditionally suspended. Protective orders or other punitive measures are seldom handed down. There is a visible reluctance on the part of the criminal justice system to punish and correct domestic abusers. One of the reasons is that domestic abuse provisions in the Polish Penal Code (Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code from 1997) criminalises a very different behaviour than is defined in the Counteracting Family Violence Act from 2005. Another, possibly even greater, reason is the culture of sentencing (both in general and of domestic abuse) within the Polish judiciary and the very strong conservatism of Polish decision-makers and society. The protection of family values by legislators and the judiciary is often enforced at the expense of the victims’ right to life and to a life free from violence. This article discusses the Polish system for preventing domestic violence, which was set up in 2005 and the construction and jurisprudence of crime described in Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code. In particular, the question of culpability raises many problems when it comes to prosecution. First, we must compare Article 207 with the definition of ‘family violence’ specified inthe Counteracting Family Violence Act and the Istanbul Convention. Then, I will explain how such an understanding and interpretation of Article 207 translates into the dynamics of sentencing and penal decision-making and the virtual ineffectiveness of both penal provisions (the lack of deterrent effect) and the system of counteracting family violence designed by lawmakers.

Examining Sleep Quality and Job Satisfaction of Intensive Care Nurses

Objective: Ensuring patient safety in intensive care units, which constitute the key area of nursing profession, depends on protecting the safety of nurses. Intensive care units providing nonstop treatment in challenging conditions change the sleep quality, psychological and physiological rhythm of nurses. In this units nurses need to work very carefully always. Based on this thought the purpose of this study was to examine the sleep quality and job satisfaction of intensive care nurses. Methods: 234 nurses from different intensive care units in five different hospitals participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Personal information form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) were used in data analysis. Results: No differences were found among PSQI scores of nurses with respect to intensive care units whereas MSQ scores were found to be different p<0.005. The average PSQI score was found to be 8.99±3.45 . The highest Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire scores were found at 3. Level general surgery, anesthesia ICUs and neonatal ICUs (69.,16±13.76; 64 .63±14.61). A significant relationship was found between the job satisfaction of nurses and the duration of work in intensive care units p<0.001. Conclusions: Although nurses were happy to work in ICU, their sleep quality was found to be "poor" and their job satisfaction was found to be at "medium level". In order to improve sleep quality of intensive care nurses, working hours should be revised. It is recommended that managers make improvements that increase motivation and take into account the feedback of employees.

Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination

Objective: Although seen rarely, testicular cancer remains to be a public health problem as it is the most common cancer type in males aged between 15 and 35 years. The aim of this study is to evaluate knowledge, beliefs and practices of male university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with 681 first-year university students between November and December 2016. The data were collected using a Descriptive Form, Testicular Cancer Questionnaire and the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale (HBMS). Results: It was found that 91% of the students had no previous knowledge on testicular cancer, 88.3% had never heard of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE). Most of the students stated that they obtained information on testicular cancer and TSE from the internet. Students were found to have moderate level of perceived benefit, susceptibility, barrier, motivation/seriousness and self-efficacy with respect to testicular cancer and TSE. Conclusion: As a result of this research, it was found that university students lacked sufficient knowledge on testicular cancer and TSE. In order to improve the level of knowledge on testicular cancer and TSE, health professionals may provide trainings at universities, awareness may be raised among university students through elective courses and information may be disseminated via mass media.

Etnomatemática e Trabalho Colaborativo na Educação Inclusiva de Adultos no Contexto da Economia Solidária

Este artigo aborda atividades pedagógicas de Educação Matemática desenvolvidas no contexto de um Empreendimento Econômico Solidário (EES) que tem por finalidade a inserção de indivíduos com transtorno mental no mercado de trabalho. O objetivo desta investigação foi planejar e executar ações pedagógicas com base nos princípios da Etnomatemática e no trabalho colaborativo de Vygotsky, visando sanar dificuldades matemáticas advindas das demandas do processo produtivo deste empreendimento. A pesquisa seguiu uma abordagem predominantemente qualitativa pautada na metodologia de pesquisa-ação, a qual buscou promover a transformação social do grupo pesquisado pela solução de problemas inerentes às suas atividades. Como resultado observou-se que considerar a Etnomatemática deste EES favoreceu a compreensão e a valorização de práticas matemáticas e que o trabalho colaborativo desenvolvido auxiliou as discussões sobre procedimentos e conceitos matemáticos, fortalecendo principalmente o princípio da cooperação, que é um dos pilares da Economia Solidária.

A Educação bilíngue para crianças surdas: surdez como experiência e infância como potência

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir sobre a educação bilíngue para crianças surdas a partir de uma aposta: olharmos para a surdez enquanto experiência e para a infância como potência. A educação bilíngue ocupa lugar de destaque no debate de como lidar com a diferença linguística e cultural dos surdos, servindo como bandeira de luta da comunidade surda brasileira e merecendo, portanto, nossa especial atenção. Esta pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso em um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil, no município de Vitória, no Estado do Espírito Santo, sendo esta escola referência em educação bilíngue para surdos no projeto maior do município. Assim, modificamos a linguagem da educação e, consequentemente, a educação bilíngue como um desejo de realidade para crianças surdas na educação infantil. Destacamos que a política bilíngue representa mais do que a utilização de uma língua, ela deve possibilitar aos estudantes surdos espaços educacionais que os levem a provocar o pensamento, estimulando suas capacidades. Deve considerar uma política educacional que respeite a singularidade linguística, revelada mediante a coletividade, a partir de outras pessoas com surdez. Ou seja, é necessário proporcionar espaços que contribua para que as crianças surdas tenham contato com seus pares linguísticos.

Qualidade, avaliação e tipificação de carcaças das principais espécies de interesse zootécnico: bovina, suína e aves

As cadeias produtivas de proteínas animais têm evoluído e se adequado a nichos de ofertas e demandas no cenário mundial. As prerrogativas de produção e processamentos de carnes exigiram ao longo do tempo normas de bem-estar animal, boas práticas de fabricação, classificação e tipificação de carcaças. Cada espécie se ajusta com relação a esses protocolos de pré e produção, com seus gargalos e ajustes, bem como seus procedimentos que se alteram no momento de avaliação de qualidade e tipificação de carcaças. O intuito vai além de atender a vários tipos de normatizações ao longo do mundo, bem como demandas de consumidores e exigências de mercado. Quando se trata das principais proteínas animais consumidas, de suíno, bovino e de aves, se avaliam diversos nichos principais: o nicho brasileiro para consumo interno e os diferentes nichos de exportação. Com base nisso, objetivou-se revisar as normas de pré-produção, produção, diretrizes de bem-estar animal bem como classificação e tipificação de carcaça das espécies suínas, bovinas e aves.

بند موصولی عربی و فارسی

رده­شناسی2 شاخه­ای از زبان­شناسی است که شباهت­های ساختاری بین زبان­ها را بدون توجه به تاریخ آن­ها مورد بررسی قرار می­دهد. بررسی­های زبان شناسان ثابت کرده است که زبان­های مختلف دنیا مشترکاتی نیز دارند که به آن­ها، جهانی­های زبان گفته می­شود؛ بررسی ترتیب سازه­ها یکی از مهم­ترین مباحث رده­شناسی زبان است؛ زیرا زبان­ها در این مورد تنوع بیشتری نشان می­دهند و این تنوع دست­مایه­ای برای بررسی­ رده­شناختی زبان به شمار می­آید. یکی از این موارد تنوع، توالی هسته و بند موصولی است. رده­شناسان دو گونه توالی اسم و بند موصولی را در زبان­ها مشخص کرده­اند: هسته - بند موصولی و بند موصولی - هسته. از نظر آنها این دو توالی­ با آرایش سازه­های اصلی زبان­ها به ویژه (مفعول و فعل) همبستگی دارد. بنابر این طبق پیش­بینی­های آنها، توالی هسته - بند موصولی اکثرا در زبان­های فعل - مفعول و توالی بند موصولی - هسته در زبان­های مفعول - فعل هستند. در گفتار حاضر ساخت موصولی در زبان­های فارسی و عربی را در چهارچوب رده­شناسی بررسی می‌کنیم تا روشن شود که ویژگی­های ساخت موصولی در زبان­های فارسی و عربی چگونه است و چه شباهت­ها و تفاوت­هایی میان این دو ساخت در فارسی و عربی وجود دارد. به علاوه، این پژوهش در پی آن است تا مشخص کند که توالی هسته اسمی و بند موصولی در هر دو زبان چه نسبتی با پیش­بینی­های متخصصین رویکرد رده‌شناسی دارد. روش تحقیق توصیفی - تحلیلی است و جملات مورد بررسی از متون مختلف گونۀ رسمی هر دو زبان فارسی و عربی جمع­آوری شده است. بیش از ده هزار جمله مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. از نتایج پژوهش می‌توان به این موارد اشاره کرد که روشن شد زبان­های فارسی و عربی از الگوی غالب جهانی در ترتیب بند موصولی و هستۀ اسمی تبعیت می­کنند یعنی در هر دو زبان بند موصولی بعد از هستۀ خود قرار می­گیرد؛ اما در این زمینه زبان فارسی طبق پیش‌بینی‌های انجام‌شده برای زبان­های فعل پایان یا زبان­های OV عمل نمی­کند. در حالی که زبان عربی با پیش‌بینی‌های ارائه‌شده برای زبان­های VO سازگار است.همچنین یکی دیگر از نتایج این تحقیق این است که رخ دادن پدیدۀ خروج بند موصولی در زبان فارسی امکان­پذیر است ولی در زبان عربی رخ نمی­دهد.

“Disabled or Not, People Just Want to Feel Welcome”: Stories of Belonging from College Students with Intellectual Disability

As part of a larger storytelling project with college students belonging to minoritized social groups, nine young adults from an inclusive college program for students with intellectual disability (ID) participated in narrative interviews. All were invited to tell stories about campus incidents of microaggression and microaffirmation related to their disability. They also were invited to tell stories about other social identities they claimed. Stories were analyzed thematically and for correspondence with findings from previous studies involving other social identity groups. Students told a variety of stories about interpersonal incidents on campus that made them feel respected or disrespected. They also shared stories of institutional encounters that influenced their sense of acceptance at the university. Although they told more stories about microaffirmations, they were not immune to microaggressions. However, many of the students’ microaffirmation stories placed importance on not being perceived as different rather than a clear affirmation of disability identity. Students’ stories have implications for fostering a campus climate where students with ID are respected and included and where ableism is addressed in substantial ways.

On Stupidity in Project Management - A critical reflection of PM in a VUCA world

The culprit for project failure is the complexity that is associated with a project. Unfortunately, project complexity will be part and parcel of a project especially in a VUCA world. This implies then that projects will continuously fail as the culprit is not disappearing. However, the purpose of this paper is to show how complexity at times appears like an opaque conundrum, which allows hiding whatever in it, even stupidity. The analysis of 1064 datasets from a questionnaire-based survey on stakeholder complexity reveals that project stakeholders do not treat project complexity with the necessary respect that sometimes borders stupidity. The article highlights that project stakeholders do not apply common sense when dealing with project complexity. Our journey in understanding project complexity became a learning journey into stupidity and a critical reflection on our frivolous liaison with the VUCA world.

Discursos de instituições de saúde brasileiras sobre atividade física no início da pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: analisar os discursos produzidos por instituições de saúde sobre atividade física no início da pandemia de COVID-19 (março e começo de abril) no Brasil. Métodos: estudo documental a partir de sites de instituições de saúde. O aporte teórico-metodológico foi inspirado nos estudos foucaultianos a partir do entrelaçamento da noção de discurso e seu impacto no governo das condutas. Resultados: Foram compiladas 17 comunicações sendo três de instituições governamentais, nove de sociedades médicas e cinco da educação física. Predominou a perspectiva biológica e primeiro se comunicou sobre higiene pessoal e de equipamentos, ainda referentes a locais fechados e em seguida sobre restrição de atividade física em tais lugares, indicando o domicílio para as práticas. Conclusão: Houve predomínio da atividade física em sua vertente biológica especialmente na função imunológica. Problematizamos os discursos a partir da noção do governo das condutas onde indivíduos e famílias foram acionados a praticar atividade física em casa, sem garantia de instrumentalização e acesso ao conhecimento e profissionais desta área.

A formação do psicólogo perpassada pela inclusão educacional no ensino superior – relato de experiência

O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever as atividades realizadas por três psicólogas que desenvolveram o estágio psicoeducativo no Programa de Apoio Psicopedagógico (PAP) da Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR) na perspectiva da psicologia educacional, perpassada pela proposta de acessibilidade e respeito às diferenças no Ensino Superior. Trata-se de um relato de experiência de estágio em Psicologia Educacional e pesquisa documental, referente aos registros da orientadora de estágio, relatórios e transcrições de atendimento em diário de campo das três estagiárias do curso de Psicologia. O local do estudo, conhecido como PAP, é o setor responsável pela promoção da acessibilidade e da inclusão da universidade, além de se constituir campo de estágio para os estudantes de Psicologia. As estagiárias, em questão desenvolveram as suas atividades em períodos diferentes (2015-2019), de acordo com a data do ingresso na universidade e da colação de grau, de cada uma, e da oportunidade de estágio oferecida pelo programa. Adotou-se análise temática, definindo os núcleos temáticos: agente de acessibilidade e inclusão; apoio psicopedagógico; apoio psicológico; e facilitadoras de oficina de habilidades emocionais. Compreendeu-se que devido a pluralidade das atividades realizadas no estágio, ocorreu o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades para lidar, acolher e acreditar nas pessoas com deficiência ou necessidades educacionais específicas. Conclui-se que, para as três estagiárias, essa vivência na perspectiva da Psicologia Educacional ofertada pelo PAP, contribuiu significativamente para a modificação de olhares, de conceitos, de comportamentos e de novas construções conceptivas acerca das diferenças e do respeito a elas no âmbito do Ensino Superior.

Atuação docente masculina com crianças pré-escolares em Salto Del Guairá - PY

A atuação dos professores homens na primeira etapa da educação é recente no Brasil, mas o aumento gradual da presença masculina vem desmistificando o pressuposto de que a docência é um espaço exclusivamente de mulheres. E no Paraguai, como se dá a atuação de professores homens com crianças pequenas? O presente estudo teve por objetivo averiguar a opinião da comunidade escolar, entendida como docentes, familiares e gestores, da educação pré-escolar de Salto Del Guairá PY, em relação ao trabalho educativo desenvolvido por docentes homens com as crianças. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada mediante a gravação de entrevistas, norteada por um roteiro semiestruturado, com um total de cinco pessoas, sendo: dois professores homens, duas gestoras escolares e um pai de uma menina que estudava com um professor homem na educação pré-escolar paraguaia. Todos os participantes falavam a língua espanhola, mas os dados foram transcritos em língua portuguesa e posteriormente analisados. Os resultados evidenciam que há a compreensão de que os homens podem educar as crianças, mas o cuidar deve ser assumido pelas mulheres. E assim como ocorre no Brasil, também em Salto Del Guairá PY predomina a ideia de que os alunos respeitam mais os professores homens, porque eles impõem maior disciplina em sala de aula.

Selective Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction of Cu(II) Mediated by a Schiff Base Ligand

This study concerns on the application of a Schiff base ligand of type N3O2 as a carrier in a water-in-oil emulsion liquid membrane for the selective transport of copper ions. A hydrochloric acid solution formed the internal aqueous phase (receiving phase), and the membrane was composed of a Schiff base ligand called bis(1'-hydroxy-2'-acetonaphthone)-2,2'-diiminodiethylamine (L) in dichloromethane and the non-ionic surfactant Span® 80 in paraffin. By applying the optimum conditions, a quantitative uptake of copper ions (initial concentration 5 mg L-1) from the aqueous feed phase (pH 5) into the receiving phase (hydrochloric acid 0.7 mol L-1), after 10 min was attained. The optimal value determined for the treat ratio allows achieving to a concentration factor of >6 for the copper ions in the receiving phase. The proposed emulsion liquid membrane provided an excellent selectivity towards copper ions with respect to some associated metal ions including Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Fe(II), and Cr(III). However, such selectivity was not observed in the competition of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions. The breakage of emulsions and recovery of the internal phase from the membrane was performed by freezing the internal solution. In fact, the expansion of the frozen internal phase volume results in breakage of the emulsions. The applicability of the proposed procedure was appraised by employing the method for the recovery of copper from the leached solutions of the cobalt and nickel-cadmium filter-cakes of a zinc production plant.

Dificuldades, complicações e relações interpessoais na assistência ao paciente queimado: uma abordagem sobre os discursos

Analisar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem na assistência a pacientes queimados; verificar as principais complicações durante o período de tratamento de queimados e identificar problemas na relação interpessoal enfermeiro/paciente e familiares. Metodologia Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, na qual a amostra foi constituída por profissionais de enfermagem, em um hospital referência num município do interior do nordeste. Para coleta do material empírico, foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado respeitando os aspectos éticos da Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Saúde de nº 466/12. Quanto ao tratamento, os discursos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo do tipo temático, proposto por Bardin. Resultados Os resultados deste estudo apontam diversas dificuldades enfrentadas pela equipe de enfermagem, dentre as quais a necessidade constante de médico no setor, pois o cuidado a pacientes queimados requer um tratamento multidisciplinar e a enfermagem sozinha não consegue oferecer um tratamento que seja capaz de contemplar a complexidade da situação. A complicações mais evidentes em um paciente queimado é o risco de infecção por se tratar de um meio de cultura. Os entrevistados mostraram ter dificuldades quando se tratou de relações interpessoais entre profissionais, família e paciente. Conclusão Os resultados deste estudo apontam diversas dificuldades enfrentadas pela equipe de enfermagem, dentre as quais, a necessidade constante de médico no setor, para conseguir ter uma assistência integralizada. No que concerne às complicações em queimados, foi visto que a chance do paciente desenvolver infecções é grande, devido ao fato dele ter uma grande exposição e pela queimadura ser um meio de cultura. Por se tratar de um setor que requer muito cuidado tanto na assistência direta com o paciente, assim como saber lidar com os familiares que, muitas vezes estão abalados, a equipe de enfermagem precisa estar preparada psicologicamente para saber lidar com os pacientes queimados.

Gravity dual of Navier-Stokes equation in a rotating frame through parallel transport

The fluid-gravity correspondence documents a precise mathematical map between a class of dynamical spacetime solutions of the Einstein field equations of gravity and the dynamics of its corresponding dual fluid flows governed by the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations of hydrodynamics. This striking connection has been explored in several dynamics-based approaches and has surfaced in various forms over the past four decades. In a recent construction, it has been shown that the manifold properties of geometric duals are in fact intimately connected to the dynamics of incompressible fluids, thus bypassing the conventional on-shell standpoints. Following such a prescription, we construct the geometrical description that effectively captures the dynamics of an incompressible NS fluid with respect to a uniformly rotating frame. We propose the gravitational dual(s) described by bulk metric(s) in $(p+2)$-dimensions such that the equations of parallel transport of an appropriately defined bulk velocity vector field when projected onto an induced timelike hypersurface require that the incompressible NS equation of a fluid relative to a uniformly rotating frame be satisfied at the relevant perturbative order in $(p+1)$-dimensions. We argue that free fluid flows on manifold(s) described by the proposed metric(s) can be effectively considered as an equivalent theory of non-relativistic viscous fluid dynamics with respect to (w.r.t) a uniform rotating frame. We also present suggestive insights as to how space-time rotation parameters encode information pertaining to the inertial effects in the corresponding fluid dual.

The control of point and non-point source nitrogen to prevent eutrophication of the Nakdong River basin, Korea

Eutrophication of surface waters is commonly caused by excessive inputs of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Nakdong River basin was chosen as the study area to investigate the effect of point and non-point source pollution of nitrogen on eutrophication in water body. Non-point source inputs of nitrogen accounted for approximately 84% in the total nitrogen input of the upper Nakdong river watershed, which mainly consists of agricultural land and forests. However, point source inputs of nitrogen accounted for 58~85% in the total nitrogen input of the middle and lower watersheds, including urban area. Therefore, for watershed near urban area, control of point source inputs of nitrogen may be an optimal method to control eutrophication. In this respect, the enforcing reduction of nitrogen in the final effluent of wastewater treatment facilities is needed. On the other hand, to enact more stringent nitrogen regulations, the LOT (limit of technology) and environmental impact should be considered. In this study nitrogen data were analyzed to propose new nitrogen regulations.

In-situ deflectometric measurement of optical surfaces for precision manufacturing

The in-situ measurement of complex optical surfaces is a challenging task in precision engineering. The phase measuring deflectometry is a powerful measuring method for complex specular surfaces, and it has higher measuring efficiency, stability and dynamic range compared to interferometry. Consequently it is promising to widespread applications in various fields. Deflectometry is essentially a calibration problem, and the measuring accuracy is directly determined by the quality of geometrical calibration. An in-situ deflectometric measuring system is designed based on the single point diamond turning machine. A self-calibration method is developed to specify the relative positions of the camera and screen. Ray tracing is conducted at two positions of an auxiliary reflecting mirror, which is mounted on an air bearing spindle. The accuracy of the geometrical positions can be improved by an order of magnitude by minimizing the deviations of the traced points with respect to the true correspondences. According to the statistical properties of the deviations in reverse ray tracing, the form errors and the position errors can be separated, and the positioning error of the workpiece can be corrected accordingly. Henceforth, the nominal shape of the fabricated workpiece can be fully utilized, and the conventional one-way position-form mapping can be converted into a two-way mapping problem. As for the complex shapes, the whole surface can be covered by sub-aperture measurement. Precise localization of a local region under test is achieved by multi-position imaging, so that correct convergence of the iterative reconstruction process can be guaranteed. Several typical optical surfaces including an off-axis paraboloid mirror are measured, and the measuring accuracy of the proposed method is proved better than 150 nm RMS.