Lattice Of Resonators Research Articles

2D underwater acoustic metamaterials incorporating a combination of particle-filled polyurethane and spiral-based local resonance mechanisms

This paper develops an underwater acoustic metamaterial plate with potential advantages of low-frequency broadband sound absorption and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. In this research, a new acoustic metamaterial embedding particle-filled polyurethane (PU) and spiral-based local resonance mechanism for underwater sound absorption is investigated numerically and experimentally. Specifically, the proposed metamaterial is composed of particle-filled PU damping materials and a square lattice of spiral resonators. The thickness of the proposed plate structure occupying most of the area is thin and equals to 4 mm. Wave propagation properties of the proposed metamaterial are obtained by using the finite element (FE) method. Compared to the underwater sound absorption coefficient, the formation mechanisms of the locally resonant band gaps are investigated based on the modal analysis of plate modes and local resonances. Results show that the location and bandwidth of newly generated locally low-frequency resonant band gaps are greatly affected by the interaction between particle-filled PU and the spiral resonator within every periodic cell. In addition, the theoretical results of the underwater sound absorption coefficient of the proposed metamaterial are compared with the experimental results. In the frequency domain [0.8 kHz, 6 kHz], the average sound absorption coefficient of the proposed metamaterial plate under normal atmospheric pressure is 0.54. Furthermore, the sound absorption coefficient of the proposed structure is experimentally studied under different hydrostatic pressure conditions. Specifically, the proposed metamaterial structure achieves average sound absorption coefficient of 0.51 in the frequency range [1.5 kHz,6kHz] under 0.5 MPa.

Probing the Band Structure of Topological Silicon Photonic Lattices in the Visible Spectrum.

We study two-dimensional hexagonal photonic lattices of silicon Mie resonators with a topological optical band structure in the visible spectral range. We use 30keV electrons focused to nanoscale spots to map the local optical density of states in topological photonic lattices with deeply subwavelength resolution. By slightly shrinking or expanding the unit cell, we form hexagonal superstructures and observe the opening of a band gap and a splitting of the double-degenerate Dirac cones, which correspond to topologically trivial and nontrivial phases. Optical transmission spectroscopy shows evidence of topological edge states at the domain walls between topological and trivial lattices.

Diffraction enhanced transparency in a hybrid gold-graphene THz metasurface

Terahertz (THz) near-field microscopy is used to investigate the underlying physics that leads to diffraction enhanced transparency (DET) in a periodic array of detuned metallic rods. At the transparency frequency, the system is highly dispersive and THz radiation is delayed for several tens of picoseconds before being re-emitted into the forward direction. Using polarization sensitive measurements of the electric THz near-field spectrum, we demonstrate that an out-of-phase field distribution is formed in the unit cell leading to a reduced coupling to the far-field. This quadrupolar field distribution originates from the excitation and interference of surface lattice modes produced by the enhanced radiative coupling through the lattice of localized resonances in the metallic rods. These results represent the first experimental near-field investigation of DET, shedding light onto this phenomenon and providing important information for its further development. Implementing DET in applications requires control over the transparency window. We demonstrate that adding a monolayer of graphene, absorbing at THz frequencies, is sufficient to fully suppress the DET despite its monoatomic thickness. This efficient suppression is due to the diffractive wave character of DET and a metal insulator metal resonance formed between the localized resonance of the gold resonator and the extended graphene layer. The possibility to exert control over the transparency window by changing the conductivity of graphene by altering the Fermi level opens the possibility of active THz devices.

Miniaturization of Floquet topological insulators for airborne acoustics by thermal control

The development of topological insulators in condensed matter systems that break time-reversal symmetry using magnetic bias has inspired a quest for similar effects in classical acoustic waves. The acoustic topological insulator is a revolutionary design to control acoustics in isolation and broadband unidirectional transmission, which is topologically robust and immune to structural disorders or defects. Currently, these fascinating properties have been investigated through fan-induced moving media, acoustic capacitance adjustment, and acoustic metamaterials. However, most of them are still associated with disadvantages including extra noise, bulky volume, and limited dynamic controlling performance. In this study, we propose an approach which could possibly overcome these limitations by introducing a modulation scheme of the temperature difference in a lattice of resonators, which demonstrates that the Floquet topological insulators with thermal control can realize topologically robust and nonreciprocal acoustic propagation. This controlling strategy provides an alternative platform to conduct acoustic topological applications, especially for noiseless and miniaturized airborne acoustics. The use of thermal modulation could potentially provide a platform for miniaturizing topologically insulating devices for airborne acoustics.

Improved design of CELC meta-resonators for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization of patch antenna

For metamaterial resonators, the essential figure of merit is its effective medium ratio (EMR), which is defined as the ratio of the resonant wavelength and lattice constant. In this paper, an altered topology of the electric-inductive–capacitive (ELC) metamaterial with an improved EMR is proposed. The proposed structure shrinks the electrical footprint of the conventional ELC resonator by accommodating additional inductance by meandering the arms of the resonator and fitting interdigital capacitors in the capacitive gap. The metamaterial properties of the proposed structure are investigated by parameter extraction, and analytical formulations are carried out for finding its resonant frequency. The proposed metamaterial structure is employed for performance enhancement and miniaturization of a standard patch antenna. A 3 × 4 array of the modified complementary resonators is etched in the ground plane of a patch antenna. A significant 293% improvement in bandwidth, with a miniaturization factor (unloaded frequency/loaded frequency) of 1.33 is achieved. The entire antenna resides in a small area of 37.5 mm × 37.5 mm. The design is substantiated both by simulation and experimental results, which complement each other. The presented design can be used for Mobile WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz) applications.

A three-dimensional photonic topological insulator using a two-dimensional ring resonator lattice with a synthetic frequency dimension.

In the development of topological photonics, achieving three-dimensional topological insulators is of notable interest since it enables the exploration of new topological physics with photons and promises novel photonic devices that are robust against disorders in three dimensions. Previous theoretical proposals toward three-dimensional topological insulators use complex geometries that are challenging to implement. On the basis of the concept of synthetic dimension, we show that a two-dimensional array of ring resonators, which was previously demonstrated to exhibit a two-dimensional topological insulator phase, automatically becomes a three-dimensional topological insulator when the frequency dimension is taken into account. Moreover, by modulating a few of the resonators, a screw dislocation along the frequency axis can be created, which provides robust one-way transport of photons along the frequency axis. Demonstrating the physics of screw dislocation in a topological system has been a substantial challenge in solid-state systems. Our work indicates that the physics of three-dimensional topological insulators can be explored in standard integrated photonic platforms, leading to opportunities for novel devices that control the frequency of light.

Reconfigurable Topological Phases in Next-Nearest-Neighbor Coupled Resonator Lattices.

We present a reconfigurable topological photonic system consisting of a 2D lattice of coupled ring resonators, with two sublattices of site rings coupled by link rings, which can be accurately described by a tight-binding model. Unlike previous coupled-ring topological models, the design is translationally invariant, similar to the Haldane model, and the nontrivial topology is a result of next-nearest couplings with nonzero staggered phases. The system exhibits a topological phase transition between trivial and spin Chern insulator phases when the sublattices are frequency detuned. Such topological phase transitions can be easily induced by thermal or electro-optic modulators, or nonlinear cross phase modulation. We use this lattice to design reconfigurable topological waveguides, with potential applications in on-chip photon routing and switching.

Dissecting spin-phonon equilibration in ferrimagnetic insulators by ultrafast lattice excitation.

To gain control over magnetic order on ultrafast time scales, a fundamental understanding of the way electron spins interact with the surrounding crystal lattice is required. However, measurement and analysis even of basic collective processes such as spin-phonon equilibration have remained challenging. Here, we directly probe the flow of energy and angular momentum in the model insulating ferrimagnet yttrium iron garnet. After ultrafast resonant lattice excitation, we observe that magnetic order reduces on distinct time scales of 1 ps and 100 ns. Temperature-dependent measurements, a spin-coupling analysis, and simulations show that the two dynamics directly reflect two stages of spin-lattice equilibration. On the 1-ps scale, spins and phonons reach quasi-equilibrium in terms of energy through phonon-induced modulation of the exchange interaction. This mechanism leads to identical demagnetization of the ferrimagnet's two spin sublattices and to a ferrimagnetic state of increased temperature yet unchanged total magnetization. Finally, on the much slower, 100-ns scale, the excess of spin angular momentum is released to the crystal lattice, resulting in full equilibrium. Our findings are relevant for all insulating ferrimagnets and indicate that spin manipulation by phonons, including the spin Seebeck effect, can be extended to antiferromagnets and into the terahertz frequency range.

Lattice Kerker effect in the array of hexagonal boron nitride antennas

ABSTRACTSubwavelength particles with hyperbolic light dispersion in the constituent medium are a promising alternative to plasmonic, high-refractive-index dielectric, and semiconductor structures in the practical realization of nanoscale optical elements. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a layered van der Waals material with natural hyperbolic properties and low-loss phonon-polaritons at the same time. In this work, we consider multipole excitations and antennas properties of hBN particles with an emphasis on the periodic arrangement and collective array modes. We analyze excitation of lattice resonances in the antenna array and effect of resonance shifts and overlap with other multipoles supported by particles in the lattice. In such periodic structure, a decrease of reflectance from the array is achieved with appropriate lattice spacing (periods) where the electric and magnetic multipoles overlap, and the resonance oscillations are in phase and comparable in magnitude. We theoretical demonstrate that in this case, generalized Kerker condition is satisfied, and hBN antennas in the array efficiently scatter light in the predominantly forward direction resulting in near-zero reflectance. The resonant lattice Kerker effect with hyperbolic-medium antennas can be applied in developing metasurfaces based on hBN resonators for mid-infrared photonics.

Generating scalable entanglement of ultracold bosons in superlattices through resonant shaking

Based on a one-dimensional double-well superlattice with a unit filling of ultracold atoms per site, we propose a scheme to generate scalable entangled states in the superlattice through resonant lattice shakings. Our scheme utilizes periodic lattice modulations to entangle two atoms in each unit cell with respect to their orbital degree of freedom, and the complete atomic system in the superlattice becomes a cluster of bipartite entangled atom pairs. To demonstrate this we perform $ab \ initio$ quantum dynamical simulations using the Multi-Layer Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree Method for Bosons, which accounts for all correlations among the atoms. The proposed clusters of bipartite entanglements manifest as an essential resource for various quantum applications, such as measurement based quantum computation. The lattice shaking scheme to generate this cluster possesses advantages such as a high scalability, fast processing speed, rich controllability on the target entangled states, and accessibility with current experimental techniques.

Topological phases and the bulk-edge correspondence in 2D photonic microring resonator lattices.

We show that 2D photonic lattices consisting of coupled microring resonators can emulate quantum systems driven by periodic Hamiltonians and can thus be used to realize photonic Floquet topological insulators. By transforming a 2D microring lattice into an equivalent array of coupled waveguides with periodic boundary conditions, we explicitly derive the Floquet-Bloch Hamiltonian of the system and determine the winding numbers characterizing the band topology and bulk-edge correspondence of the lattice. By varying the coupling strengths between adjacent resonators, we show that a 2D microring lattice can support both anomalous Floquet insulator edge modes and Chern insulator edge modes over a wide range of coupling parameters.

Nonlinear Wavefront Control with All-Dielectric Metasurfaces.

Metasurfaces, two-dimensional lattices of nanoscale resonators, offer unique opportunities for functional flat optics and allow the control of the transmission, reflection, and polarization of a wavefront of light. Recently, all-dielectric metasurfaces reached remarkable efficiencies, often matching or out-performing conventional optical elements. The exploitation of the nonlinear optical response of metasurfaces offers a paradigm shift in nonlinear optics, and dielectric nonlinear metasurfaces are expected to enrich subwavelength photonics by enhancing substantially nonlinear response of natural materials combined with the efficient control of the phase of nonlinear waves. Here, we suggest a novel and rather general approach for engineering the wavefront of parametric waves of arbitrary complexity generated by a nonlinear metasurface. We design all-dielectric nonlinear metasurfaces, achieve a highly efficient wavefront control of a third-harmonic field, and demonstrate the generation of nonlinear beams at a designed angle and the generation of nonlinear focusing vortex beams. Our nonlinear metasurfaces produce phase gradients over a full 0-2π phase range with a 92% diffraction efficiency.

Quantum chaos analysis for characterizing a photonic resonator lattice

Tailoring the propagation of light in an arbitrarily manner has motivated a great of interest on nanophotonics. As a new mechanism for this purpose, the generation of an effective magnetic field leading to a Lorentz force for photons is recently proposed in a photonic resonator lattice. Here, we consider a photonic resonator lattice with a harmonically modulated phase and with an interface splitting the lattice into two magnetically different regions. Considering this lattice, we try to explore the impact of phase and the location of interface on the localization of Hamiltonian eigenstates by applying level spacing distribution as a cornerstone of random matrix theory. The obtained results show that while the location of interface has no effect on the appearance of localized states in weak phases, in strong phases it is found a threshold value for location of interface above which all eigenstates are delocalized. As a result, level spacing distribution and so random matrix theory is capable of characterizing the behavior of a photon in regions with different magnetic properties.

Exploring photonic topological insulator states in a circuit-QED lattice

We propose a simple protocol to explore the topological properties of photonic integer quantum Hall states in a one-dimensional circiut-QED lattice. By periodically modulating the on-site photonic energies in such a lattice, we demonstrate that this one-dimensional lattice model can be mapped into a two-dimensional integer quantum Hall insulator model. Based on the lattice-based cavity input–output theory, we show that both the photonic topological protected edge states and topological invariants can be clearly measured from the final steady state of the resonator lattice after taking into account cavity dissipation. Interestingly, we also find that the measurement signals associated with the above topological features are quite unambitious even in five coupled dissipative resonators. Our work opens up a new prospect of exploring topological states with a small-size dissipative quantum artificial lattice, which is quite attractive to the current quantum optics community.

Theoretical study of platonic crystals with periodically structured N-beam resonators

A multiple scattering theory is applied to study the properties of flexural waves propagating in a plate with periodically structured N-beam resonators. Each resonator consists of a circular hole containing an inner disk connected to background plate with N rectangular beams. The Bloch theorem is employed to obtain the band structure of a two-dimensional lattice containing a single resonator per unit cell. Also, a numerical algorithm has been developed to get the transmittance through resonator slabs infinitely long in the direction perpendicular to the incident wave. For the numerical validation, a square lattice of 2-beam resonators has been comprehensively analyzed. Its band structure exhibits several flat bands, indicating the existence of local resonances embedded in the structure. Particularly, the one featured as the fundamental mode of the inner disk opens a bandgap at low frequencies. This mode has been fully described in terms of a simple spring-mass model. As a practical application of the results obtained, a homogenization approach has been employed to design a focusing lens for flexural waves, where the index gradient is obtained by adjusting the orientation of the resonators beams. Numerical experiments performed within the framework of a three-dimensional finite element method have been employed to discuss the accuracy of the models described here.

Creating anyons from photons using a nonlinear resonator lattice subject to dynamic modulation

We study a one-dimensional photonic resonator lattice with Kerr nonlinearity under the dynamic modulation. With an appropriate choice of the modulation frequency and phase, we find that this system can be used to create anyons from photons. By coupling the resonators with external waveguides, the anyon characteristics can be explored by measuring the transport property of the photons in the external waveguides.

Resonant Lattice Kerker Effect in Metasurfaces With Electric and Magnetic Optical Responses

AbstractTo achieve efficient light control at subwavelength dimensions, plasmonic and all‐dielectric nanoparticles have been utilized both as a single element as well as in the arrays. Here we study 2D periodic nanoparticle arrays (metasurfaces) that support lattice resonances near the Rayleigh anomaly due to the electric dipole (ED) and magnetic dipole (MD) resonant coupling between the nanoparticles. Silicon and core‐shell particles are considered. Our investigations are carried out using two independent numerical techniques, namely, the finite‐element method and the method of coupled‐dipole equations based on the Green function approach. We numerically demonstrate that choosing of lattice periods independently in each mutual‐perpendicular direction, it is possible to achieve a full overlap between the ED‐lattice resonance and MD resonances of nanoparticles in certain spectral range and to realize the resonant lattice Kerker effect (resonant suppression of the backward scattering or reflection). At the effect conditions, the strong suppression of light reflectance in the structure is appeared due to destructive interference between electromagnetic waves scattered by ED and MD moments of every nanoparticle in the backward direction with respect to the incident light wave. Influence of the array size on the revealed reflectance and transmittance behavior is discussed. The resonant lattice Kerker effect based on the overlap of both ED and MD lattice resonances is also demonstrated.

Light diffraction features in an ordered monolayer of spheres

The structure and optical diffraction properties of monolayers of monodisperse spheres crystallized on transparent dielectric substrates are studied. Two types of diffraction phenomena are considered: surface light diffraction on the lattice of spheres and waveguide resonances in the monolayer plane. For experimental study of these phenomena, optical retroreflection and transmission spectra are measured as functions of the light incidence angle and azimuthal orientation of the incidence plane. The monolayer structures determined by scanning electron microscopy and light diffraction methods are in quantitative agreement. It is concluded that one-dimensional Fraunhofer diffraction is applicable to describe surface diffraction in the hexagonal lattice of spheres. In the case of oblique light incidence, anisotropy of diffraction and transmission spectra depending on the light incidence plane orientation with respect to the sphere lattice and linear polarization of incident light is detected. Waveguide resonances of the planar two-dimensional photonic crystal are approximated within the light diffraction model in the “empty” hexagonal lattice. The best approximation of the waveguide resonance dispersion is achieved using the effective refractive index, depending on the wavelength. Surface diffraction suppression by waveguide resonances of the photonic crystal is demonstrated. Surface diffraction orders are identified as diffraction at singular points of the Brillouin zone of the planar twodimensional photonic crystal.

A two-way model for nonlinear acoustic waves in a non-uniform lattice of Helmholtz resonators

Propagation of high amplitude acoustic pulses is studied in a 1D waveguide connected to a lattice of Helmholtz resonators. An homogenized model has been proposed by Sugimoto (1992), taking into account both the nonlinear wave propagation and various mechanisms of dissipation. This model is extended here to take into account two important features: resonators of different strengths and back-scattering effects. An energy balance is obtained, and a numerical method is developed. A closer agreement is reached between numerical and experimental results. Numerical experiments are also proposed to highlight the effect of defects and of disorder.

Metasurface polarization splitter.

Polarization beam splitters, devices that separate the two orthogonal polarizations of light into different propagation directions, are among the most ubiquitous optical elements. However, traditionally polarization splitters rely on bulky optical materials, while emerging optoelectronic and photonic circuits require compact, chip-scale polarization splitters. Here, we show that a rectangular lattice of cylindrical silicon Mie resonators functions as a polarization splitter, efficiently reflecting one polarization while transmitting the other. We show that the polarization splitting arises from the anisotropic permittivity and permeability of the metasurface due to the twofold rotational symmetry of the rectangular unit cell. The high polarization efficiency, low loss and low profile make these metasurface polarization splitters ideally suited for monolithic integration with optoelectronic and photonic circuits.This article is part of the themed issue 'New horizons for nanophotonics'.