Intensive Resources Research Articles

Standardized Sampling for Systematic Literature Reviews (STAMP Method): Ensuring Reproducibility and Replicability

Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are an effective way of mapping a research field and synthesizing research evidence. However, especially in communication research, SLRs often include diverse theories and methods, which come with a considerable downside in terms of reproducibility and replicability. As a response to this problem, the present article introduces the method of standardized sampling for systematic literature reviews (STAMP). The method is a structured, four-stage approach that is centered around score-based screening decisions. Originating from principles of standardized content analysis, a method common in communication research, and supplementing established guidelines like Cochrane or PRISMA, the STAMP method contributes to more transparent, reproducible, and replicable SLR sampling processes. As we illustrate throughout the article, the method is adaptable to various SLR types. The article also discusses the method’s limitations, such as potential coder effects and comparatively high resource intensity. To facilitate the application of STAMP, we provide a comprehensive guideline via the Open Science Framework that offers a succinct overview for quick reference and includes practical examples for different types of SLRs.

Quality adjustment and analysis of human resource prices in China: Based on a hedonic price model.

The competition in the world has shifted from natural resources and capital resources to human resources. The human resources have become the real power source of the economic growth. Firstly, the price of human resources in China is calculated. Secondly, in order to measure the human resources quality adjustment index, the indicators system is constructed. Third, the Hedonic method is used to calculate the human resources "pure price" of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China. The "pure price" has no the factor of human resources quality. Lastly, comparing the price of human resources before and after quality adjustment. The results show that: first, the number of human resources in China increased continuously during 1995-2015 and decreased during 2016-2020. Second, the price of nominal human resources in China keeps rising. In 2020, the nominal price is 39,087 yuan per person which is 15.44 times as many as in 1995. Thirdly, after the quality adjustment, the price of human resources has decreased significantly. The multiple between the actual and nominal price of human resources is between 1.75 and 2.12. Fourthly, the province with high human resource quality adjustment index generally have high quality human resource level or quantity. Fifth, the top five provinces of actual human resource prices are Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Tianjin, Zhejiang, the bottom five provinces are Guizhou, Yunnan, Henan, Xizang, Gansu. Finally, the paper puts forward some policy recommendations: Improving the data collection mechanism of human resources accounting to provide a basic guarantee for the accurate accounting of human resources. Improving the price of human resources in the central and western regions to attract the talents to transfer to the central and western regions. Enhancing the skills training of human resources to improve the quality of human resources in the western region.

Projecting Global Mercury Emissions and Deposition Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

AbstractMercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring element that has been greatly enriched in the environment by human activities like mining and fossil fuel combustion. Despite commonalities in some carbon dioxide (CO2) and Hg emission sources, the implications of long‐range climate scenarios for anthropogenic Hg emissions have yet to be explored. Here, we present comprehensive projections of anthropogenic Hg emissions extending to the year 2300 and evaluate impacts on global atmospheric Hg deposition. Projections are based on four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) ranging from sustainable reductions in resource and energy intensity to rapid economic growth driven by abundant fossil fuel exploitation. There is a greater than two‐fold difference in cumulative anthropogenic Hg emissions between the lower‐bound (110 Gg) and upper‐bound (235 Gg) scenarios. Hg releases to land and water are approximately six times those of direct emissions to air (600–1,470 Gg). At their peak, anthropogenic Hg emissions reach 2,200–2,600 Mg a−1 sometime between 2010 (baseline) and 2030, depending on the SSP scenario. Coal combustion is the largest determinant of differences in Hg emissions among scenarios. Decoupling of Hg and CO2 emission sources occurs under low‐to mid‐range scenarios, though contributions from artisanal and small‐scale gold mining remain uncertain. Future Hg emissions may have lower gaseous elemental Hg (Hg0) and higher divalent Hg (HgII), resulting in a higher fraction of locally sourced Hg deposition. Projected reemissions of previously deposited anthropogenic Hg follow a similar temporal trajectory to primary emissions, amplifying the benefits of primary Hg emission reductions under the most stringent mitigation scenarios.

A study on energy-water-food-carbon nexus in typical Chinese northern rural households

The energy-water-food-carbon nexus of rural households requires different strategies from those of urban households. This study proposes a nexus framework and a quantitative method to analyze the energy, water, food, and carbon of typical northern rural households in China. A system dynamic model of the rural household energy-water-food-carbon nexus was developed. Three scenarios were designed, namely appliance, behavior, and price, with 42 sub scenarios in total to explore the medium to long-term dynamic changes in energy-water-food-carbon in rural households under different scenarios. The results of the appliance scenario show that there is a strong water-gas and food-gas nexus effect in northern rural households. Compared with the BAU scenario, reducing the consumption of meat and dairy by 5% can save 11.89% of gas and reduce 5.64% of carbon. Moreover, the policy simulation results indicate that a policy will affect not only its target subsystem, but also other subsystems, creating a policy nexus. The behavior adjustment scenarios have a strong nexus effect on water and energy, and resource price adjustment scenarios have a good effect on water and food consumption. Therefore, when making policies at the household level, policy makers need to look at each subsystem comprehensively, use the synergistic effect of policies skillfully and avoid the antagonistic effect of policies, in order to optimize the positive effect of policies.

Вопросы организации экспертизы модели угроз

Currently, there is a need to develop a threat model regulated by a number of regulatory documents for various information systems that are subject to protection in accordance with current legislation. The threat model itself is a document whose main purpose is to identify current threats to a particular system. However, there are different types of information systems, for each of which the task of compiling a threat model may have different resource intensity. Also, an important aspect is the correctness of the developed threat model, since there is a law on liability for offenses in the field of information protection. Based on this, there is a need to consider the features of building a threat model for different types of information systems in order to simplify its examination. The paper presents a structured algorithm for building a threat model with features for different types of information systems.

Resource Intensity Analysis of Producing 21 Types of Plastic in Terms of Mining Activity

Material flow analysis of plastics has attracted considerable attention for achieving sustainable production and consumption. However, the direct weights of each plastic have been analyzed alone, not considering the amount of natural resources as inputs for plastic production. Therefore, we analyzed the cradle-to-gate resource intensity of 21 types of plastics in terms of mining activity, using the total material requirement under the life cycle concept. It was found that the resource use for plastic production differs by up to approximately 10 times depending on the plastic type. By applying these findings to the material flow analysis of some countries and regions, we found that the quantity of natural resources was more than 20 times the original weight attributed to plastic production. By comparing resource use with greenhouse gas emissions, plastics with higher greenhouse gas emissions were found to have higher resource use, indicating a positive correlation, whereas the opposite trend was also found for some plastics. Considering plastic alternatives, we found that the quantity of natural resources in plastic-based shopping bags is nearly equivalent to that in paper-based bags, whereas that in plastic-based straws is greater than that in paper-based bags. Focusing only on the direct weight of plastic may mislead the decision-making process.

Risk Assessment Edge Contract for Efficient Resource Allocation

The rapid growth of edge devices and mobile applications has driven the adoption of edge computing to handle computing tasks closer to end-users. However, the heterogeneity of edge devices and their limited computing resources raise challenges in the efficient allocation of computing resources to complete services with different characteristics and preferences. In this paper, we delve into an edge scenario comprising multiple Edge Computing Servers (ECSs), multiple Device-to-Device (D2D) Edge Nodes (ENs), and multiple edge devices. In order to address the resource allocation challenge among ECSs, ENs, and edge devices in high-workload environments, as well as the pricing of edge resources within the resource market framework, we propose a Risk Assessment Contract Algorithm (RACA) based on risk assessment theory. The RACA enables ECSs to assess risks associated with local users by estimating their future revenue potential and updating the contract autonomously at present and in the future. ENs acquire additional resources from ECSs to efficiently complete local users’ tasks. Simultaneously, ENs can also negotiate reasonable resource requests and pricing with ECSs by a Stackelberg game algorithm. Furthermore, we prove the unique existence of Nash equilibrium in the established game, implying that equilibrium solutions can stably converge through computational methods in heterogeneous environments. Finally, through simulation experiments on the dataset, we demonstrate that risk assessment can better enhance the overall profit capability of the system. Moreover, through multiple experiments, we showcase the stability of the contract’s autonomous update capability. The RACA exhibits better utility in terms of system profit capabilities, stability in high-workload environments, and energy consumption. This work provides a more dynamic and effective solution to the resource allocation problem in edge systems under high-workload environments.

Efficiency at Heart: Navigating the Hybrid Single-Ventricle Pathway

BackgroundSingle-ventricle cardiac defects (SVCDs) are among of the most health care resource–intensive congenital diseases. Although SVCDs are traditionally palliated using the Norwood pathway, in the last 2 decades select programs have used the hybrid strategy, which redistributes the operative and interstage risks. This study sought to characterize resource use for a cohort of patients with hybrid-palliated SVCD. MethodsAll patients with SVCDs who underwent palliation with the hybrid strategy and who were followed up exclusively at our institution from January 2008 to December 2021 were included. End points were death, Norwood conversion, orthotopic heart transplantation, 6 months post-Fontan status, or 4 years of age in those patients who had not completed staged palliation. Primary end points included total days hospitalized, number of cardiology visits, echocardiograms, catheterizations, and advanced imaging performed. ResultsOf 135 patients with a diagnosis of SVCD, 72 survived for 6 months after the Fontan procedure. By patient-year for the entirety of the pathway, patients had a median hospital length of stay of 16 days (interquartile range [IQR], 12-25 days), 7 cardiology visits (IQR, 6-9), 8 echocardiograms (IQR, 7-10), and 0.7 catheterizations (IQR, 0.4-1.1). The interstage 1 period had the heaviest resource burden requiring intense cardiology follow-up and echocardiography surveillance. Cardiac catheterizations and advanced imaging were most prevalent during interstage 2 period, with a median of 2 (IQR, 1-2) catheterizations and 36 (40%) patients undergoing advanced imaging. The total median number of hospital days per patient was 63 days (IQR, 47-98.5 days). ConclusionsResource use for the care of patients with SVCDs is significant. The intensity of surveillance decreases as patients progress through the pathway. In comparison with published Norwood pathway data, resource intensity and use patterns in hybrid palliation are comparable.

Реалізація положень статті 13 Конституції України

The work analyzes the method of implementing the provisions of Article 13 of the Constitution of Ukraine in accordance with the norms of the Tax Code of Ukraine. It was revealed that the Ukrainian people's ownership of the subsoil is improperly implemented and requires radical changes. This issue is solved in the work by determining the components of the price of raw materials extracted in Ukraine. It is proposed to define the sale price as the sum of two components: the extraction price plus rent. Such a price structure automatically monitors the global market situation for each type of raw material, the mining and geological conditions of its extraction in Ukraine, and is universal for all types of raw materials. The work substantiates the necessity of transition to world prices for raw materials and defines the way to implement this possibility. The transition to world prices for raw materials provides a universal way of determining the rent for all types of raw materials as the difference between the world price for the corresponding raw material and the price of extraction of the corresponding raw material in Ukraine. Due to the policy of low wages in Ukraine, most consumers are unable to pay for natural gas and utilities at such rates. To ensure the possibility of applying world prices for energy resources, it is proposed to introduce a discount, the amount of which is equal to the amount of rent. The discount is calculated for each protected consumer depending on the volume of gas consumed according to the readings of his metering devices. The source of funds for granting the discount is part of the rent paid by mining companies in Ukraine. The rest of the consumers must pay the cost of raw materials at world market prices. It is also proposed to change the directions of the use of annuity. Part of the rent should be used to eliminate the budget deficit of the Pension Fund of Ukraine. Most of the rent should be used to form a sovereign national fund and the rest must be transferred to the State Budget.

Between hope and disillusionment: ECMO seen through the lens of nurses working in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit.

Using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units (PICU/NICU) creates ethical challenges and carries a high risk for moral distress, burn out and team conflicts. The study aimed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors affecting moral distress when using ECMO for infants and children by examining the attitudes of ECMO nurses. Four focus groups discussions were conducted with 21 critical care nurses working in a Swiss University Children's Hospital. Purposive sampling was adopted to identify research participants. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Unlike "miracle machine" stories in online media reports, specialized nurses working in PICU/NICU expressed both their hopes and fears towards this technology. Their accounts also contained references to events and factors that triggered experiences of moral distress: the unspeakable nature of the death of a child or infant; the seemingly lack of honest and transparent communication with parents; the apparent loss of situational awareness among doctors; the perceived lack of recognition for the role of nurses and the variability in end-of-life decision-making; the length of time it takes doctors to take important treatment decisions; and the resource intensity of an ECMO treatment. The creation of a multidisciplinary moral community with transparent information among all involved health care professionals and the definition of clear treatment goals as well as the implementation of paediatric palliative care for all paediatric ECMO patients should become a priority if we want to alleviate situations of moral distress. The creation of a multidisciplinary moral community, clear treatment goals and the implementation of palliative care for all paediatric ECMO patients are crucial to alleviate situations of moral distress for nurses, and thus to improve provider well-being and the quality of patient care in PICU/NICU.

Assessing the impact of geopolitical, economic, and institutional factors on China's environmental management in the Russian-Ukraine conflicting era

In contemporary times, geopolitical risk, and natural resources prices are susceptible due to the Russian-Ukraine conflict. In the meantime, emerging economies are struggling to explore the factors that could reduce ecological challenges and enhance environmental management. This research aims to analyze several economic, environmental, political, and institutional variables to ascertain their influence on greenhouse gas emissions in China. Covering the latest period from 1990 to 2022, various time series tests, including normality, stationarity, and cointegration tests. The results confirm that the variables studied have a stable pattern over time and are connected in the long run. The non-normal distribution of variables leads to opt novel moment quantile regression, where the results are tested for robustness via parametric approaches. The empirical results asserted that economic growth, natural resource prices, and trade significantly enhance ecological challenges (emissions). However, globalization, geopolitical risk, and institutional quality significantly reduce such environmental challenges. The results are robust, and both unidirectional and bidirectional causal associations confirm the importance of these variables in environmental management. Based on the results, this study recommends engagement in environmentally-friendly trading, investment in clean and green energy, and strengthening institutional quality for the region's environmental recovery.

Analysis of the Main Social Macroeconomic Indicators of the Population During The oil Boom in Azerbaijan

Indicators directly related to the economies of oil−exporting countries, and especially the socio−economic well−being of the population, depend on the resource potential and prices for resources of these countries. The income of the population, their average monthly salary, the average amount of monthly pensions, the average amount of old−age pensions, the average amount of disability pensions, the amount of pensions for the loss of the head of the family form the basis of the state of financial well−being. Taking them as a basis, we completed the goal of our research by constructing models that determine the dependence of the main indicators of the socio−economic and, of course, material well−being of the population of Azerbaijan on world oil prices. The study covers the years 1997−2022. The and models are adapted to determine long−term and short−term levels of these indicators, taking into account world oil prices. According to the results, a high level of co−integration relationship with world oil prices and socio−economic indicators of the population is noted. This has also been proven in the short term. Thus, the alternative , , , and models used to validate these results further demonstrated the importance of these interactions. Moreover, the study also conducted a combined Bayer−Hank co−integration test. But the results turned out to be somewhat different. The results of this study can be taken into account to one degree or another in the socio−economic policy of the state in Azerbaijan.

Who moves first? Resource price interdependence through time‐varying Granger causality

AbstractThis paper investigates the interdependence among natural resource prices. Commodities belonging to three different groups (energy commodities, metals, agricultural commodities) are considered. The analysis is performed via a battery of time‐varying Granger causality tests. They allow to assess whether price interdependence occurs and to identify the candidate first movers. These tests also allow observing how long and in which subperiods these causality relationships occur. The approach is applied to the monthly prices of 11 natural resources over the 1980–2021 period. Results suggest that interdependence is weak for energy and agricultural commodities and often concerns limited time periods, while it seems stronger and longer lasting among metals. Moreover, if an overall price driver has to be identified, agricultural commodities more than oil seem to be the best candidates.

INTEGRATING INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES INTO EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION TRAINING PROGRAMS:

The aim of this study is to analyze the integration of innovative pedagogical technologies into early childhood education training programs, focusing on play-based learning, project-based learning, augmented reality and virtual reality, and AI-powered tools. The comparative analysis aims to unveil the unique strengths, challenges, and opportunities associated with each approach. The study utilizes a systematic approach, drawing from diverse scientific literature, including articles, conference papers, and books. Through content analysis, the paper identifies key themes, theoretical frameworks, and implementation strategies, followed by a critical analysis of strengths and limitations. The results reveal distinctive strengths: play-based learning excels in holistic development, project-based learning in real-world skills, AR/VR in immersive experiences, and AI-powered tools in personalized learning. Challenges include guidance dependency in play-based learning, varying engagement levels in project-based learning, resource intensiveness in AR/VR, and ethical considerations in AI-powered tools. Opportunities arise in fostering creativity through play-based learning, encouraging critical thinking in project-based learning, providing realistic simulations with AR/VR, and offering adaptive learning experiences with AI-powered tools. In conclusion, the study underscores the immense potential of integrating technologies into training programs. It advocates for the establishment of national standards, comprehensive teacher training, resource facilitation, and international collaboration.

The impact of trade on environmental quality and sustainable development in Ghana

Since gaining independence in 1957, Ghana has significantly increased its economic ties with the global community through trade liberalization policies. However, this integration has profoundly affected the environment, particularly in utilizing natural resources, and has subsequently impacted sustainable development. This study examines the relationship between trade, environmental considerations, and sustainable development within the Ghanaian context. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) error correction estimation technique, we found that trade positively impacts sustainable development in Ghana despite causing adverse environmental effects. This suggests that economic gains are prioritized over environmental preservation, indicating weak sustainability. However, sustainable development requires a balance between economic, social, and environmental factors, and a shift towards strong sustainability may be necessary for long-term sustainability. Therefore, pivotal policy interventions are warranted to navigate the path toward strong sustainability. Mechanisms that ensure the judicious pricing of Ghana's forest and natural resources are necessary to optimize resource exploitation while mitigating negative externalities. Ghana can promote inclusive and sustainable development by establishing a delicate balance between economic expansion and environmental stewardship.

Justification of the criterion for technical synthesis of radar complexes for covert airspace control

For covert control of airspace, it is required to use complexes that meet the requirements for the effectiveness of obtaining data on objects in the field of observations and protection against the detection of their own unmasking signs by means of radio technical monitoring with predetermined indicators of resource intensity and efficiency of performing target functions. Joint fulfillment of these requirements when the parameters of the equipment structures and information processes are found under the established conditions for monitoring the properties of resource intensity and efficiency is achieved. Due to the complexity and inconsistency of the dependent bridges of the performance indicators and the stealth of application from the technical characteristics of the radar systems, it is necessary to substantiate the synthesis criterion for finding compromise technical solutions for the design of the equipment and the choice of a strategy for obtaining data on air facilities. The goal of the article is determination of design characteristics, frequency-time and energy signals parameters of radar complexes for analysis of air situation at concealment of unmasking features from means of radio technical monitoring. The criterion of technical synthesis of radar complexes for covert control of air-space is justified, which allows obtaining information about air objects at pre-established risks of threats to identify their own unmasking signs by means of radio technical monitoring. Regularities have been investigated and the conditions for achieving the target functions of complexes with resonant, band and frequency-independent signal transmission-reception devices have been determined. The principles of construction have been substantiated and the rules for finding rational parameters of the design of radar complexes and information processes used in airspace control in order to achieve the required operational properties of obtaining information about air objects while maintaining secrecy from radio monitoring facilities have been determined.

Optimisation of production and modelling of production costs in farms

A significant area of improvement of the economic efficiency of agricultural enterprises, especially in the context of martial law, is to optimise production and use of resource potential. The purpose of this study was to develop scientific and practical recommendations for optimising the production activities of farms. The study employed the following methods: system analysis and synthesis to determine the reserves of the types of resources involved; economic-mathematical modelling and optimisation to determine best solutions; analytical-calculation method to calculate production indicators; correlation and regression analysis to determine the dependence of milk production costs on resource consumption; graphical method and extrapolation to find the values of the regression function. The principal stages and features of building an economic-mathematical model for optimising the resource potential of enterprise were identified. The model was used to analyse data, identify reserves of resource potential, find an optimisation solution for product sales volumes using the Solution Search spreadsheet tool, and adopt a strategy for improving economic efficiency. The study offered a solution for the economic and mathematical modelling of the best structure of production of a farm, which factors in the available production resources. The modelling found that the maximum income can be obtained by redistributing the production volumes of certain types of products and, accordingly, the resources for their production, considering the standard costs of production per unit of product, prices for products and resources. Using the modelling, the study obtained a regression dependence of the cost of milk produced in household farms on the cost of feed, labour costs, wages, and the number of cows. The study found the impact of certain types of resources on the production cost and builds the corresponding graphical dependencies. The practical value of the findings of this study lies in the possibility of using the recommendations directly by members of farms in planning, organising production activities, and optimising the use of resource potential

FOOD AVAILABILITY AND STATE SUPPORT FOR FOOD SECURITY DURING WAR

FOOD AVAILABILITY AND STATE SUPPORT FOR FOOD SECURITY DURING WAR

Is Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation a Panacea?

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as a vital life-support technique in critical care medicine, providing temporary circulatory and/or respiratory support for patients with severe cardiac or respiratory failure unresponsive to conventional therapies. This review aims to outline the importance of ECMO and provide a comprehensive overview of its main applications. Two primary types of ECMO, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, serve distinct functions in supporting patients with cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction, respectively. While ECMO ofers life-saving potential, its utilization requires careful consideration due to its cost and resou rce-intensiveness. Thus, a comprehensive evaluation of an individual patient's clinical condition, prognosis, and potential for recovery is crucial. Ongoing research and technological advancements continually refine ECMO techniques, enhance patient selection criteria, and improve long-term outcomes. Within this narrative review, we present an updated approach to patient selection and ECMO utilization, supported by a detailed literature review. By consolidating the current evidence, we aim to provide healthcare professionals with valuable insights into the ECMO's post-pandemic role.

South Korea: Impact of The Ukraine and Russia conflict

The specter of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict looms large, casting a long and unsettling shadow across the tapestry of the global economy. Its chilling tendrils reach even the most seemingly insulated corners, ensnaring nations like South Korea in its vortex. This vibrant Asian tiger, deeply entwined in the intricate web of global trade, finds itself thrust into the maelstrom of this geopolitical quagmire. The economic ramifications, far from being mere ripples, have unfurled in a multifaceted storm, presenting a formidable challenge to the nation's economic stability and demanding a nuanced and multifaceted response. At the heart of this economic tempest lies the intricate web of financial sanctions woven by a resolute coalition of nations against Russia. These measures, meticulously crafted to sever the arteries of the Russian war machine and isolate its economy, have sent tremors through the very foundations of global finance. Traditional trade and investment flows, once predictable currents, have become turbulent eddies, swirling with uncertainty and risk aversion. South Korea, with its extensive economic tentacles reaching across the dynamic landscapes of Europe and Asia, has inevitably felt the tremors of this financial earthquake. Navigating this altered landscape, where familiar landmarks have shifted and once-reliable harbors now harbor hidden shoals, presents a significant challenge to the nation's financial institutions and policymakers. The delicate dance of mitigating potential exposure to the unfolding economic turbulence requires a deftness of footwork and a keen eye for the ever-shifting sands of the global financial market. Further compounding the economic woes is the pronounced surge in the prices of vital commodities, particularly energy and agricultural products. Both Russia and Ukraine, hitherto considered reliable bastions of resource abundance, have seen their production and export capacities crippled by the conflict. This disruption has sent shockwaves through international markets, triggering a vertiginous spiral in the prices of these essential resources. South Korea, heavily reliant on imported energy and foodstuffs, finds itself on the receiving end of this price escalation. Inflated import costs threaten to erode the very foundations of consumer purchasing power, casting a long shadow over economic growth and raising the specter of potent inflationary pressures. The specter of empty shelves and rising prices haunts Korean households, adding a layer of human anxiety to the broader economic quandary. Finally, the conflict has thrown international supply chains into disarray. The delicate arteries of global trade, once pulsing with the lifeblood of commerce, have been severely constricted by the disruption of land and sea routes, further exacerbated by the sanctions imposed upon Russia. South Korea, intricately woven into the fabric of these globalized production and trade networks, finds itself grappling with the ramifications of these disruptions. Delays in the delivery of raw materials and manufactured components threaten to hobble its own industrial output and hamper its export competitiveness. The very engines of the Korean economic juggernaut sputter and cough, their rhythm disrupted by the absence of vital parts sourced from across the globe. The anxieties of factory owners and the concerns of everyday workers alike paint a poignant picture of the human cost of this economic maelstrom.