Resource Conservation Policies Research Articles

Dwelling architecture in the context of socio-economic and technological conditions of modern Kazakhstan (on the example of Almaty city)

The relevance of this research is highlighted by Almaty’s continuing status as a historical and cultural centre and a financially independent city, despite no longer serving as the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Currently, an important issue is the formation of the “Smart City” plan in the context of modern concepts of resource conservation and environmental policy. The research aims to substantiate changes in the formation of housing architecture under the influence of socio-economic, political, and technological processes in the context of gradual historical changes in the example of Almaty, as well as to determine the priority directions of development of urban planning processes, in particular on the territory of the residential zone. The following methods of scientific research were used: abstract-logical method; comparative method; historical method; method of system analysis and synthesis. To achieve the research aims, the elements of the socio-economic development of Almaty in the context of historical, cultural, and educational centres were defined. The peculiarities of dwelling architecture from the 1920s to the present day are analysed. This research proposes priority directions for urban planning in Almaty’s residential area by analysing historical architecture influenced by socio-economic and technological factors.

Quantitative Evaluation of China’s Biogenetic Resources Conservation Policies Based on the Policy Modeling Consistency Index Model

Biogenetic resources are the foundation of biodiversity and are of great significance to the sustainability of human society. The effective promotion of biogenetic resource conservation depends on the scientific formulation and implementation of relevant policies, so the quantitative evaluation of biogenetic resource conservation policies can provide decision support for the next step of policy formulation. Based on text analysis, social network analysis, and the construction of the PMC index model, this study selected 132 policy samples issued by the Chinese government in the field of biogenetic resources, established an evaluation system for China’s biogenetic resources policies, which contains 10 first-level indicators and 55 s-level indicators, and drew the PMC curve diagram accordingly to quantitatively evaluate China’s biogenetic resources policies. The results show that China’s biogenetic resources policies are generally at a good level, which can meet the current practical needs of biogenetic resources conservation, but there are problems such as the lack of policy forecasts in the relevant policy texts, the lack of flexible planning in the short and medium term, the lack of co-operation among the policy issuers, and the insufficient guidance of innovation. Based on the results, this article puts forward suggestions for improving China’s biogenetic resource conservation policies.

Smoothing the Phosphorus Resource Stress under the Socioeconomic Development in China.

Phosphorus (P) is the key in maintaining food security and ecosystem functions. Population growth and economic development have increased the demand for phosphate rocks. China has gradually developed from zero phosphate mining to the world's leading P miner, fertilizer, and agricultural producer since 1949. China released policies, such as designating phosphate rock as a strategic resource, promoting eco-agricultural policies, and encouraging the use of solid wastes produced in mining and the phosphorus chemical industry as construction materials. However, methodological and data gaps remain in the mapping of the long-term effects of policies on P resource efficiency. Here, P resource efficiency can be represented by the potential of the P cycle to concentrate or dilute P as assessed by substance flow analysis (SFA) complemented by statistical entropy analysis (SEA). P-flow quantification over the past 70 years in China revealed that both resource utilization and waste generation peaked around 2015, with 20 and 11 Mt of mined and wasted P, respectively. Additionally, rapidly increasing aquaculture wastewater has exacerbated pollution. The resource efficiency of the Chinese P cycle showed a U-shaped change with an overall improvement of 22.7%, except for a temporary trough in 1975. The driving force behind the efficiency decline was the roaring phosphate fertilizer industry, as confirmed by the sharp increase in P flows for both resource utilization and waste generation from the mid-1960s to 1975. The positive driving forces behind the 30.7% efficiency increase from 1975 to 2018 were the implementation of the resource conservation policy, downstream pollution control, and, especially, the circular agro-food system strategy. However, not all current management practices improve the P resource efficiency. Mixing P industry waste with construction materials and the development of aquaculture to complement offshore fisheries erode P resource efficiency by 2.12% and 9.19%, respectively. With the promotion of a zero-waste society in China, effective P-cycle management is expected.

Environmental sustainability in high‐income countries: Does natural resource protection, financial inclusion, and energy innovation matters?

AbstractEnvironmental sustainability (ES) is critical for high‐income countries (HICs) because of their high ecological footprints. They are responsible for global environmental problems as they consume more natural resources, produce more output, and generate more greenhouse gases than other countries, which could have severe consequences for land degradation. In the context of resource conservation and land development policies, this study examined the impact of natural resource protection (i.e., land, water, and biodiversity), financial institution inclusion, financial market inclusion, and energy innovation (EI) on the enhancement of ES in 15 HICs from 1995 to 2020. The study applied Feasible GLS and Prais–Winsten regression to consider cross‐sectional dependence, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, and slope heterogeneity problems for unbiased and robust findings along with 2nd generation cointegration tests and the JKS Granger non‐causality test. Natural resource protection, financial institution inclusion, financial market inclusion, and EI have positive effects on ES, along with green energy and environmental regulations. It was also found that an increase in real income negatively impacts ES, as it increases the use of natural resources and energy and generates more waste and pollution which further accelerates land degradation. Cointegration and causality also exist between variables of interest. This shows that protecting natural resources, increasing financial inclusion, and EI can be successful strategies for fostering a green transition, reducing environmental impacts, and embracing more sustainable practices and laws to meet development goals and develop sustainable land use policies. This study suggests that HICs should protect land, water, and biodiversity, promote green financing, digital payments, EI, energy diversification, and environmental protection to achieve ES which is critically important to reduce land degradation.

Optimal self-unit commitment with shared asset ownership under realistic taxation in the current decarbonization framework

Energy, greenhouse gas emissions, or water taxes, are present in many power systems as available instruments to implement energy, environmental or climate policies. The goal of these taxes is to change producers’ optimal behavior and hence achieve a cleaner operation. However, these changes in operation are not straightforward to simulate when producers are price makers, or when assets are owned jointly by different agents. State-of-the-art models are unable to consider differentiated income taxes per technology or geographical region, in the case of price makers. In this paper, we present a novel formulation that models the individual market income of each unit using the binary-expansion technique to address the case of a price-maker agent. Unlike existing state-of-the-art formulations, our approach successfully accounts for differentiated income taxes per technology or geographical region and accurate market revenues of shared generators. The proposed model enables evaluating the rational behavior of a generation company confronting a complex yet realistic decision problem, under different types of taxes related to decarbonization or resource conservation policies. The case study incorporates the impact of the installation of carbon sequestration and storage equipment in a fleet of gas-fired power plants, yielding satisfactory numerical results.

Управленческие основы ресурсосбережения на современных промышленных предприятиях добывающей промышленности

The article considers the managerial foundations of resource saving at enterprises in the extractive industries. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that in the current economic conditions, Russian enterprises can successfully compete in foreign markets with foreign companies only if the level of resource consumption per unit of output is reduced. Also, this problem is also relevant in connection with the pressure of sanctions, the lack of resources entering the Russian economy and the Russian extractive industries. In this regard, this article reveals the problems of resource saving from the point of view of managing this process, defines the organizational and economic essence of the resource saving process at modern industrial enterprises in the extractive industry; factors affecting the state of resource saving processing enterprises; stages of formation of the resource saving management mechanism at mining enterprises; the system of organizational management is described, aimed at making managerial decisions related to resource conservation projects; a method of ranking resource-saving investment projects is proposed, aimed at solving the problems of making managerial decisions in this area of enterprise management. To solve the tasks set in the research process, the following methods were used: analytical, comparative, descriptive, graphical, tabular and the method of comparing the results of the analysis of investment projects. The theoretical basis of the study is the work of leading foreign and domestic scientists devoted to the development and implementation of a resource-saving strategy in industrial enterprises. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systematization of the theoretical and applied foundations for the implementation of the resource conservation policy and the adoption of managerial decisions regarding resource conservation at modern mining enterprises.

ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF RESOURCE CONSERVATION IN UKRAINE: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

Resource conservation is a critical component of sustainable development and is essential for preserving natural resources and ensuring economic development in a country. Underestimating the importance of resource conservation can lead to the loss of most natural resources, exacerbating socioeconomic problems and decreasing the quality of life for the population. Therefore, research in this area provides an understanding and support for implementing resource conservation strategies and policies that ensure sustainable economic growth and preserve natural resources for future generations. The essence of the concept of resource conservation and the main approaches to its definition and assessment are presented. The experience of countries successfully implementing resource conservation and energy efficiency strategies is analyzed. Specifically, the development of renewable energy in Germany, where priority is given to wind and solar energy, with the use of cutting-edge technologies for efficient energy storage; Scandinavian countries, where sustainable development is seen as a national Strategy and supported by comprehensive investment programs in innovation and low-carbon technologies; Asian countries, such as Japan and China, where resource conservation and environmental safety are a priority supported by government programs and incentives for industry. Successful resource conservation is possible through government support, innovation incentives, and renewable energy development. Ukraine has significant experience in resource conservation. However, it is increasingly difficult to financially and technically support resource conservation measures in martial law conditions. Ukraine is taking steps towards resource conservation, which have allowed for resource efficiency ranging from 12 % to 44 %. The most effective is working with secondary raw materials, where successful projects have saved over 44% of waste and resource utilization. However, attention should be paid to using land resources, where efficiency is only 15 %, and additional measures are needed to increase efficiency in this area.

Development of theoretical and methodological issues of resource conservation and resource efficiency in Russian industry

At present, during the period of economic instability, total economic sanctions against Russia, military conflicts, issues of ensuring resource efficiency and increasing resource conservation of industrial enterprises, increasing their competitiveness, as well as ensuring import substitution processes, due to the partial withdrawal of foreign enterprises from domestic markets, resource conservation policy is becoming particularly relevant for enterprises industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The paper provides a theoretical analysis of the category of resource conservation, various approaches to its interpretation, determines the need for a resource conservation policy and directions for the development of resource efficiency of industrial enterprises, through the introduction of material and non-material factors of resource conservation research, based on the methods presented in the valuation. The paper proposes a methodology for assessing resource conservation based on the use of indicators of the functioning of enterprises of the industrial complex. The methodology is based on the use of the production function, taking into account the variation of the evaluation parameters, determining the amount of costs and resources.

ВНЕДРЕНИЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ ЗАМКНУТОГО ЦИКЛА В ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ОТХОДОВ ЛЕСОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

Increasing the degree of use of wood raw materials, the introduction of closed–loop technology, the use of forest resources through in-depth processing of wood - all these issues relate to the task of maximizing the efficient use of wood set out in the Strategy for the Development of the Russian forest complex until 2030. An increase in the use of secondary wood resources is an essential element of resource conservation policy, contributing to the integrated use of wood raw materials and complies with the principles of a closed-cycle economy. The closed-cycle economy is focused on reducing waste and consumption of primary raw materials through the search for efficient and renewable energy sources and innovative technologies for processing resources and waste. The main idea of the production of wood waste products in the concept of a closed-cycle economy is that all residues of wood origin should be returned back to the production chain. They can be processed into various fuel products, building materials or components for other products, etc. According to the concept, wood waste can be a raw material for the production of related industries. In this regard, the article discusses issues related to the possibility of building a production chain of waste-free production at enterprises of the forest industry.

Impact of Ecological Conservation Policy of Landscape Resources on the Behavior Intention of Stakeholders in Shennongjia National Park

Scenic resources are the essence of natural and human resources in national parks, and the effectiveness of conservation policy implementation is the key to achieving the ecological integrity, authenticity and typicality of national parks. Based on the research hypothesis of the relationship between "conservation behavior intention" and "conservation policy" of national park landscape resources proposed by Shennongjia National Park, this study establishes a second-order SEM, reveals the internal relationship between the conservation behavior intention and conservation policy of national park landscape resources, and puts forward the optimization path of the management and control path of national park landscape resources conservation through difference analysis. The research results show that national park landscape resource conservation policy has a significant positive impact on social norms, and directly affects conservation behavior intentions through social norms; Community residents are more concerned about the impact of conservation policies on their production and lifestyle, while tourists pay more attention to the ecological environment quality of landscape resources and the implementation of relevant policies such as recreational facilities. The management of legislation policy directly affects the existing way of scenic resources in Shennongjia National Park, and affects the establishment of community management and control mechanism and the behavior of community residents through social norms. This study puts forward the strategy of optimizing the national park landscape resource conservation policy in four aspects, namely, ecological environment sustainability, ecological conservation policy system, coordinated and orderly management and control mechanism, and joint construction of harmonious social relations.

Study on Embodied CO2 Emissions and Transfer Pathways of Chinese Industries

Industries with low direct CO2 emissions downstream in the industry chain have significant carbon emissions upstream, which is similar to how carbon leakage in interprovincial regions and international commerce affects these regions. Due to the interchange and transit of goods, there are intermediate production and consumption processes across industrial sectors. The CO2 emissions produced by each sector are insufficient to satisfy the sector’s ultimate demand. It will also move along with the industrial chain. Investigating embodied carbon transfer across industrial sectors is crucial to strike a balance between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Locating the key sectors to reduce carbon emissions provides a basis for formulating resource conservation and environmental protection policies. In this study, the industrial sector divides into 24 subsectors, and the embodied CO2 emissions and carbon transfer pathways of each are examined from the viewpoint of the industrial chain using the Economic Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) and the Hypothetical Extraction Method (HEM). The indirect CO2 emissions downstream of the industrial chain are higher than the direct carbon dioxide emissions, and the intersectoral carbon transfer constitutes a significant part of the total carbon emissions of the industrial sector. The upstream sector of the industry chain has a significantly higher direct carbon emission intensity than the indirect CO2 emission intensity, while the downstream sector is the opposite. The production and supply of electricity, gas and water, and raw material industries transfer significant CO2 to other sectors. The manufacturing industry is mainly the inflow of CO2. CO2 flows from the mining industry to the raw material industry and from the raw material industry to the manufacturing industry constitute the critical pathway of carbon transfer between industries. A study on the embodied carbon emissions and transfer paths of various industrial sectors is conducive to clarifying the emission reduction responsibilities and providing a basis for synergistic emission reduction strategies.

Implications of Natural Resource Conservation Policies on Local Community Livelihoods (LCL) in the Sengwa Wildlife Area (SWA), Gokwe South District, Zimbabwe

Implications of Natural Resource Conservation Policies on Local Community Livelihoods (LCL) in the Sengwa Wildlife Area (SWA), Gokwe South District, Zimbabwe

Evaluation of Sustainable Utilization of African Marine Fishery Resources

Sustainable utilization evaluation is the basis for ensuring the sustainable exploitation of fisheries’ resources. This paper explores the changes in the mean trophic level of African marine fish catches during a 70-year period based on the statistical data on marine fisheries’ catches in Africa from 1950–2019, provided by the FAO in, order to determine the sustainable utilization of Africa’s fishery resources. The results indicate that although the marine fishery resources of African coastal countries have great variability, their exploitation has roughly gone through the stages of under-exploitation, rapid exploitation, and over-exploitation. Currently, marine fisheries in North and Central Africa are characterized by sustainable exploitation, while East, West, and Southern Africa are in a state of overfishing. The study implicates that African countries should establish a real-time monitoring system for marine fishery resources as soon as possible in order to dynamically grasp the actual changes in fish community structure due to fishing activities, ensure transparency in management and decision making, enact marine regulations to restrict massive fishing by overseas fleets, issue fisheries licenses cautiously, adopt conservative resource conservation policies, and enforce actions to achieve sustainable fisheries development.

Effects of environmental protection policies on fragile areas of a watershed occupied by agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado

Brazil has become an antagonist in natural resource conservation policies in recent years. The Brazilian Cerrado is one of the biomes most affected by this setback due to the occupation of areas of economic interest in agriculture. Interestingly, there are projects throughout the biome that aim to encourage the preservation of natural resources, but there is uncertainty about whether these incentives have provided conservation. That is the case of the Feio River hydrographic basin, located in the Cerrado, near the city of Patrocínio, state of Minas Gerais. Indeed, the Feio River watershed has projects incentivizing the Cerrado's conservation. Thus, in this article, we aimed to explain how the advance of agriculture in fragile areas of the Feio river watershed occurs, their causes and whether protection strategies have produced satisfactory results. We used an old Environmental Fragility proposal methodwith our contributions to estimate the variations regarding nature conservation in the basin. Our findings show considerable heterogeneity in the potential fragility of the Feio's river basin. We observe that less fragile sites are used for coffee cultivation (74 and 72% of the two places), while more fragile sites are occupied by reserves (around 50% of the area) and high-impact activities such as traditional monoculture and cattle ranching (25 and 44% for the two sites). Temporally, we observed little change in use and occupation, with a slight increase in no-till farming to replace coffee and conventional cultivation. The permanent preservation areas in the basin have improved vegetation quality, while the reserve areas composed of fields show a degradation process. Considering the importance of the Feio's river basin, different incentives and inspection strategies are needed to guarantee the site's preservation and environmental restoration.

Multiperspective-driven factorial metabolic network analysis framework for energy–water nexus vulnerability assessment and management-policy simulation

Energy and water are rapidly consumed as the most basic strategic resources of various nations. It is of vital importance to systematically explore the environmental and economic impacts of energy-water co-management policies. This study is to develop a multiperspective-driven factorial metabolic network analysis framework (MPDF) to (a) investigate the direct/indirect/total resource consumption response mechanisms induced by changes in production and consumption; (b) explore the factor interactions of different policies in diverse energy and water metabolic networks by initiating factorial analysis; (c) quantify the economic effects of co-management policies by proposing multiple vulnerability indicators. A typical energy-dependent region, Shanxi Province, China was selected as a case study. The results indicated that the production- and consumption-oriented policies have various guidelines for reducing direct and indirect energy–water consumption. Significant interactions in simulation results suggest synergistic effects across sectors. Considering that Shanxi's energy-water nexus economic vulnerability is as high as 2.22%, it is recommended to prioritize the allocation of resources to sectors with significant factor effects to avoid economic losses. Implementing corresponding resource conservation policies for light industry, machinery manufacturing, construction can reduce water consumption by 18.8%. The findings are expected to provide a solid scientific basis for formulating co-management strategies to alleviate resource scarcities.

Change Detection of Amazonian Alluvial Gold Mining Using Deep Learning and Sentinel-2 Imagery

Monitoring changes within the land surface and open water bodies is critical for natural resource management, conservation, and environmental policy. While the use of satellite imagery for these purposes is common, fine-scale change detection can be a technical challenge. Difficulties arise from variable atmospheric conditions and the problem of assigning pixels to individual objects. We examined the degree to which two machine learning approaches can better characterize change detection in the context of a current conservation challenge, artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM). We obtained Sentinel-2 imagery and consulted with domain experts to construct an open-source labeled land-cover change dataset. The focus of this dataset is the Madre de Dios (MDD) region in Peru, a hotspot of ASGM activity. We also generated datasets of active ASGM areas in other countries (Venezuela, Indonesia, and Myanmar) for out-of-sample testing. With these labeled data, we utilized a supervised (E-ReCNN) and semi-supervised (SVM-STV) approach to study binary and multi-class change within mining ponds in the MDD region. Additionally, we tested how the inclusion of multiple channels, histogram matching, and La*b* color metrics improved the performance of the models and reduced the influence of atmospheric effects. Empirical results show that the supervised E-ReCNN method on 6-Channel histogram-matched images generated the most accurate detection of change not only in the focal region (Kappa: 0.92 (± 0.04), Jaccard: 0.88 (± 0.07), F1: 0.88 (± 0.05)) but also in the out-of-sample prediction regions (Kappa: 0.90 (± 0.03), Jaccard: 0.84 (± 0.04), and F1: 0.77 (± 0.04)). While semi-supervised methods did not perform as accurately on 6- or 10-channel imagery, histogram matching and the inclusion of La*b* metrics generated accurate results with low memory and resource costs. These results show that E-ReCNN is capable of accurately detecting specific and object-oriented environmental changes related to ASGM. E-ReCNN is scalable to areas outside the focal area and is a method of change detection that can be extended to other forms of land-use modification.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕЖЕНИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРОГРАММНО-ЦЕЛЕВОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ

At the present stage of development, in an unstable economic situation, the issues of increasing the resource efficiency of industrial enterprises, increasing their competitiveness in the conditions of economic sanctions imposed on Russia, as well as the organization of import substitution processes, due to the withdrawal of foreign companies from Russian markets, the implementation of resource conservation and resource efficiency policies are of particular relevance to industrial enterprises. The study suggests the direction of increasing the resource efficiency of industrial enterprises through the introduction of program-targeted methods of innovative development. The solution to the problem is the development of innovative activities that allow regulating the use of the resource base and reducing the consumption of resources for the production of innovative products. The paper proposes a method for assessing the use of the resource base at the enterprise, in order to determine the volume of resource costs and evaluation indicators. This methodological approach guarantees the result when using the assessment tools, allows monitoring the implementation of the proposed solutions in the field of resource efficiency.

Decline of virtual water inequality in China's inter-provincial trade: An environmental economic trade-off analysis

The trade-off between economic growth and environmental conservation is a significant factor in national environmental management. Previous studies have revealed that there are substantial water resources embodied in the inter-regional trade of China, but there is a scarcity of studies analyzing the cost-benefit inequality in trade, which should be considered when developing water resource allocation and conservation policies. The aim of the present study was to fill the gap in existing research by constructing a novel virtual water inequality index based on the net transfers of virtual water and value added between trading provinces. The results of the present study reveal that the virtual water trade of China accounts for about a third of the annual water use thereof and tends to flow from interior developing provinces to coastal developed provinces. Over 70% of consumption-based water consumption of richer provinces (Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai) is imported from other regions; however, approximately 60% of the value added triggered by the final consumption of said regions is retained within the region. When trading with rich provinces, several developing provinces with rich water resources, such as Xinjiang and Heilongjiang, not only incur net water outflows but also suffer a negative balance of value added, thereby resulting in the occurrence of virtual water inequality. However, with the coordinated development of China's economy, the problem of virtual water inequality in China's inter-provincial trade has been alleviated to some extent. Advocating water pricing system reform to reflect local water scarcity is suggested, especially in arid regions. Additionally, a virtual water compensation scheme considering cost-benefit inequality in trade may also be a practical solution.

Environmental and natural resource degradation in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: a wake-up call.

The study’s objective is to examine the relationship between COVID-19 cases, environmental sustainability ratings, and mineral resource rents in a large cross section of 97 countries. The emergence of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) enlarges its magnitude across the international borders and damages social, economic, and environmental infrastructure with a high rate of human death tolls. The mineral resources are also devastated, which served as a primary raw input into the production system. The adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment and mineral resources are studied in a large panel of countries and found that mineral resource rents and population growth improve environmental sustainability rating (ESR). In contrast, an increase in coronavirus cases decreases the rating scale across countries. Further, mineral resources first decrease along with increased COVID-19 cases due to strict government policies, including the mandatory shutdown of economic institutions. Further, mineral resource rents increase later because of resuming economic activities in many parts of the world. The high rate of population growth is another important factor that negatively affects mineral resources across countries. Through impulse response and variance decomposition estimates, an exacerbated coronavirus cases and population growth would likely negatively affect ESR and mineral resources. In contrast, COVID-19 recovered cases will likely play a more significant role in securing mineral resources over time. Therefore, the global mineral resource conservation policies and improving ESR are highly needed during the COVID-19 to keep the significant economic gains in unprecedented times.

Understanding the trends in Denmark's global food trade-related greenhouse gas and resource footprint

Food production is a major driver of global warming, water scarcity and biodiversity loss. Denmark has set ambitious targets to lower its territorial carbon emissions in the next decades. In 2019, the Danish Agriculture and Food Council announced a strategy to make Denmark's food production systems climate-neutral by 2050. Therefore, detailed information concerning Denmark's food consumption's environmental impacts is required to implement effective climate mitigation and resource conservation policies that lead to positive local to global results. Using an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output (EE MRIO) analysis and the EXIOBASE v3.4 database, we evaluate Denmark's global food-related consumption-based (CB) greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and resource (land and water use) accounts from 1995 to 2014. Although Denmark's CB food-related blue water use remained relatively stable during the studied period, its food-related CB GHG emissions (excluding land-use change emissions) decreased continuously by 30%. Also, Denmark's cropland and grassland footprints for food declined by 16% (3555 km2) and 27% (621 km2), respectively. Almost two-fifths of Denmark's food consumption was produced abroad in 2014, corresponding to 51% of Denmark's food-related CB GHG emissions and land use apiece and 84% of its food-related blue water use. Whereas animal-based foods accounted for the largest share of Denmark's food-related CB GHG emissions, plant-based diets were responsible for the bulk of Denmark's CB land and blue water use. Dietary changes towards plant-based foods are essential to mitigating Denmark's food-related climate impacts. We recommend that Denmark transfers its sustainable food production technologies to its pollution-and-resource intensive food-exporting trade partners to enhance global climate change mitigation and resource use efficiency.