Russia's Resources Research Articles

Yield and quality of green leaves of edible species of <i>Allium</i> L. depending on the type of packaging, storage time and temperature

Relevance. The genus Allium L. attracts the attention of researchers due to the presence of valuable medicinal, nutritional and decorative properties, adaptive capabilities, resistance to pests and diseases, ecological plasticity in its representatives, which contributes to the competitiveness of species and the manifestation of a high degree of adaptation outside natural areas and wide geographical distribution. Allium resources in Russia are a potential source of genes for expanding the genetic base of agricultural crops.The aim of the work was to establish the yield and change in the quality of green leaves of Allium species introduced into the Moscow region during short-term storage, depending on the type of packaging, storage period and temperature. 4-5-year-old plants of 4 species (A. altyncolicum, A. chyatophorum, A. nutans and A. turkestanicum) were grown on the collection plot of perennial onions of All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – branch of the FSBSI FVSC.Results. In the conditions of the Moscow region, the yield per leaf generation varied from 2.7 kg/m2 (A. altyncolicum) to 4.9 kg/m2 (A. cyathophorum). The maximum yield of marketable products was noted in hermetically sealed plastic bags when stored for 10 days at a temperature of +6...8oС in a refrigerator with controlled conditions: A. turkestanicum – 70.0%, A. cyathophorum – 75.5%, A. altyncolicum – 84.9%, A. nutans – 92.9%. However, an increase in the dry matter content (10.1-15.5%) was found during storage in an open polymer box in all tested species. The maximum content of vitamin C during storage in hermetically sealed bags with a density of 100 μm was found in A. altyncolicum (37.1 mg%) and A. nutans (42 mg%). In other species, the maximum value of this indicator was noted before storage. A slight increase in the amount of sugars after storage for 10 days was noted in species with a linear leaf shape when stored in a polymer box.

Environmental foundations of oil and gas production in the Russian Federation

The production of fossil fuels is associated with a significant burden on the environment. However, comparing the production of oil and gas with the extraction of other types of minerals, it can be seen that with significantly larger production volumes, the environmental impact is lower here. The purpose of the research is to study the impact of oil and gas production in Russia on the environment in comparison with the industry average situation. To do this, the following tasks are expected to be performed: - identifying the dynamics of the production of fuel resources in Russia in 2017-2020; - determination of indicators of environmental pollution and their comparison with industry averages; - calculation of current costs and investments in fixed assets for environmental protection. In this, first of all, a significant role is played by the features of the mining object, the technologies used and the need to maintain the status of an environmentally friendly industry due to the high share of exports. The main source of pollution is air emissions (hydrocarbons (including volatile organic compounds) - 44.6%, carbon monoxide - 36.3%, solids, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides). Awareness of this problem is also manifested in the structure of investments in environmental protection. Their share in the protection of atmospheric air does not fall below 59% of the total amount of environmental investments.

Stormwater regulation in Germany

Surface runoff from residential areas and sites of industrial enterprises, carried out to the relief, is an intensive factor in the anthropogenic load on natural water bodies and soil [1]. However, not a single legal document in Russia provides an interpretation of the ban on the discharge of wastewater onto the terrain, as well as the definition of "terrain / water intake area" that would be legally approved, with the exception of the letter of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 10.10.2016 No. 12- 50/8275-OG "On consideration of the appeal". Everything related to this situation is a very relevant topic for nature users. There is a significant number of litigation and trials on this issue.

Information soil database of Republic of Khakassia

Relevance. Currently, a number of soil information systems of various levels and directions have been created, the studies on the creation and application of soil databases are represented insufficiently in the Republic of Khakassia today.Methods. Were carried out by common methods: at-ground soil and geobotanical studies, cartographic method, physical and agrophysical, agrochemical methods of soil researches. For the database creation the Microsoft Access software package was used, which systematized and unified a large amount of experimental data.Results. Based on the long-term soil research, the database “Agricultural Soils of the foothills of the Western Sayan of Khakassia” with a wide range of soil characteristics for various purposes and uses was formed and registered. The database contains attribute information about the current state of arable and postagrogenic soils in the foothills of the Western Sayan of the Republic of Khakassia. The set of independent materials is presented in the form of tables, queries, forms, reports and catalogues of text files (.docx), photos (.jpeg), which contain information about soil forming factors, soil classification and distribution by natural and climatic zones on the research territory. Currently, the database includes a description of 17 representative soil profiles with an optimal set of indicators, a detailed description of each pedologic horizon, an accurate geographical reference and a digital photography of each reference soil profile. It contains the taxonomic attribute of the dominant and codominant soils in various classification systems (SC RF; WRB, 2006; FAO, 1988). The main information object is the type (subtype) of soil, which includes systematized factors of soil criteria (a list of 18 sets): morphological description of the soil profile, indicators of pedological property, chemical, physico-chemical, agrophysical, hydrophysical and other indicators. The contemporary database with a variety of pedologic properties will serve as a basis for the rational use and protection of soils. Geographical coordinates of soil profiles in the database will allow to display them on the maps of Russia and to put them in the Unified state register of soil resources of Russia.

Improvement of lead-zinc ore mining waste processing

Expansion of mineral reserves and resources in Russia is currently connected with larger scale commercialization of rebellious ore and mining waste, and the percentage of the latter continuously grows. Due to the complex material constitution of minerals, their similar physicochemical and processing properties, as well as because of deficient ore pre-treatment, up to 20% of valuable minerals and metals are lost with tailings, mostly with very fine particles less than 10 µm. It is of the great concern to improve processing technologies for ore and mining waste. This research aims to analyze mineral compositions of tailings after lead-zinc ore flotation, and to identify causes of lead and zinc losses with the flotation tailings. The technology tests reveal that the losses lead and zinc in the form of micron size grains of galena (PbS) and wurtzite (ZnS) are connected with their aggregation with other minerals (quartz, pyrite, magnetite, etc.). The tests with physical (radiation) treatment show dissociation ability of aggregates with subsequent separation of minerals by flotation. The presence of magnetic magnetite in flotation tailings makes it possible to implement magnetic separation to increase the contents of lead and zinc in the concentrate. The scientific novelty and practical significance of this research consists in the proved expediency of radiation treatment of minerals and mining waste toward modification of their processibilty to ensure reduction in loss of valued components with tailings and to enhance environmental safety of mining waste.

Prospects for waste-free utilization of ore dressing tailings

The information about the state of the use of natural resources in Russia is given and the need to search for new sources of raw materials for industry is justified. There is a tendency to reduce the production capacity and the rate of extraction of metal ores, which does not allow the use of the infrastructure of mining enterprises and creates the problem of processing substandard ore deposits and disposal of accumulated waste. The concept of deep processing of substandard metal-containing raw materials and a strategy for the survival of mining enterprises, including the use of metal leaching technologies, is formulated. The advantages of technologies with the leaching of metals from mineral raw materials at the stages of its processing are characterized. The advantages of leaching in disintegrators are shown by comparison with the indicators of the basic variant. It is noted that mechanochemical activation improves the quality of concretes made on the basis of recycled tailings. Managing the properties of recyclable materials allows you to implement the principles of resource conservation with an economic effect. It is concluded that the recommended technology is the real direction of technological modification of production.

Genetic resources in Russia: from collections to bioresource centers

Collections of bioresources and a set of technologies for their conservation, study and practical use are now the basis of bioeconomy, biosafety, and food security. It is the foundation underpinning production chains, leading from basic research to various technological areas and industries.An analysis of the current state and an assessment of the prospects for the development of bioresource collections in the Russian Federation are presented. Regularities of the transformation from genebanks into bioresource centers and the trend towards integration network interaction among the collections of the same type are considered. The observed trends are analyzed in detail employing the case study of the development of plant genetic resources collections. The current tendencies of their management set by Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation No. 44 “On the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources” and No. 45 “On the Interdepartmental Commission on the Formation, Preservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources Collections” dated February 8, 2022, are discussed.

Assessing the reproduction of land resources in the context of achieving food security

The article conducted a study of the level of reproduction of land resources in Russia, in the conditions of the formation of food security. It was revealed that the growth of food production in Russia leads to a decrease in the potential of agricultural land. A significant part of the land occupied by agricultural crops is not fertilized. The introduced volumes of nutrients are insufficient for either simple or extended reproduction. Volumes of fertilizers close to simple reproduction are applied to grain and leguminous crops. An increase in the application of potassium would fully allow for the simple reproduction of land occupied by grain crops. The most critical situation has developed with the lands used for growing sugar beets. The lack of nutrients led to the fact that in 2019 the earth lost more than 200 kg of nitrogen and potassium. The identified situation is a threat to both food and national security. If the current trend continues, the yield will show a downward trend, which, even if costs remain at the same level, will lead to an increase in prices, and, accordingly, to a decrease in food availability. In general, there is a pronounced situation of depletion of land resources. Instead of stimulating the introduction of fertilizers and ensuring low prices for them, the country’s leadership is stimulating food exports. This situation is similar to the export of mineral resources and timber. Grain, like oilseeds, is predominantly exported in a non-processed form, which is inherently a low value-added resource commodity. But the main thing is that soil fertility is actually exported, since the applied fertilizers do not even provide simple reproduction.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Joint Use of Wood and Other Renewable Energy Sources in the Baikal Region

This paper addresses the assessment of woody biomass resources in Russia and the Baikal region. The analysis of the literature demonstrates that the Baikal region has considerable amounts of waste from the logging, timber processing, and pulp and paper industries (up to 220 PJ). A review of utilization technologies for woody biomass demonstrates that the existing technologies based on biomass gasification are promising for energy purposes. The gasification of biomass for small-capacity power plants has some advantages compared to its combustion. This paper considers an autonomous power system that consists of photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, storage batteries, a biomass gasification power plant, and a diesel power plant. A mathematical model used to optimize the system’s structure finds the minimum of the total discounted costs for the creation and operation of the system with some constraints met. Based on mathematical modeling, the cost-effectiveness of such a power supply system is assessed for different climatic zones of the Baikal region and the coastal area of Lake Baikal. The findings indicate that the optimal solution is the integration of various renewable energy sources in hybrid power systems. The proportion of energy sources of different types in the installed capacities is found. The study demonstrates that the optimal structure of the power system can provide significant savings (the total discounted costs are reduced by almost 2.5 times compared to the option using a diesel power plant alone).

Small hydropower development prospects: Chinese and Russian experience

The vast territory and abundance of water resources in Russia allow us to expect the priority development of small hydropower, but statistics show extremely low practical interest in this area. The analysis of the Russian power system formation features and their comparison with the Chinese experience show numerous problems with developing small hydropower based on the lack of strategic understanding of the small power prospects and long-term development plans at the state level. The purpose hereof is to determine the necessary conditions that will be able to make the small hydropower plant (SHP) construction attractive to investors and form the market of appropriate technological equipment. The authors came to the conclusion that energy reforms cannot be carried out only at the expense of private investors and other public initiatives. Enhancing the alternative energy development prospects in Russia is possible with the help of impact measures at the state level.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И ОЦЕНКА ЦИКЛА ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВА ТРУДОВОГО КАПИТАЛА

The substitution of live labor by machines and the need to perform more complex technical and technological operations creates qualitatively different requirements for labor resources. The emphasis is shifting towards the growth of qualifications and professional skills of the workforce, which necessitates the assessment and provision of conditions for the full formation and reproduction of their labor capital. The reproduction of labor capital occurs at the expense of targeted investments, which have a cyclical-wave character, starting from the initiation stage and ending with the process of evaluating the result obtained. Such an approach to assessing the cycle of reproduction of labor capital requires the development of a system of indicators for its evaluation at each stage of its formation. The article substantiates the application of the concept of a cyclic-wave approach to the study and analysis of labor capital and offers a methodological approach that allows you to cover each stage of the life cycle of labor capital reproduction, to evaluate it, both at the stage of investment and at the stage of their payback. The novelty of the presented article consists in the systematization of groups of indicators of labor capital, which allow to identify and evaluate the stages of its reproductive life cycle Practical approbation of the author's approach to assessing and identifying the life cycle of labor capital is based on the example of evaluating the effectiveness of the use of labor resources in Russia. As a general result of the study, the advantages of the proposed methodological approach are identified, priority directions of socio-economic policy in the field of labor capital are identified.

Energetics and social efficiency in the context of the functioning of the modern economy

The social efficiency of energetics is an important component of social welfare, which determines the sustainable development of social and production systems. The object of the research is energetics as a sector of economy. The subject of the study is the social space of energetics, which determines social and material welfare. The methodology of the research is the use of economic methods of cognition, including the study of statistical patterns and argumentation based on logical principles of thinking. The purpose of the study is to substantiate and quantify the social efficiency of energetics as a sector of economy. Research objectives: 1. To study the theoretical sources characterizing the subject area of the study; 2. To present quantitative statistical data on Russia and the world; 3. To formulate reasonable conclusions. In the study, we proceed from the hypothesis that the consumption of energy resources and the welfare of society are closely related and directly correlated. This hypothesis is confirmed by the theoretical analysis of fundamental research in the subject area. Research results: 1. A theoretical analysis of the EROI indicator and its particular cases is presented; 2. Quantitative values of the EROI indicator for the USA and European countries are presented; 3. Indicators of power and consumption of energy resources in Russia are presented; 4. Calculation of the social efficiency of energetics for Russia is presented.

Reforms introduced by Hokkaido University

The coexistence of new technologies and cultural traditions allows search and finding related answers to the latest questions in educational development. Reforming the higher education system passes without breaches of national identity and demonstrates the raised efficiency of reforms. In this paper issues in higher education reforming have been considered by the example of Hokkaido University. The Management Staff of the university got an expanded authority; however, modernization of the higher education system has links with the international exchange system. The Hokkaido Short-Term exchange program has been provided since October, 1997. In 2014 Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (Yakutsk) and the University of Hokkaido signed the Protocol for establishing an intent to enhance promotion and development of new Master Degree Programs, applying resources of Russia and Japan. Thus, Hokkaido University has changed a model – based on following standards of leading countries— and started attempts to rethink a mission of its own. The Management staff set middle-, long-term goals, taking into account the expert community judgments but the internalization strategy surely is an important link.

RESOURCE-SAVING ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL LIGHTING SOLUTIONS FOR HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES

At the turn of the two millennium, the fundamental difference in assessing the goals and means of scientific and technological progress is the consideration of architectural and planning decisions, technical and economic parameters and environmental consequences. The global nature of human impact on the habitat determines the strict requirements for choosing the parameters for the implementation of technological solutions, in particular light solutions for housing and communal services. The dynamics of electricity consumption and heat resources in Russia as a whole, including the population, was considered. The reasons for the loss of energy resources from the positions of various authors, including theft, illegal tie-ins, damage in distribution networks, insufficient level of advertising of technical and organizational and managerial innovations, are summarized. Systematized lighting solutions patented over the past 5 years in Russia, including building blocks with suspensions, hybrid lamps, heat flux sensors, luminous building parts. It was revealed that many innovative developments are based on LED solutions. The level of normative natural and cost expenditures of resources for collections of state elementary norms and federal unit rates for the construction of walls and partitions made of glass blocks was analyzed. The use of LED lighting for housing and communal services is justified. It was concluded that the power consumption when using LED lamps is several times lower than incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps.

Use of land resources in Russia: status and problems

Use of land resources in Russia: status and problems

Development of Open Geoinformation Resources in Russia

Development of Open Geoinformation Resources in Russia

The Use of Environmentally Friendly Technologies in the Construction of Road Surfaces, with the Aim of the Rational Distribution of Natural Resources in Russia

The Use of Environmentally Friendly Technologies in the Construction of Road Surfaces, with the Aim of the Rational Distribution of Natural Resources in Russia

Современное состояние лесной селекции в российской федерации: тренд последних десятилетий

The work is devoted to the study of the trends existing in forest breeding in Russia over the recent years, their comparison with similar achievements in foreign countries with close climatic conditions, and the assessment of the prospects for the development of this scientific and production direction in our country, based on the obtained results. The official data of State inventories over the last 25 years and national scientific publications were used. A number of foreign literature sources were also considered for comparison in addition to Russian sources. Quantitative indices of the following processes were studied: selection of plus trees; creation of clone archives, provenance trial and population-ecological plantations; allocation of forest genetic reserves and plus stands; organization of temporary and permanent forest seed plots; and creation of mother plantations, forest seed orchards and progeny field tests of plus trees. Materials on the development or degradation of forest genetic resources in Russia were analyzed by years. The analysis has shown that in Russia there is a regression of the state forest genetic and breeding complex. Over the past 25 years, there has been an average 50 % decline in individual components, with fluctuations in various indices ranging from 7 to 940 %. A comparison of the development of the unified forest genetic complex in our country with its development in a number of foreign countries (Canada, Norway, Sweden, and Finland) revealed our lag in almost all indices by several times. In particular, the selection intensity of plus trees in the countries of Northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, and Finland) is 21.0–61.7 times higher than in Russia. The provision with forest seed orchards in the Russian Federation is 2.7–12.0 times lower than in Norway and Finland. At the same time forest seed orchards of the more progressive, second order represent a large share in the Nordic countries. For instance, in Canada there are more than 30 % of them. In the Russian Federation, such plantations are practically absent and are not listed in official documents. The analysis has shown that it is time to develop a new long-term program of genetic and breeding improvement of forest tree species in order to preserve sustainable reforestation of Russian forests and their valuable gene pool, as well as to identify those responsible for its implementation. For citation: Tsarev A.P., Laur N.V., Tsarev V.A., Tsareva R.P. The Current State of Forest Breeding in the Russian Federation: The Trend of Recent Decades. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 38–55. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-38-55

Distribution of oil refining resources in Russia in the context of the capacity development of refiners and regions

The oil production and refining processes are directly dependent on historical and political processes. The world wars of the 20th century were catalysts for the transformation of oil as the main energy resource. The capacity of enterprises in the oil refining industry is important for the development of politics and economies of states because oil products are one of the most sought after goods. Addressing the problem of capacity development for oil resource processing at Russian refineries is a relevant topic to build an effective policy for the distribution of global oil resources. The purpose of this paper is to identify the distribution trends in oil resource refining capacities in Russia. The developed method allows us to determine the dynamics of refining capacities in all regions of the country, establish the contributions of refinery groups to regional and countrywide capacities, and identify trends in the capacity concentrations of refineries and regions. The timeline that was used for the research period is 2009–2019. The results of the study showed increases in processing capacity in all federal districts. By 2019, the Volga Federal District provided the largest annual contribution to the countrywide capacity. The Southern Federal District moved up from the fourth to second position. It was followed by the Siberian, Central, Northwestern, Far Eastern, and Ural Federal Districts. The trends in the distribution capacities across the country indicate the prospect for building additional refineries in the Asian part of Russia. Rosneft was the leader, while Gazprom retained the second position. Independent refiners took the third position in terms of total refinery capacity, with Lukoil in the fourth position. Furthermore, Surgut-NG, Tatneft, Mini refineries, and NOVATEK followed the top four positions. The changes in concentration ratios indicated the increased monopolization of the refinery market. A decisive contribution to this process was due to by Rosneft’s takeover of TNK-BP and Bashneft’s capacities. The changes in regional concentrations were influenced by the changes in processing capacities of the Volga Federal District.

Ways of improving tariff regulation efficiency

The system of tariff regulation in the Russian Federation has been experiencing improvements since the beginning of the transition period and up until today. The issues of tariff regulation are given particular attention to both in the Russian Federation and abroad. At the time, tariffs do not form subsequent to certain economic waves, but are in most cases described by an annual regulation cycle and a quite limited range of regulation with regard to the long-term horizon. The authors have analyzed average consumer prices (tariffs) for particular services along with producer price indices by types of economic activities and average annual producer prices for main energy resources in Russia over the last 20 years based upon the official statistical data. The authors conclude that it is necessary to introduce new ways of improving tariff regulation efficiency. Among the priority ways are the following: formation of an investment-worthy tariff and justification of the supporting tariff for crucial social projects; digital tariff modeling and etc. All these changes require methodological justification and further development of the variable supporting tariff theory in order to test new cyclic models of regulation matching the cyclic economy of the country.