Resonator Antenna Research Articles

Dielectric properties of ZnNb2O6-ZnTiNb2O8 composites for microwave applications

In this study, the dielectric properties were evaluated in the microwave region for a ZnNb2O6 (ZNO) matrix with added TiO2. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the addition of TiO2 to ZNO led to formation of the ZnTiNb2O8 (ZTNO) phase. Evaluation of the dielectric properties in the microwave region for the ZNO-ZTNO ceramic composites showed that the permittivity (εr) ranged between 23.08 and 26.19 and the dielectric loss (tan δ) was 7.20 × 10−5 to 3.25 × 10−4. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) ranged from −97.64 ppm °C−1 to −62.93 ppm °C−1, thereby demonstrating that adding TiO2 increased the τf value. The ZNO-ZTNO composites were evaluated as dielectric resonator antennas and their far-field parameters obtained based on numerical simulations indicated a gain between 4.69 and 5.60 dBi, bandwidth of 125.00–164.00 MHz, and efficiency above 98%. These results demonstrate that the ceramics investigated in this study have great potential for application in devices that operate in the C-band.

A dual-band low-profile Fabry–Perot resonator antenna with single partially reflecting surface

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a novel design for a low-profile Fabry–Perot resonator antenna (FPRA) that operates at two distinct frequency bands using a single partially reflecting surface (PRS). The PRS is composed of two different types of unit cells arranged in a staggered fashion. These unit cells are comprised of double-sided complementary structures, including a square patch with a square aperture and a circular ring with a circular ring slot. To reduce the overall profile of the antenna, an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface is utilized as the reflection plane. The proposed design employs a dual-band slotted patch antenna as the primary source. The overall dimensions of the FPRA are 91 mm×91 mm×5.54 mm. The performance of the prototype antenna is validated through measurement, demonstrating peak gains of 14.1 and 16.1 dBi at frequencies of 6.65 and 12.05 GHz, respectively. Additionally, the antenna exhibits −10 dB impedance bandwidths of 6.5–6.8 GHz and 12.15–12.23 GHz at the two frequency bands.

Wideband millimeter-wave hybrid dielectric resonator antenna array with dual-slot feeding

ABSTRACTA hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array is proposed for the wideband millimeter-wave communication. The radiator is composed with a pair of stacked dielectric resonators (DRs), which are H-shaped and Hexagon-shaped DRs, respectively. The dual-slots on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity are utilized for higher mode generation in the DRA element. The antenna bandwidth is improved by the stacked DRs and dual-slot feeding. The structural characteristics and key parameters of feeding slots are discussed in detail. The DRA array fed with parallel power distribution feeding network is fabricated and measured to verify the reliability of the simulations, and the simulations and measurements have reasonable consistency. The impedance bandwidth is from 23.55 GHz to 27.28 GHz (14.7%), and the measured gain ranges from 13.1 dBi to 15.7 dBi. The radiation patterns are stable in the operation band. The proposed DRA array has a promising application prospect for 5 G communication system.

Design and Fabrication of Wideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna Using Low Loss Ultra‐Low Sintering Temperature Li6B4O9 Microwave Dielectric Ceramic for Wireless Communication Applications

AbstractLow dielectric constant (ɛr), high quality‐factor (Q × f), and temperature stable microwave dielectric ceramics with ultra‐low sintering temperature are the preferred choice of researchers for the development of low‐cost and high‐performance dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), which have wide application prospects for wireless communication technology. In this work, wideband DRAs fabricated using ultra‐low sintering temperature, low‐loss, and high‐quality Li6B4O9 microwave dielectric ceramics are reported. Li6B4O9 ceramic synthesized via solid‐state reaction at sintering temperature of 620 °C demonstrates excellent microwave properties with optimum ɛr = 5.95, high Q × f = 38,700@12.4 GHz, and thermal coefficient of the resonant frequency (TCF ≈ −68.6ppm/○C). For the first time, performance comparison of two Li6B4O9‐based cylindrical DRAs with different ceramic aspect (radius to height) ratios excited by slot coupled microstrip line is realized. In the first DRA with ceramic aspect ratio of 0.864, DRA HE11δ mode is excited and bandwidth of 20.01% , 95% radiation efficiency, and 6.3 dBi maximum gain is attained. In the second DRA with ceramic aspect ratio of 2.367, slot and dielectric resonator resonances are merged to attain wide bandwidth of 38.15% over which antenna broadside radiation performance is preserved. The proposed DRAs can be utilized for high‐capacity, high‐speed wireless communication applications.

Acoustically stimulated electromagnetic method for sensing electric and magnetic properties

A measurement technique for detecting acoustically induced polarization is introduced. Ultrasonic irradiation can generate alternating electric or magnetic polarization in materials via electromechanical or magnetomechanical coupling, respectively. It follows that electromagnetic fields are often emitted to the surrounding environment when materials are acoustically stimulated. The first harmonic response of the acoustically stimulated electromagnetic (ASEM) field is detected by a resonant antenna tuned to the ultrasound frequency. Ultrasound can temporally modulate the magnetic polarization (magnetization) in ferromagnetic materials, resulting in magnetic imaging and magnetic hysteresis measurements via ultrasonic stimulation. Ultrasonic probing of local magnetic properties gives unique magnetic measurements and is a promising tool in steel inspection. Furthermore, the ASEM response is generated in not only inorganic crystals but also biological tissues such as bones, tendons, and the aortic wall. The response signal is well explained by stress-induced electric polarization of biological tissues, which depends on the crystallinity of fibrous proteins. Therefore, the ASEM method opens possibilities for unique noninvasive sensing in medical fields. In this talk, we will discuss the origin of the ASEM response in various materials and its applications including steel and human measurements.

A Rectenna Design With Quasi-Full Spatial Coverage Based on a Compact Dielectric Resonator Antenna

A Rectenna Design With Quasi-Full Spatial Coverage Based on a Compact Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Nonuniform Grid Single-Field WCS FDTD Method Applied to Multithread Simulation of MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Nonuniform Grid Single-Field WCS FDTD Method Applied to Multithread Simulation of MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antenna

A Low-Profile and Broadband Pattern-Reconfigurable Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Wide Spatial Coverage

A Low-Profile and Broadband Pattern-Reconfigurable Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Wide Spatial Coverage

A split-ring resonator full/sparse planar array based on Chebyshev polynomial

A planar split-ring resonator (SRR) antenna full/sparse array, fed by a Chebyshev distribution, is proposed in this paper. Following the Yagi principle, the antenna element consists of SRRs and an I-shaped resonator. The inclusion of the I-shaped resonator enhances coupling, resulting in high gain. Additionally, a 14 × 13 Chebyshev planar antenna array, based on corporate feed, allows for a non-uniform amplitude distribution to suppress side lobes. The proposed Chebyshev planar array exhibits high gain characteristics and low side lobe levels (SLL) in both the E- and H-planes. For sidelobes suppression further, by utilizing a genetic algorithm, a planar sparse array is constructed based on the proposed Chebyshev array. The measured gain of the array at 10.1 GHz is 22.4 dBi, with SLL values of −20.4 dB and −17.5 dB in the E- and H-planes, respectively. These results meet the requirements for wireless communication.

MmWave Zero Order Resonant Antenna with Patch-Like Radiation Fed by a Butler Matrix for Passive Beamforming.

A small zero-order resonant antenna based on the composite right-left-handed (CRLH) principle is designed and fabricated without metallic vias at 30 GHz to have patch-like radiation. The mirror images of two CRLH structures are connected to design the antenna without via holes. The equivalent circuit, parameter extraction, and dispersion diagram are studied to analyze the characteristics of the CRLH antenna. The antenna was fabricated and experimentally verified. The measured realized gain of the antenna is 5.35 dBi at 30 GHz. The designed antenna is free of spurious resonance over a band width of 10 GHz. A passive beamforming array is designed using the proposed CRLH antenna and the Butler matrix. A substrate integrated waveguide is used to implement the Butler matrix. The CRLH antennas are connected to four outputs of a 4×4 Butler matrix. The scanning angles are 12∘, -68∘, 64∘, and -11∘ for excitations from port 1 to port 4 of the 4×4 Butler matrix feeding the CRLH antenna.

Development of hybrid resonator antennas using elliptical cavity and microstrip patch radiator

This paper presents a few linearly polarized (LP) Hybrid Resonator Antennas (HRAs) using half mode SIW-based semi-elliptical cavity provide wideband capability. Considering the resonate modes of an elliptical cavity, field distribution and resonate frequency are studied at the dominant mode of operation using HFSS; the cavity is halved along its major and minor axis to create an aperture led to obtaining two HMSIW semi-elliptical cavity-based aperture antennas. A 50 Ω feed line is applied to stimulate the cavity and to facilitate compatibility with planar circuitry. To increase the impedance bandwidth, one and two patch radiators are added in front of the aperture to excite the TM010 mode of the patch. The proposed structures are simulated using HFSS software, and the antenna parameters are adjusted for maximum bandwidth. Two prototypes of the HRAs are implemented for verification. The proposed structures are tested, and the radiation characteristics are reported. The results show that one HRA offers 15% bandwidth with a peak gain of 6.8 dBi, whereas the other antenna offers 20% impedance bandwidth with a 7.2 dBi gain. The introduced HRAs are low profile providing attractive features, and are good candidate as a single antenna or as an element of array.

A Multiband Millimeter-Wave Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Omnidirectional Radiation Using a Planar Feed.

In this study, a millimeter-wave (mmWave) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with an omnidirectional pattern is presented for the first time. A key feature of the proposed design is the utilization of a planar feed network to achieve omnidirectional radiation from a rectangular DRA, which has not been reported previously in the open literature. In addition, the proposed antenna offers multiband operation with different types of radiation patterns. The degenerate TE121/TE211 modes were excited at 28.5 GHz with an overall internal electromagnetic field distribution that was similar to that of the HEM21δ mode of a cylindrical DRA. The achieved omnidirectional bandwidth and gain were 1.9% and 4.3 dBi, respectively. Moreover, broadside radiation was achieved by exciting the TE111 fundamental mode at 17.5 GHz together with the resonance of the feeding ring-slot at 23 GHz. The triple-band operation offers a highly versatile antenna that can be utilized in on-body and off-body communications. Furthermore, the proposed design was validated through measurements, demonstrating good agreement with simulations.

Revolutionizing Connectivity: The Breakthrough of Batteryless Mouse Using Magnetic Resonant Coupling for Communication Devices

With the rapid development of electronic technology and information technology, personal computer has gradually become the public's office or entertainment tools, which also makes the computer mouse a widely used tool. However, most computer mouse on the market today come with batteries. In this context, it is necessary to design a batteryless mouse that without using power supply such as battery. In view of such demand, on the basic of theoretical analysis, this paper summarizes and designs a classical wireless transmission structure – magnetic resonant coupling and antenna that used to transmit and received power for communication devices. In order to understand the operation of wireless power transmission technology, the paper analysed antenna construction and wireless power transmission technology. The basic design parameters of the axial mode helical antenna structure are also explained. Finally, by using CST STUDIO software, axial mode helical antenna with gain of 6.45 dBi was obtained. The system's output voltage is successfully simulated at 1.516 V that can powered up the computer mouse.

Design, characterization, fabrication, and performance evaluation of ferroelectric dielectric resonator antenna for high-speed wireless communication applications

The research comprehensively analyzes the structural, electrical, and electrodynamic characteristics of Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 nanoparticles synthesized using a sol-gel approach. The formation of a tetragonal perovskite phase and the nano-crystalline nature have been confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been employed to identify characteristic absorption bands correlated with the crystal lattice vibrations of Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3. The sample’s morphology has been examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing a relatively dense and homogeneous composition composed of small spherical particles. The electrical properties of Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 nanoparticles have also been investigated using a ferroelectric measurement technique. The soft electric hysteresis loop with a small coercive field value makes the sample suitable for photovoltaic applications. Finally, a compact dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) based on Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 nanoparticles has been designed and characterized. The designed DRA demonstrates good impedance matching, broadside radiation pattern, and high antenna gain and efficiency at the frequency band of 5.6–6.15 GHz, making it suitable for sub-6 GHz (5 G) applications.

Bandwidth enhancement of substrate integrated waveguide cavity-backed half bow-tie complementary-ring slot antenna for Ku-band applications

The proposed antenna introduces a wideband double-resonance substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slot antenna with shorting vias. The antenna is compact and has a wide frequency range. By loading the SIW cavity slot with shorting pin/vias, the authors describe the mechanism of operation and electric field distributions of the double resonance antenna. By etching the HBT-CRS at the center of the cavity, which creates the dual modes. One is an upward shift in the lowest mode (TE 120 mode or TE 210 mode) and a downward shift in the highest mode (TE 320 modes/TE 230 modes), and these two are paired together. As a result, the fabricated antenna has a very large bandwidth and a strong sense of double resonance. The antenna is designed, and then prototypes are built and tested. The key benefits are compactness, low fabrication cost, performance, and ease of integration with planar circuitry. SIW antennas are impactful in present wireless communication systems. A simulated double resonance design antenna with a low profile of 0.05 λ0 (free-space wavelength) has a bandwidth of 1.854 GHz (frequency range varies from 12.58 - 14.38 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 13.93%) and a peak gain of 6.56 dBi across the whole bandwidth while measured bandwidth is 2 GHz (frequency range from 12.5 - 14.5 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 14.81%) and the gain over the entire bandwidth is 6.46 dBi. In addition, the antenna has outstanding unidirectional radiation characteristics for Ku band applications.

Mutual Coupling Reduction in MIMO DRA through Metamaterials.

A single negative metamaterial structure with hexagonal split-ring resonators (H-SRRs) is inserted within a two-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) in order to achieve a reduction of mutual coupling between closed multiple antenna elements. Between closed, tightly coupled, high-profile antenna elements, the single negative magnetic inclusions (H-SRRs) are embedded. By incorporating magnetic structures within antenna elements, the mutual coupling is significantly diminished. Mutual coupling reduction is attained by inserting an array of hexagonal split-ring resonators between the inter-spacing elements. An operative approach for the reduction of the mutual coupling between two × two MIMO DRAs initially operating at 5.2-GHz band is provided. To make the simulated design replica of the fabricated prototype, an air gap is introduced between the substrate, DRs, and H-SSRs. The addition of the air gap shifts the simulated results to 5.9 GHz, which closely resembles the measured values. The mutual coupling reduction is realized by integrating a meta-surface amid the two × two MIMO DRAs, which are settled in the H-plane. The meta-surface embraces an array of hexagonal split-ring resonator (H-SRR) cells that are unified along the E-plane. The H-SRR structure is designed to offer band-stop functionality within the antenna bandwidth. The proposed design has an overall dimension of 40 × 58.3 × 4.75 mm3 (1.5λ × 1.02λ × 0.079λ). By stacking the DRA with a one × three array of H-SRR unit cells, a 30 dB reduction in the mutual coupling level is attained without compromising on the antenna performance. The corresponding mutual impedance of the MIMO DRA is better than 30 dB over 5.9-6.1 GHz operating bandwidth. The proposed design has a DG of 10 db, ECC < 0.02, CCL < 0.02 bits/s/Hz, and an MEG of 0 dB. The overall design has a promising performance, which shows its suitability for the target wireless application.

Circularly polarized MIMO filtering dielectric resonator antenna for 5G sub-6 GHz applications

This research presents an innovative hexagonal dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with circular polarization and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) characteristics. The DRA consists of two dielectric layers, providing a fractional bandwidth of 9% (4.05 to 4.38 GHz).The antenna ground plane features has an S-shape slot, when coupled with a 50Ω microstrip line, enables the generation of right-hand circular polarization. To enhance performance, the feed line includes a bandpass filter with a semi-elliptical form, resulting in outstanding selectivity. The proposed design demonstrates a gain of 9.2 dBi and encompasses a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 9.29%. The proposed design is fabricated, and a comparison is made between the simulated and the measured results. Furthermore, the study introduces a MIMO antenna system by combining two filter arrays. The MIMO antenna demonstrates a reasonable port isolation of >25 dB across the operating band with acceptable MIMO parameters.

Tri-band high gain polarization reconfigurable split ring resonator based dielectric resonator antenna for terahertz applications

Tri-band high gain polarization reconfigurable split ring resonator based dielectric resonator antenna for terahertz applications

Microstrip dual band hybrid directional resonator antenna with volume reduction

This paper presents a novel design of a single-layer, horizontally polarized, dual-band, omni- and multi-directional hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) feeding through a 50 Ω coaxial connector. The proposed antenna consists of an FR4 substrate, a regular ground plane and a cross-shaped patch. The connector is placed at the middle point of the square ground plane. Above the microstrip patch, four similar solid dielectric resonator elements are placed diagonally. These DRA structures generate the TE111, hybrid HEM22δ modes and put up an ideal magnetic dipole and an electric quadrupole far-field radiation pattern. To verify the idea, an optimized antenna model is fabricated and tested. A reasonable agreement between the measured and simulated results is obtained. The measured impedance bandwidths of the TE111 and HEM22δ modes are 4.26 % (2.9–3.2 GHz) and 4.34 % (4.4–4.6 GHz), respectively. The proposed antenna has a stable omnidirectional radiation pattern at the first resonance frequency and a directional radiation pattern at the second resonance frequency and provides volume reduction.

Analysis of dielectric resonator antenna using natural fiber reinforced polymer composites

This work aims to demonstrate the viability of replacing natural fiber reinforced polymer composites for hard ceramics in millimeter-wave dielectric resonator antennas (DRA). The dielectric characteristics of three novel natural fiber reinforced polymer composites were determined using the Lichtenecker logarithmic mixing law. Using two commercial antenna design software packages, CST Studio and ANSYS HFSS, the resulting dielectric characteristics were utilized to study a probe-fed rectangular DRA. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer-based DRAs offer a wider bandwidth than ceramic-based DRAs. Close coupling is obtained by the three natural fiber-reinforced polymer-based antennas and the ceramic DRA. In all cases, the impedance bandwidths observed are the consequence of quasi-TM111 mode radiation. HFSS studies indicate that the resonance frequency of the natural fiber reinforced polymer based DRAs is roughly 75 percent higher than that of the ceramic DRA. CST results indicate that the resonance frequency of the natural fiber polymer-based DRA is approximately 88 percent higher than that of the ceramic DRA. Natural fiber reinforced Polymer-based DRAs have three times the −10 dB impedance bandwidth of ceramic-based DRAs.